实用 .htaccess 用法大全【转载】

桃扇骨 2022-01-11 18:07 265阅读 0赞

转载：[http://www.techug.com/htaccess-snippets][http_www.techug.com_htaccess-snippets]

这里收集的是各种实用的 .htaccess 代码片段，你能想到的用法几乎全在这里。

免责声明: 虽然将这些代码片段直接拷贝到你的 `.htaccess` 文件里，绝大多数情况下都是好用的，但也有极个别情况需要你修改某些地方才行。风险自负。

重要提示: Apache 2.4 有不兼容的修改，特别是在访问配置控制方面。详细信息请参考[这篇更新文档][Link 1]以及[这篇文章][Link 2]。

## 目录 ##

*  [重新和重定向][Link 3]
    
     *  [强制 www][www]
     *  [强制 www通用方法][www 1]
     *  [强制 non-www][non-www]
     *  [强制 non-www通用方法][non-www 1]
     *  [强制 HTTPS][HTTPS]
     *  [强制 HTTPS 通过代理][HTTPS 1]
     *  [强制添加末尾斜杠][Link 4]
     *  [取掉末尾斜杠][Link 5]
     *  [重定向到一个页面][Link 6]
     *  [目录别名][Link 7]
     *  [脚本别名][Link 8]
     *  [重定向整个网站][Link 9]
     *  [干净的URL][URL]
 *  [安全][Link 10]
    
     *  [拒绝所有访问][Link 11]
     *  [拒绝所有访问(排除部分)][Link 12]
     *  [屏蔽爬虫/恶意访问][Link 13]
     *  [保护隐藏文件和目录][Link 14]
     *  [保护备份文件和源代码文件][Link 15]
     *  [禁止目录浏览][Link 16]
     *  [禁止图片盗链][Link 17]
     *  [禁止图片盗链(指定域名)][Link 18]
     *  [密码保护目录][Link 19]
     *  [密码保护文件][Link 20]
     *  [通过Referrer过滤访客][Referrer]
     *  [防止被别的网页嵌套][Link 21]
 *  [性能][Link 22]
    
     *  [压缩文件][Link 23]
     *  [设置过期头信息][Link 24]
     *  [关闭eTags标志][eTags]
 *  [其它][Link 25]
    
     *  [设置PHP变量][PHP]
     *  [Custom Error Pages][]
     *  [强制下载][Link 26]
     *  [阻止下载][Link 27]
     *  [运行跨域字体引用][Link 28]
     *  [Auto UTF-8 Encode][]
     *  [切换PHP版本][PHP 1]
     *  [禁止IE兼容视图][IE]
     *  [支持WebP图片格式][WebP]

## 重新和重定向 ##

注意：首先需要服务器安装和启用`mod_rewrite`模块。

### 强制 www ###

RewriteEngine on
    RewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} ^example\.com [NC]
    RewriteRule ^(.*)$ http://www.example.com/$1 [L,R=301,NC]

### 强制 www通用方法 ###

RewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} !^$
    RewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} !^www\. [NC]
    RewriteCond %{HTTPS}s ^on(s)|
    RewriteRule ^ http%1://www.%{HTTP_HOST}%{REQUEST_URI} [R=301,L]

这种方法可以使用在任何网站中。 [Source][]

### 强制 non-www ###

究竟是WWW好，还是non-www好，没有定论，如果你喜欢不带www的，可以使用下面的脚本：

RewriteEngine on
    RewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} ^www\.example\.com [NC]
    RewriteRule ^(.*)$ http://example.com/$1 [L,R=301]

### 强制 non-www通用方法 ###

RewriteEngine on
    RewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} ^www\.
    RewriteCond %{HTTPS}s ^on(s)|off
    RewriteCond http%1://%{HTTP_HOST} ^(https?://)(www\.)?(.+)$
    RewriteRule ^ %1%3%{REQUEST_URI} [R=301,L]

