安装虚拟机liunx的ubuntu18系统的全过程

缺乏、安全感 2021-12-17 02:27 253阅读 0赞

### 文章目录 ###

*  ubuntu18 下载
 *  ubuntu18安装
 *   *  分区20G问题
 *  安装好后记得设置root用户的密码(才能安装软件)
 *  主机与虚拟机不能复制粘贴共享内容，需重装VMware Tools
 *   *   *  安装好系统后该装哪些软件
         *  谷歌浏览器google-chrome-stable
 *  关机后设置“共享文件夹”
 *  中国源地址、更新依赖包
 *   *  附录：Ubuntu18 系统自带的依赖包源码
 *  搜狗拼音
 *   *  下载
     *  安装
     *  右上角没有软键盘？

# ubuntu18 下载 #

清华镜像站

https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu-releases/18.04/

注意：下载ios镜像的文件后，**安装时候就不要联网！**。联网就会更新，更新就速度慢，安装新东西导致系统装不起来。

# ubuntu18安装 #

## 分区20G问题 ##

如果你要进行 python 等数据开发，需要安装大型软件，千万不能默认选择 20G ，否则 “重新分区 ”比较麻烦。  
你可以选择 50G 或100G，我选择了 100G ，反正设置多少关闭虚拟机后其实并没有设置的那么大，只是虚拟值而已。

# 安装好后记得设置root用户的密码(才能安装软件) #

*  sudo passwd root 回车
 *  回车后再次提示entype new password 重复密码，重复上面的密码并回车。

一切顺利的话则会提示password update successfully密码更新成功了。

# 主机与虚拟机不能复制粘贴共享内容，需重装VMware Tools #

点击，VMware菜单栏“虚拟机”下的“安装VMware Tools”。  
然后，会在Linux的系统桌面上生成一个名字为“VMware Tools”的光驱文件。  
双击“VMware Tools”光驱文件并进入，会看到一个后缀为.tar.gz的压缩文件。  
将压缩文件复制到home目录下，home目录即左侧的主目录文件夹。复制过程用鼠标操作完成即可。  
右击压缩包，点击“Extract Here ”,此时该目录生成“vmware-tools-distrib”的文件夹，点击进入文件夹，  
右击“Open in Terminal”,输入 ./vmware-install.pl 来执行安装过程。  
安装完毕！  
试试看两机交互复制粘贴吧！

### 安装好系统后该装哪些软件 ###

<table> 
 <thead> 
  <tr> 
   <th>类型</th> 
   <th>软件名称</th> 
  </tr> 
 </thead> 
 <tbody> 
  <tr> 
   <td>下载类</td> 
   <td>git 、ftp</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>依赖包类</td> 
   <td>aptitude</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>编辑器类</td> 
   <td>vim、VScode</td> 
  </tr> 
 </tbody> 
</table>

### 谷歌浏览器google-chrome-stable ###

网站www.ubuntuchrome.com下载，用软件中心安装即可

apt list --installed 列出所有已经安装的软件包

# 关机后设置“共享文件夹” #

VMware Tools安装后，在“关机”状态下设置“共享文件夹”。（注意：挂机情况修改不了灰色的选项）

# 中国源地址、更新依赖包 #

只是一些链接地址，**如果国内链接地址有的话，就从国内下载**。

> 将链接地址复制粘贴到该文件的开头即可！

将以下内容拷贝到cd /etc/apt/source.list 文件中，注意要root权限

#添加阿里源
    deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiverse
    deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted universe multiverse
    deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted universe multiverse
    deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
    deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse
    deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiverse
    deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted universe multiverse
    deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted universe multiverse
    deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
    deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse
    
    ##中科大源
    deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiverse
    deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiverse
    deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted universe multiverse
    deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted universe multiverse
    deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse
    deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse
    deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted universe multiverse
    deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted universe multiverse
    deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
    deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
    
