使用python-Django创建Web站点

港控/mmm° 2021-09-07 06:04 298阅读 0赞

## 一.安装Django和virtualenv虚拟环境 ##

> 加入清华镜像参数会快很多  
> \-i https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/simple

##### 1.安装Django #####

pip install Django -i https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/simple

##### 2.安装virtualenv #####

> 在开发过程中，可能因为项目众多导致包混乱或者版本冲突，所以选择虚拟环境使不同的项目隔离开。

pip install virtualenv -i https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/simple

## 二.创建Django项目 ##

##### 1.pycharm创建Django #####

> 如果安装无误的话，可以直接在pycharm中搭建Django项目，pycharm会自动帮我们搭建虚拟环境。

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxXzUwMjE2Mjcw_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70]

##### 2.文件目录 #####

![在这里插入图片描述][2021012413344687.png]  
2.1 manage.py：命令行集成工具，有助于管理项目。  
2.2 settings.py：Django项目的设置和配置信息  
2.3 urls.py：包含项目的所以URL信息，是用户访问Django与应用的方式  
2.4 wsgi.py：是兼容WSGI的Web服务器的入口点  
2.5 \_\_init\_\_.py：指明blog目录是一个python项目

##### 3.指令集 #####

在相应的文件路径的终端输入pip manage.py，可以查看指令集。

终端输入:pip manage.py

> Type ‘manage.py help <subcommand>’ for help on a specific subcommand.
> 
> Available subcommands:
> 
> **\[auth\]**  
> changepassword  
> createsuperuser
> 
> **\[contenttypes\]**  
> remove\_stale\_contenttypes
> 
> **\[django\]**  
> check  
> compilemessages  
> createcachetable  
> dbshell  
> diffsettings  
> dumpdata  
> flush  
> inspectdb  
> loaddata  
> makemessages  
> makemigrations  
> migrate  
> sendtestemail  
> shell  
> showmigrations  
> sqlflush  
> sqlmigrate  
> sqlsequencereset  
> squashmigrations  
> startapp  
> startproject  
> test  
> testserver
> 
> **\[sessions\]**  
> clearsessions
> 
> **\[staticfiles\]**  
> collectstatic  
> findstatic  
> runserver

##### 4.启动web服务 #####

终端输入:python manage.py runserver

> Watching for file changes with StatReloader  
> Performing system checks…
> 
> System check identified no issues (0 silenced).
> 
> You have 17 unapplied migration(s). Your project may not work properly  
> until you apply the migrations for app(s): admin, auth, contenttypes,  
> sessions. Run ‘python manage.py migrate’ to apply them. January 24,  
> 2021 - 13:19:23 Django version 3.0.11, using settings ‘blog.settings’  
> Starting development server at http://127.0.0.1:8000/ Quit the server  
> with CTRL-BREAK. \[24/Jan/2021 13:19:41\] “GET / HTTP/1.1” 200 16351  
> \[24/Jan/2021 13:19:41\] “GET /static/admin/css/fonts.css HTTP/1.1” 200  
> 423 \[24/Jan/2021 13:19:41\] “GET  
> /static/admin/fonts/Roboto-Regular-webfont.woff HTTP/1.1” 200 85876  
> \[24/Jan/2021 13:19:41\] “GET  
> /static/admin/fonts/Roboto-Light-webfont.woff HTTP/1.1” 200 85692 Not  
> Found: /favicon.ico \[24/Jan/2021 13:19:41\] “GET /favicon.ico HTTP/1.1”  
> 404 1970 \[24/Jan/2021 13:19:41\] “GET  
> /static/admin/fonts/Roboto-Bold-webfont.woff HTTP/1.1” 200 86184

##### 5.访问http://127.0.0.1:8000 #####

> 这样一个简单的Django项目就完成了

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxXzUwMjE2Mjcw_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 1]