### 强制 HTTPS ###

RewriteEngine on
    RewriteCond %{HTTPS} !on
    RewriteRule (.*) https://%{HTTP_HOST}%{REQUEST_URI}
    
    # Note: It's also recommended to enable HTTP Strict Transport Security (HSTS) 
    # on your HTTPS website to help prevent man-in-the-middle attacks.
    # See https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/Security/HTTP_strict_transport_security
    <IfModule mod_headers.c>
        Header always set Strict-Transport-Security "max-age=31536000; includeSubDomains"
    </IfModule>

### 强制 HTTPS 通过代理 ###

如果你使用了代理，这种方法对你很有用。

RewriteCond %{HTTP:X-Forwarded-Proto} !https
    RewriteRule (.*) https://%{HTTP_HOST}%{REQUEST_URI}

### 强制添加末尾斜杠 ###

RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} /+[^\.]+$
    RewriteRule ^(.+[^/])$ %{REQUEST_URI}/ [R=301,L]

### 取掉末尾斜杠 ###

RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-d
    RewriteRule ^(.*)/$ /$1 [R=301,L]

### 重定向到一个页面 ###

Redirect 301 /oldpage.html http://www.example.com/newpage.html
    Redirect 301 /oldpage2.html http://www.example.com/folder/

[Source][Source 1]

### 目录别名 ###

RewriteEngine On
    RewriteRule ^source-directory/(.*) target-directory/$1

### 脚本别名 ###

FallbackResource /index.fcgi

This example has an `index.fcgi` file in some directory, and any requests within that directory that fail to resolve a filename/directory will be sent to the `index.fcgi` script. It’s good if you want`baz.foo/some/cool/path` to be handled by `baz.foo/index.fcgi` (which also supports requests to `baz.foo`) while maintaining `baz.foo/css/style.css` and the like. Get access to the original path from the PATH\_INFO environment variable, as exposed to your scripting environment.

RewriteEngine On
    RewriteRule ^$ index.fcgi/ [QSA,L]
    RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-f
    RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-d
    RewriteRule ^(.*)$ index.fcgi/$1 [QSA,L]

This is a less efficient version of the FallbackResource directive (because using `mod_rewrite` is more complex than just handling the`FallbackResource` directive), but it’s also more flexible.

### 重定向整个网站 ###

Redirect 301 / http://newsite.com/

This way does it with links intact. That is`www.oldsite.com/some/crazy/link.html` will become`www.newsite.com/some/crazy/link.html`. This is extremely helpful when you are just “moving” a site to a new domain. [Source][Source 1]

### 干净的URL ###

This snippet lets you use “clean” URLs — those without a PHP extension, e.g. `example.com/users` instead of `example.com/users.php`.

RewriteEngine On
    RewriteCond %{SCRIPT_FILENAME} !-d
    RewriteRule ^([^.]+)$ $1.php [NC,L]

[Source][Source 2]

## Security ##

### 拒绝所有访问 ###

## Apache 2.2
    Deny from all
    
    ## Apache 2.4
    # Require all denied

But wait, this will lock you out from your content as well! Thus introducing…

### 拒绝所有访问(排除部分) ###

## Apache 2.2
    Order deny,allow
    Deny from all
    Allow from xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx
    
    ## Apache 2.4
    # Require all denied
    # Require ip xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx

`xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx` is your IP. If you replace the last three digits with 0/12 for example, this will specify a range of IPs within the same network, thus saving you the trouble to list all allowed IPs separately. [Source][Source 3]

Now of course there’s a reversed version:

### 屏蔽爬虫/恶意访问 ###

## Apache 2.2
    Order deny,allow
    Allow from all
    Deny from xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx
    Deny from xxx.xxx.xxx.xxy
    
    ## Apache 2.4
    # Require all granted
    # Require not ip xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx
    # Require not ip xxx.xxx.xxx.xxy