    ##163源
    deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiverse
    deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted universe multiverse
    deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted universe multiverse
    deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ bionic-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
    deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse
    deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiverse
    deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted universe multiverse
    deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted universe multiverse
    deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ bionic-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
    deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse
    
    
    ##清华源
    deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiverse
    deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiverse
    deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted universe multiverse
    deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted universe multiverse
    deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse
    deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse
    deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted universe multiverse
    deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted universe multiverse
    deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
    deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-proposed main restricted universe multiverse

> 换源后更新操作（重要）

更换了软件源，一定要更新下，命令为 `sudo apt-get update` ，再执行sudo apt-get install就可以了！（注意：必须要执行2次）

注意：如果不更新，直接 sudo apt-get install 会报错：`Unable to locate package`。  
其实错误信息已经很明确了，Unable to locate packet就是无法找到包嘛

## 附录：Ubuntu18 系统自带的依赖包源码 ##

此内容为了防止操作误删源码的朋友方便。将以下ubuntu18系统的源码拷贝文件中即可

#deb cdrom:[Ubuntu 18.04.3 LTS _Bionic Beaver_ - Release amd64 (20190805)]/ bionic main restricted
    
    # See http://help.ubuntu.com/community/UpgradeNotes for how to upgrade to
    # newer versions of the distribution.
    deb http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted
    # deb-src http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted
    
    ## Major bug fix updates produced after the final release of the
    ## distribution.
    deb http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted
    # deb-src http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted
    
    ## N.B. software from this repository is ENTIRELY UNSUPPORTED by the Ubuntu
    ## team. Also, please note that software in universe WILL NOT receive any
    ## review or updates from the Ubuntu security team.
    deb http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ bionic universe
    # deb-src http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ bionic universe
    deb http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ bionic-updates universe
    # deb-src http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ bionic-updates universe
    
    ## N.B. software from this repository is ENTIRELY UNSUPPORTED by the Ubuntu 
    ## team, and may not be under a free licence. Please satisfy yourself as to 
    ## your rights to use the software. Also, please note that software in 
    ## multiverse WILL NOT receive any review or updates from the Ubuntu
    ## security team.
    deb http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ bionic multiverse
    # deb-src http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ bionic multiverse
    deb http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ bionic-updates multiverse
    # deb-src http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ bionic-updates multiverse
    
    ## N.B. software from this repository may not have been tested as
    ## extensively as that contained in the main release, although it includes
    ## newer versions of some applications which may provide useful features.
    ## Also, please note that software in backports WILL NOT receive any review
    ## or updates from the Ubuntu security team.
    deb http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse
    # deb-src http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse
    
    ## Uncomment the following two lines to add software from Canonical's
    ## 'partner' repository.
    ## This software is not part of Ubuntu, but is offered by Canonical and the
    ## respective vendors as a service to Ubuntu users.
    # deb http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu bionic partner
    # deb-src http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu bionic partner
    
    deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic-security main restricted
    # deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic-security main restricted
    deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic-security universe
    # deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic-security universe
    deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic-security multiverse
    # deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic-security multiverse

# 搜狗拼音 #

## 下载 ##

*  浏览器打开 `https://pinyin.sogou.com/`
 *  选择 “ 输入法Linux版 ”
 *  选择“立即下载64bit”
 *  下载完成后在用户的 `/Home/Downloads`目录下多了“sogoupinyin\_2.3.1.0112\_amd64.deb”。

## 安装 ##

*  如果是虚拟机右击在应用商店即可自动安装。
 *  如果安装失败，则大概率缺少 “deb” 解析程序，此时需要 `apt install deb`

如果解决了deb 问题，则右击“应用商店”就可以自动安装成功了。

## 右上角没有软键盘？ ##

已经安装成功了搜狗拼音。  
右上角没有软键盘？不方便切换输入法？

（1）ctrl + alt + T，打开终端  
（2）运行命令：im-config后，点击OK  
（3）点击Yes  
（4）选择fcitx后，点击OK  
（5）重启ubuntu即可