## 三.创建数据库 ##

终端输入:python manage.py migrate

> 返回:  
> Operations to perform:  
> Apply all migrations: admin, auth, contenttypes, sessions  
> Running migrations:  
> Applying contenttypes.0001\_initial… OK  
> Applying auth.0001\_initial… OK  
> Applying admin.0001\_initial… OK  
> Applying admin.0002\_logentry\_remove\_auto\_add… OK  
> Applying admin.0003\_logentry\_add\_action\_flag\_choices… OK  
> Applying contenttypes.0002\_remove\_content\_type\_name… OK  
> Applying auth.0002\_alter\_permission\_name\_max\_length… OK  
> Applying auth.0003\_alter\_user\_email\_max\_length… OK  
> Applying auth.0004\_alter\_user\_username\_opts… OK  
> Applying auth.0005\_alter\_user\_last\_login\_null… OK  
> Applying auth.0006\_require\_contenttypes\_0002… OK  
> Applying auth.0007\_alter\_validators\_add\_error\_messages… OK  
> Applying auth.0008\_alter\_user\_username\_max\_length… OK  
> Applying auth.0009\_alter\_user\_last\_name\_max\_length… OK  
> Applying auth.0010\_alter\_group\_name\_max\_length… OK  
> Applying auth.0011\_update\_proxy\_permissions… OK  
> Applying sessions.0001\_initial… OK  
> Traceback (most recent call last):  
> File “D:\\Develop\\virtualenv\\envname\\blog\\manage.py”, line 22, in  
> main()  
> File “D:\\Develop\\virtualenv\\envname\\blog\\manage.py”, line 18, in main  
> execute\_from\_command\_line(sys.argv)  
> File “D:\\Develop\\python\\lib\\site-packages\\django-3.0.11-py3.9.egg\\django\\core\\management\_*init*\_.py”, line 401, in execute\_from\_command\_line  
> utility.execute()  
> File “D:\\Develop\\python\\lib\\site-packages\\django-3.0.11-py3.9.egg\\django\\core\\management\_*init*\_.py”, line 395, in execute  
> self.fetch\_command(subcommand).run\_from\_argv(self.argv)  
> File “D:\\Develop\\python\\lib\\site-packages\\django-3.0.11-py3.9.egg\\django\\core\\management\\base.py”, line 341, in run\_from\_argv  
> connections.close\_all()  
> File “D:\\Develop\\python\\lib\\site-packages\\django-3.0.11-py3.9.egg\\django\\db\\utils.py”, line 230, in close\_all  
> connection.close()  
> File “D:\\Develop\\python\\lib\\site-packages\\django-3.0.11-py3.9.egg\\django\\utils\\asyncio.py”, line 26, in inner  
> return func(\*args, \*\*kwargs)  
> File “D:\\Develop\\python\\lib\\site-packages\\django-3.0.11-py3.9.egg\\django\\db\\backends\\sqlite3\\base.py”, line 261, in close  
> if not self.is\_in\_memory\_db():  
> File “D:\\Develop\\python\\lib\\site-packages\\django-3.0.11-py3.9.egg\\django\\db\\backends\\sqlite3\\base.py”, line 380, in is\_in\_memory\_db  
> return self.creation.is\_in\_memory\_db(self.settings\_dict\[‘NAME’\])  
> File “D:\\Develop\\python\\lib\\site-packages\\django-3.0.11-py3.9.egg\\django\\db\\backends\\sqlite3\\creation.py”, line 12, in is\_in\_memory\_db  
> return database\_name == ‘:memory:’ or ‘mode=memory’ in database\_name  
> TypeError: argument of type ‘WindowsPath’ is not iterable

创建成功:  
![在这里插入图片描述][20210124135303205.png]

## 四.生成Django应用 ##

> 一个Django网站可能包含多个Django应用，可以使用manage.py创建。

终端输入:python manage.py startapp news

这样就生成了一个news应用。  
![在这里插入图片描述][20210124135701195.png]

## 五.构造Django应用 ##

##### 1.创建视图 #####

在views.py中书写相要的试图。

from django.shortcuts import render
    from django.http import HttpResponse
    
    
    # Create your views here.
    
    def index(request):
        return HttpResponse("Hello World")

##### 2.映射到url #####

在news目录中创建一个新的urls.py文件，并编写代码。

from django.conf.urls import url
    from . import views
    
    urlpatterns = [
        url(r'^$', views.index, name='index')
    ]

##### 3.把news中的urls.py加入到blog中的urls.py中 #####

编辑blog/urls.py.。

"""blog URL Configuration The `urlpatterns` list routes URLs to views. For more information please see: https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/3.1/topics/http/urls/ Examples: Function views 1. Add an import: from my_app import views 2. Add a URL to urlpatterns: path('', views.home, name='home') Class-based views 1. Add an import: from other_app.views import Home 2. Add a URL to urlpatterns: path('', Home.as_view(), name='home') Including another URLconf 1. Import the include() function: from django.urls import include, path 2. Add a URL to urlpatterns: path('blog/', include('blog.urls')) """
    from django.contrib import admin
    from django.urls import path
    from django.conf.urls import include,url
    from django.contrib import admin
    urlpatterns = [
        path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
        url(r'^news/',include('news.urls')),
    ]

##### 4.启动runserver服务验证 #####

终端输入:python manage.py runserver

访问http://127.0.0.1:8000/news/，成功如图。

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxXzUwMjE2Mjcw_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 2]

## 六.定义模型 ##

##### 1.编辑news/models.py文件，创建Post模型 #####

from django.db import models
    
    
    # Create your models here.
    class Post(models.Model):
        title = models.CharField(max_length=20)
        content = models.CharField(max_length=20)
        publish_date = models.DateTimeField('date published')