### 保护隐藏文件和目录 ###

Hidden files and directories (those whose names start with a dot `.`) should most, if not all, of the time be secured. For example: `.htaccess`,`.htpasswd`, `.git`, `.hg`…

RewriteCond %{SCRIPT_FILENAME} -d [OR]
    RewriteCond %{SCRIPT_FILENAME} -f
    RewriteRule "(^|/)\." - [F]

Alternatively, you can just raise a `Not Found` error, giving the attacker dude no clue:

RedirectMatch 404 /\..*$

### 保护备份文件和源代码文件 ###

These files may be left by some text/html editors (like Vi/Vim) and pose a great security danger if exposed to public.

<FilesMatch "(\.(bak|config|dist|fla|inc|ini|log|psd|sh|sql|swp)|~)$">
        ## Apache 2.2
        Order allow,deny
        Deny from all
        Satisfy All
    
        ## Apache 2.4
        # Require all denied
    </FilesMatch>

[Source][Source 4]

### 禁止目录浏览 ###

Options All -Indexes

### 禁止图片盗链 ###

RewriteEngine on
    # Remove the following line if you want to block blank referrer too
    RewriteCond %{HTTP_REFERER} !^$
    
    RewriteCond %{HTTP_REFERER} !^http(s)?://(.+\.)?example.com [NC]
    RewriteRule \.(jpg|jpeg|png|gif|bmp)$ - [NC,F,L]
    
    # If you want to display a "blocked" banner in place of the hotlinked image, 
    # replace the above rule with:
    # RewriteRule \.(jpg|jpeg|png|gif|bmp) http://example.com/blocked.png [R,L]

### 禁止图片盗链(指定域名) ###

Sometimes you want to 禁止图片盗链 from some bad guys only.

RewriteEngine on
    RewriteCond %{HTTP_REFERER} ^http(s)?://(.+\.)?badsite\.com [NC,OR]
    RewriteCond %{HTTP_REFERER} ^http(s)?://(.+\.)?badsite2\.com [NC,OR]
    RewriteRule \.(jpg|jpeg|png|gif)$ - [NC,F,L]
    
    # If you want to display a "blocked" banner in place of the hotlinked image, 
    # replace the above rule with:
    # RewriteRule \.(jpg|jpeg|png|gif|bmp) http://example.com/blocked.png [R,L]

### 密码保护目录 ###

First you need to create a `.htpasswd` file somewhere in the system:

htpasswd -c /home/fellowship/.htpasswd boromir

Then you can use it for authentication:

AuthType Basic
    AuthName "One does not simply"
    AuthUserFile /home/fellowship/.htpasswd
    Require valid-user

### 密码保护文件 ###

AuthName "One still does not simply"
    AuthType Basic
    AuthUserFile /home/fellowship/.htpasswd
    
    <Files "one-ring.o">
    Require valid-user
    </Files>
    
    <FilesMatch ^((one|two|three)-rings?\.o)$>
    Require valid-user
    </FilesMatch>

### 通过Referrer过滤访客 ###

This denies access for all users who are coming from (referred by) a specific domain.  
[Source][Source 5]

RewriteEngine on
    # Options +FollowSymlinks
    RewriteCond %{HTTP_REFERER} somedomain\.com [NC,OR]
    RewriteCond %{HTTP_REFERER} anotherdomain\.com
    RewriteRule .* - [F]

### 防止被别的网页嵌套 ###

This prevents the website to be framed (i.e. put into an `iframe` tag), when still allows framing for a specific URI.

