SQL语句之查询数据（MySQL）

刺骨的言语ヽ痛彻心扉 2021-09-22 11:36 555阅读 0赞

查询数据在数据库的操作中相当的重要，下面简单的介绍一下比较基础的SQL查询语句。

**以下列的表为例进行操作：**

CREATE TABLE student(
    	id INT,
    	NAME VARCHAR(20),
    	chinese FLOAT,
    	english FLOAT,
    	math FLOAT
    );
    
    DELETE FROM student;
    
    INSERT INTO student(id,NAME,chinese,english,math) VALUES(1,'张小明',89,78,90);
    INSERT INTO student(id,NAME,chinese,english,math) VALUES(2,'李进',67,53,95);
    INSERT INTO student(id,NAME,chinese,english,math) VALUES(3,'王也',87,78,77);
    INSERT INTO student(id,NAME,chinese,english,math) VALUES(4,'李奎',88,98,92);
    INSERT INTO student(id,NAME,chinese,english,math) VALUES(5,'李宝',82,84,67);
    INSERT INTO student(id,NAME,chinese,english,math) VALUES(6,'张楚岚',55,85,45);
    INSERT INTO student(id,NAME,chinese,english,math) VALUES(7,'黄蓉',75,65,30);

-- 查询所有数据
    SELECT * FROM student;

![70][]

-- 查询指定列数据
    SELECT id,NAME FROM student;

![70 1][]

-- 查询指定列并添加别名(as可以省略)
    SELECT id AS '编号',NAME AS '姓名' FROM student;
    或（SELECT id '编号',NAME '姓名' FROM student;）

![70 2][]

-- 查询时添加常量列(添加一个年级列)
    SELECT *,'三年级'AS '年级' FROM student;

![70 3][]

-- 查询时合并相关列（chinese，english，math三个的总分）
    -- 注意：合并列时只能合并数值类型的字段
    SELECT id,NAME,(chinese+english+math) AS '总成绩' FROM student;

![70 4][]

-- 在表中添加新的字段,方便后面使用
    ALTER TABLE student ADD gender CHAR;
    UPDATE student SET gender='男';

![70 5][]

-- 查询时除去重复记录（distinct）[查询表中学生的性别]
    SELECT DISTINCT gender FROM student;
    SELECT DISTINCT (gender) FROM student;-- 可以在字段处打上括号

![70 6][]

**-- 条件查询（where）**

-- 查询id为2且姓名为李进的学生(and)
    SELECT * FROM student WHERE id=2 AND NAME='李进';

![70 7][]

-- 查询id为3，或姓名是王也的学生(or)
    SELECT * FROM student WHERE id=4 OR NAME='王也';

![70 8][]

-- 查询English分数在80到95之间的学生
    SELECT * FROM student WHERE english>=80 AND english<=95;
    或
    SELECT * FROM student WHERE english BETWEEN 80 AND 95;

![70 9][]

-- 查询学生性别为空的记录
    
    UPDATE student SET gender=NULL WHERE id=7 OR id=6;-- 先置空
    
    SELECT * FROM student WHERE gender IS NULL OR gender='';-- （包括null和空字符串）

![70 10][]

-- 查询性别不为空的
    
    SELECT * FROM student WHERE gender IS NOT NULL ;

![70 11][]

-- 注意区分这两条sql语句
    SELECT * FROM student WHERE gender IS NOT NULL AND gender<>'';

![70 12][]

-- 模糊的条件查询
    -- %：表示任意个字符
    -- _:表示单个字符
    
    -- 查询姓“张”的学生
    SELECT * FROM student WHERE NAME LIKE '张%';

![70 13][]

-- 查询姓“李”的且姓名只有两个字的
    SELECT * FROM student WHERE NAME LIKE '李_';

![70 14][]

-- 聚合查询
    
    -- 常用的聚合函数：sum()，avg(),max(),min(),count()
    
    -- 查询学生Chinese的总分
    SELECT SUM(chinese) FROM student;

![70 15][]

-- 查询学生math的平均分
    SELECT AVG(math) FROM student;

![70 16][]

-- 查询英语的最高分的学生
    SELECT NAME,english FROM student WHERE english=(SELECT MAX(english) FROM student);

![70 17][]

-- 查询数学的最低分
    SELECT MIN(math) FROM student;

![70 18][]

-- 统计有多少学生
    SELECT COUNT(*) FROM student;

![70 19][]

-- 注意：当count（字段）时，是统计该字段不为空的记录，而count(*)是统计每个字段的记录并取最大的值
    SELECT COUNT(gender) FROM student;

![70 20][]

-- 分页查询（limit 起始行（从0开始），查询几行）
    SELECT * FROM student LIMIT 0,2;
    SELECT * FROM student LIMIT 2,2;

![70 21][]

![70 22][]

-- 查询排序(order by)
    -- asc:正序排序 ，desc：反序排序
    SELECT * FROM student ORDER BY math ASC;
    
    SELECT * FROM student ORDER BY english DESC;

![70 23][]

![70 24][]

把数据修改成如图所示：

![70 25][]

-- 分组查询（group by）
    -- 查询男女的人数
    SELECT gender ,COUNT(*) FROM student GROUP BY gender;

![70 26][]

-- 查询总人数大于3的性别
    SELECT gender FROM student GROUP BY gender HAVING COUNT(*)>3;

![70 27][]

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