##### 2.激活应用 #####

> 应用news对应的配置类是NewsConfig，位于news/app.py中，因此索引路径是news.apps.NewsConfig，将其添加到blog/setting.py中

INSTALLED_APPS = [
        'django.contrib.admin',
        'django.contrib.auth',
        'django.contrib.contenttypes',
        'django.contrib.sessions',
        'django.contrib.messages',
        'django.contrib.staticfiles',
        'news.apps.NewsConfig',
    ]

## 七.迁移数据库 ##

##### 1.迁移 #####

终端输入:python manage.py makemigrations news

> 返回：  
> Migrations for ‘news’:  
> news\\migrations\\0001\_initial.py  
> \- Create model Post  
> 生成：  
> ![在这里插入图片描述][20210124183715195.png]

##### 2.输出迁移文件对应的sql代码 #####

终端输入:python manage.py sqlmigrate news 0001

> –  
> – Create model Post  
> –  
> CREATE TABLE “news\_post” (  
> “id” integer NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,  
> “title” varchar(20) NOT NULL, “content” varchar(20) NOT NULL,  
> “publish\_date” datetime NOT NULL);

##### 3.把以上内容变更到数据库中 #####

终端输入:python manage.py migrate

> Operations to perform:  
> Apply all migrations: admin, auth, contenttypes, news, sessions  
> Running migrations:  
> Applying news.0001\_initial… OK

## 八.管理站点 ##

1.创建账户，输入相应信息

终端输入:python manage.py createsuperuser

> Username (leave blank to use ‘yh’): admin  
> Email address: 10791894@qq.com  
> Password:  
> Password (again):  
> Superuser created successfully.

##### 2.启动服务验证 #####

python manage.py runserver

> 访问http://127.0.0.1:8000/admin/login/?next=/admin/  
> ![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxXzUwMjE2Mjcw_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 3]

##### 3.把添加的模型加入到管理的站点中 #####

在news/admin.py中编辑代码

from django.contrib import admin
    from .models import Post
    # Register your models here.
    admin.site.register(Post)

启动服务

python manage.py runserver

再次访问http://127.0.0.1:8000/admin/login/?next=/admin/，登陆后可以查看到post已经加入进去。  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxXzUwMjE2Mjcw_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 4]

##### 4.修改显示方式 #####

添加了几条post后发现显示的全是project，添加一下\_\_str\_\_方法即可  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxXzUwMjE2Mjcw_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 5]

重新启动服务就变得可视化了  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxXzUwMjE2Mjcw_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 6]

## 九.编辑视图 ##

> 现在news项目已经有了数据和管理后台，下面做个页面将其展示出来

##### 1.编辑news/views文件，使用正则把url匹配到视图上 #####

from django.shortcuts import render
    from django.http import HttpResponse
    
    
    # Create your views here.
    
    def index(request):
        return HttpResponse("Hello World")
    
    
    def detail(request, post_id):
        return HttpResponse("You are looking at post {}".format(post_id))

##### 2.编辑urls.py文件，将前面的detail映射到新加的视图中 #####

from django.conf.urls import url
    from django.contrib import admin
    from . import views
    
    urlpatterns = [
        url(r'^$', views.index, name='index'),
        url(r'^(?P<post_id>[0-9]+)/$', views.detail, name='datail')
    ]

##### 3.启动服务后再次访问即可，就相当于调用了函数 #####

![在这里插入图片描述][20210124210945328.png]

##### 4.给view.py加入数据库API #####

from django.shortcuts import render
    from django.http import HttpResponse
    from .models import Post
    
    
    # Create your views here.
    
    def index(request):
        latest_post_list = Post.objects.order_by('-publish_date')[:5]
        output = ', '.join([p.title for p in latest_post_list])
        return HttpResponse(output)
    
    
    def detail(request, post_id):
        return HttpResponse("You are looking at post {}".format(post_id))

##### 5.再次访问即可查看到近五条记录![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxXzUwMjE2Mjcw_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 7] #####

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[2021012413344687.png]: /images/20210827/cdef64f4c92844139a39382bb69e34d4.png
[watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxXzUwMjE2Mjcw_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 1]: /images/20210827/efb2f4692699495fa5f30706e6ad7d54.png
[20210124135303205.png]: /images/20210827/e928b3f395704bdcb96e288852412fe6.png
[20210124135701195.png]: /images/20210827/5ab0f113cde748d7b1c0b24357065adf.png
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[20210124183715195.png]: /images/20210827/a60f5aa963054632b4f8c672f7849d36.png
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[20210124210945328.png]: /images/20210827/ea60091eb9254044818cbc0282ba5a1a.png
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