SetEnvIf Request_URI "/starry-night" allow_framing=true
    Header set X-Frame-Options SAMEORIGIN env=!allow_framing

## Performance ##

### 压缩文件 ###

<IfModule mod_deflate.c>
    
        # 强制 compression for mangled headers.
        # http://developer.yahoo.com/blogs/ydn/posts/2010/12/pushing-beyond-gzipping
        <IfModule mod_setenvif.c>
            <IfModule mod_headers.c>
                SetEnvIfNoCase ^(Accept-EncodXng|X-cept-Encoding|X{15}|~{15}|-{15})$ ^((gzip|deflate)\s*,?\s*)+|[X~-]{4,13}$ HAVE_Accept-Encoding
                RequestHeader append Accept-Encoding "gzip,deflate" env=HAVE_Accept-Encoding
            </IfModule>
        </IfModule>
    
        # Compress all output labeled with one of the following MIME-types
        # (for Apache versions below 2.3.7, you don't need to enable `mod_filter`
        #  and can remove the `<IfModule mod_filter.c>` and `</IfModule>` lines
        #  as `AddOutputFilterByType` is still in the core directives).
        <IfModule mod_filter.c>
            AddOutputFilterByType DEFLATE application/atom+xml \
                                          application/javascript \
                                          application/json \
                                          application/rss+xml \
                                          application/vnd.ms-fontobject \
                                          application/x-font-ttf \
                                          application/x-web-app-manifest+json \
                                          application/xhtml+xml \
                                          application/xml \
                                          font/opentype \
                                          image/svg+xml \
                                          image/x-icon \
                                          text/css \
                                          text/html \
                                          text/plain \
                                          text/x-component \
                                          text/xml
        </IfModule>
    
    </IfModule>

[Source][Source 4]

### 设置过期头信息 ###

*Expires headers* tell the browser whether they should request a specific file from the server or just grab it from the cache. It is advisable to set static content’s expires headers to something far in the future.  
If you don’t control versioning with filename-based cache busting, consider lowering the cache time for resources like CSS and JS to something like 1 week. [Source][Source 4]

<IfModule mod_expires.c>
        ExpiresActive on
        ExpiresDefault                                      "access plus 1 month"
    
      # CSS
        ExpiresByType text/css                              "access plus 1 year"
    
      # Data interchange
        ExpiresByType application/json                      "access plus 0 seconds"
        ExpiresByType application/xml                       "access plus 0 seconds"
        ExpiresByType text/xml                              "access plus 0 seconds"
    
      # Favicon (cannot be renamed!)
        ExpiresByType image/x-icon                          "access plus 1 week"
    
      # HTML components (HTCs)
        ExpiresByType text/x-component                      "access plus 1 month"
    
      # HTML
        ExpiresByType text/html                             "access plus 0 seconds"
    
      # JavaScript
        ExpiresByType application/javascript                "access plus 1 year"
    
      # Manifest files
        ExpiresByType application/x-web-app-manifest+json   "access plus 0 seconds"
        ExpiresByType text/cache-manifest                   "access plus 0 seconds"
    
      # Media
        ExpiresByType audio/ogg                             "access plus 1 month"
        ExpiresByType image/gif                             "access plus 1 month"
        ExpiresByType image/jpeg                            "access plus 1 month"
        ExpiresByType image/png                             "access plus 1 month"
        ExpiresByType video/mp4                             "access plus 1 month"
        ExpiresByType video/ogg                             "access plus 1 month"
        ExpiresByType video/webm                            "access plus 1 month"
    
      # Web feeds
        ExpiresByType application/atom+xml                  "access plus 1 hour"
        ExpiresByType application/rss+xml                   "access plus 1 hour"
    
      # Web fonts
        ExpiresByType application/font-woff2                "access plus 1 month"
        ExpiresByType application/font-woff                 "access plus 1 month"
        ExpiresByType application/vnd.ms-fontobject         "access plus 1 month"
        ExpiresByType application/x-font-ttf                "access plus 1 month"
        ExpiresByType font/opentype                         "access plus 1 month"
        ExpiresByType image/svg+xml                         "access plus 1 month"
    </IfModule>

### 关闭eTags标志 ###

By removing the `ETag` header, you disable caches and browsers from being able to validate files, so they are forced to rely on your `Cache-Control` and `Expires` header. [Source][Source 6]

<IfModule mod_headers.c>
        Header unset ETag
    </IfModule>
    FileETag None

## Miscellaneous ##

### 设置PHP变量 ###

php_value <key> <val>
    
    # For example:
    php_value upload_max_filesize 50M
    php_value max_execution_time 240

### Custom Error Pages ###

ErrorDocument 500 "Houston, we have a problem."
    ErrorDocument 401 http://error.example.com/mordor.html
    ErrorDocument 404 /errors/halflife3.html

### 强制下载 ###

Sometimes you want to 强制 the browser to download some content instead of displaying it.

<Files *.md>
        ForceType application/octet-stream
        Header set Content-Disposition attachment
    </Files>

Now there is a yang to this yin:

### 阻止下载 ###

Sometimes you want to 强制 the browser to display some content instead of downloading it.

<FilesMatch "\.(tex|log|aux)$">
        Header set Content-Type text/plain
    </FilesMatch>

### 运行跨域字体引用 ###

CDN-served webfonts might not work in Firefox or IE due to [CORS][]. This snippet solves the problem.

<IfModule mod_headers.c>
        <FilesMatch "\.(eot|otf|ttc|ttf|woff|woff2)$">
            Header set Access-Control-Allow-Origin "*"
        </FilesMatch>
    </IfModule>

[Source][Source 7]

### Auto UTF-8 Encode ###

Your text content should always be UTF-8 encoded, no?

# Use UTF-8 encoding for anything served text/plain or text/html
    AddDefaultCharset utf-8
    
    # 强制 UTF-8 for a number of file formats
    AddCharset utf-8 .atom .css .js .json .rss .vtt .xml

[Source][Source 4]

### 切换PHP版本 ###

If you’re on a shared host, chances are there are more than one version of PHP installed, and sometimes you want a specific version for your website. For example, [Laravel][] requires PHP >= 5.4. The following snippet should switch the PHP version for you.

AddHandler application/x-httpd-php55 .php
    
    # Alternatively, you can use AddType
    AddType application/x-httpd-php55 .php

### 禁止IE兼容视图 ###

Compatibility View in IE may affect how some websites are displayed. The following snippet should 强制 IE to use the Edge Rendering Engine and disable the Compatibility View.

<IfModule mod_headers.c>
        BrowserMatch MSIE is-msie
        Header set X-UA-Compatible IE=edge env=is-msie
    </IfModule>

### 支持WebP图片格式 ###

If [WebP images][] are supported and an image with a .webp extension and the same name is found at the same place as the jpg/png image that is going to be served, then the WebP image is served instead.

RewriteEngine On
    RewriteCond %{HTTP_ACCEPT} image/webp
    RewriteCond %{DOCUMENT_ROOT}/$1.webp -f
    RewriteRule (.+)\.(jpe?g|png)$ $1.webp [T=image/webp,E=accept:1]

[Source][Source 8]

转载于:https://www.cnblogs.com/lydialee/p/4332018.html

[http_www.techug.com_htaccess-snippets]: http://www.techug.com/htaccess-snippets
[Link 1]: https://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.4/upgrading.html
[Link 2]: https://github.com/phanan/htaccess/issues/2
[Link 3]: http://www.techug.com/htaccess-snippets#rewrite-and-redirection
[www]: http://www.techug.com/htaccess-snippets#force-www
[www 1]: http://www.techug.com/htaccess-snippets#force-www-in-a-generic-way
[non-www]: http://www.techug.com/htaccess-snippets#force-non-www
[non-www 1]: http://www.techug.com/htaccess-snippets#force-non-www-in-a-generic-way
[HTTPS]: http://www.techug.com/htaccess-snippets#force-https
[HTTPS 1]: http://www.techug.com/htaccess-snippets#force-https-behind-a-proxy
[Link 4]: http://www.techug.com/htaccess-snippets#force-trailing-slash
[Link 5]: http://www.techug.com/htaccess-snippets#remove-trailing-slash
[Link 6]: http://www.techug.com/htaccess-snippets#redirect-a-single-page
[Link 7]: http://www.techug.com/htaccess-snippets#alias-a-single-directory
[Link 8]: http://www.techug.com/htaccess-snippets#alias-paths-to-script
[Link 9]: http://www.techug.com/htaccess-snippets#redirect-an-entire-site
[URL]: http://www.techug.com/htaccess-snippets#alias-clean-urls
[Link 10]: http://www.techug.com/htaccess-snippets#security
[Link 11]: http://www.techug.com/htaccess-snippets#deny-all-access
[Link 12]: http://www.techug.com/htaccess-snippets#deny-all-access-except-yours
[Link 13]: http://www.techug.com/htaccess-snippets#allow-all-access-except-spammers
[Link 14]: http://www.techug.com/htaccess-snippets#deny-access-to-hidden-files-and-directories
[Link 15]: http://www.techug.com/htaccess-snippets#deny-access-to-backup-and-source-files
[Link 16]: http://www.techug.com/htaccess-snippets#disable-directory-browsing
[Link 17]: http://www.techug.com/htaccess-snippets#disable-image-hotlinking
[Link 18]: http://www.techug.com/htaccess-snippets#disable-image-hotlinking-for-specific-domains
[Link 19]: http://www.techug.com/htaccess-snippets#password-protect-a-directory
[Link 20]: http://www.techug.com/htaccess-snippets#password-protect-a-file-or-several-files
[Referrer]: http://www.techug.com/htaccess-snippets#block-visitors-by-referrer
[Link 21]: http://www.techug.com/htaccess-snippets#prevent-framing-the-site
[Link 22]: http://www.techug.com/htaccess-snippets#performance
[Link 23]: http://www.techug.com/htaccess-snippets#compress-text-files
[Link 24]: http://www.techug.com/htaccess-snippets#set-expires-headers
[eTags]: http://www.techug.com/htaccess-snippets#turn-etags-off
[Link 25]: http://www.techug.com/htaccess-snippets#miscellaneous
[PHP]: http://www.techug.com/htaccess-snippets#set-php-variables
[Custom Error Pages]: http://www.techug.com/htaccess-snippets#custom-error-pages
[Link 26]: http://www.techug.com/htaccess-snippets#force-downloading
[Link 27]: http://www.techug.com/htaccess-snippets#prevent-downloading
[Link 28]: http://www.techug.com/htaccess-snippets#allow-cross-domain-fonts
[Auto UTF-8 Encode]: http://www.techug.com/htaccess-snippets#auto-utf-8-encode
[PHP 1]: http://www.techug.com/htaccess-snippets#switch-to-another-php-version
[IE]: http://www.techug.com/htaccess-snippets#disable-internet-explorer-compatibility-view
[WebP]: http://www.techug.com/htaccess-snippets#serve-webp-images
[Source]: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/4916222/htaccess-how-to-force-www-in-a-generic-way
[Source 1]: http://css-tricks.com/snippets/htaccess/301-redirects/
[Source 2]: http://www.abeautifulsite.net/access-pages-without-the-php-extension-using-htaccess/
[Source 3]: http://speckyboy.com/2013/01/08/useful-htaccess-snippets-and-hacks/
[Source 4]: https://github.com/h5bp/server-configs-apache
[Source 5]: http://www.htaccess-guide.com/deny-visitors-by-referrer/
[Source 6]: http://www.askapache.com/htaccess/apache-speed-etags.html
[CORS]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-origin_resource_sharing
[Source 7]: https://github.com/h5bp/server-configs-apache/issues/32
[Laravel]: https://github.com/laravel/laravel
[WebP images]: https://developers.google.com/speed/webp/?csw=1
[Source 8]: https://github.com/vincentorback/WebP-images-with-htaccess