hive复杂格式array,map,struct使用

约定不等于承诺〃 2022-02-22 02:43 252阅读 0赞

转载：[https://blog.csdn.net/u010670689/article/details/72885944][https_blog.csdn.net_u010670689_article_details_72885944]  
目前 hive 支持的复合数据类型有以下几种：

map  
(key1, value1, key2, value2, …) Creates a map with the given key/value pairs  
struct  
(val1, val2, val3, …) Creates a struct with the given field values. Struct field names will be col1, col2, …  
named\_struct  
(name1, val1, name2, val2, …) Creates a struct with the given field names and values. (as of Hive 0.8.0)  
array  
(val1, val2, …) Creates an array with the given elements  
create\_union  
(tag, val1, val2, …) Creates a union type with the value that is being pointed to by the tag parameter

一、map、struct、array 这3种的用法：  
1、Array的使用

创建数据库表，以array作为数据类型
    create table  person(name string,work_locations array<string>)
    ROW FORMAT DELIMITED
    FIELDS TERMINATED BY '\t'
    COLLECTION ITEMS TERMINATED BY ',';
    数据
    biansutao beijing,shanghai,tianjin,hangzhou
    linan changchu,chengdu,wuhan
    入库数据
    LOAD DATA LOCAL INPATH '/home/hadoop/person.txt' OVERWRITE INTO TABLE person;
    查询
    hive> select * from person;
    biansutao       ["beijing","shanghai","tianjin","hangzhou"]
    linan   ["changchu","chengdu","wuhan"]
    Time taken: 0.355 seconds
    hive> select name from person;
    linan
    biansutao
    Time taken: 12.397 seconds
    hive> select work_locations[0] from person;
    changchu
    beijing
    Time taken: 13.214 seconds
    hive> select work_locations from person;   
    ["changchu","chengdu","wuhan"]
    ["beijing","shanghai","tianjin","hangzhou"]
    Time taken: 13.755 seconds
    hive> select work_locations[3] from person;
    NULL
    hangzhou
    Time taken: 12.722 seconds
    hive> select work_locations[4] from person;
    NULL
    NULL
    Time taken: 15.958 seconds
    hive>  INSERT INTO test_set SELECT 'xiaohua',array('tianjin','hangzhou');

2、Map 的使用  
创建数据库表

create table score(name string, score map<string,int>)
    ROW FORMAT DELIMITED
    FIELDS TERMINATED BY '\t'
    COLLECTION ITEMS TERMINATED BY ','
    MAP KEYS TERMINATED BY ':';
    要入库的数据
    biansutao '数学':80,'语文':89,'英语':95
    jobs '语文':60,'数学':80,'英语':99
    入库数据
    LOAD DATA LOCAL INPATH '/home/hadoop/score.txt' OVERWRITE INTO TABLE score;
    查询
    hive> select * from score;
    biansutao       {"数学":80,"语文":89,"英语":95}
    jobs    {"语文":60,"数学":80,"英语":99}
    Time taken: 0.665 seconds
    hive> select name from score;
    jobs
    biansutao
    Time taken: 19.778 seconds
    hive> select t.score from score t;
    {"语文":60,"数学":80,"英语":99}
    {"数学":80,"语文":89,"英语":95}
    Time taken: 19.353 seconds
    hive> select t.score['语文'] from score t;
    60
    89
    Time taken: 13.054 seconds
    hive> select t.score['英语'] from score t;
    99
    95
    Time taken: 13.769 seconds
    hive>  INSERT INTO test_set SELECT 'xiaohua',str_to_map('语文:99','数学:99');

3、Struct 的使用  
创建数据表

CREATE TABLE test(id int,course struct<course:string,score:int>)
    ROW FORMAT DELIMITED
    FIELDS TERMINATED BY '\t'
    COLLECTION ITEMS TERMINATED BY ',';
    数据
    1 english,80
    2 math,89
    3 chinese,95
    入库
    LOAD DATA LOCAL INPATH '/home/hadoop/test.txt' OVERWRITE INTO TABLE test;
    查询
    hive> select * from test;
    OK
    1       {"course":"english","score":80}
    2       {"course":"math","score":89}
    3       {"course":"chinese","score":95}
    Time taken: 0.275 seconds
    hive> select course from test;
    {"course":"english","score":80}
    {"course":"math","score":89}
    {"course":"chinese","score":95}
    Time taken: 44.968 seconds
    select t.course.course from test t; 
    english
    math
    chinese
    Time taken: 15.827 seconds
    hive> select t.course.score from test t;
    80
    89
    95
    Time taken: 13.235 seconds
    hive>  INSERT INTO test_set SELECT "xiaoming",named_struct('math',90,'english',90)

4、数据组合 （不支持组合的复杂数据类型）

LOAD DATA LOCAL INPATH '/home/hadoop/test.txt' OVERWRITE INTO TABLE test;
    create table test1(id int,a MAP<STRING,ARRAY<STRING>>)
    row format delimited fields terminated by '\t' 
    collection items terminated by ','
    MAP KEYS TERMINATED BY ':';
    1 english:80,90,70
    2 math:89,78,86
    3 chinese:99,100,82
    LOAD DATA LOCAL INPATH '/home/hadoop/test1.txt' OVERWRITE INTO TABLE test1;

二、hive中的一些不常见函数的用法：  
常见的函数就不废话了，和标准sql类似，下面我们要聊到的基本是HQL里面专有的函数，

hive里面的函数大致分为如下几种：Built-in、Misc.、UDF、UDTF、UDAF

我们就挑几个标准SQL里没有，但是在HIVE SQL在做统计分析常用到的来说吧。

1、array\_contains （Collection Functions）  
这是内置的对集合进行操作的函数，用法举例：

create EXTERNAL table IF NOT EXISTS userInfo (id int,sex string, age int, name string, email string,sd string, ed string)  ROW FORMAT DELIMITED FIELDS TERMINATED BY '\t' location '/hive/dw';
     
    select * from userinfo where sex='male' and (id!=1 and id !=2 and id!=3 and id!=4 and id!=5) and age < 30;
    select * from (select * from userinfo where sex='male' and !array_contains(split('1,2,3,4,5',','),cast(id as string))) tb1 where tb1.age < 30;
    其中建表所用的测试数据你可以用如下链接的脚本自动生成：

[http://my.oschina.net/leejun2005/blog/76631][http_my.oschina.net_leejun2005_blog_76631]

2、get\_json\_object （Misc. Functions）  
测试数据：

first \{“store”:\{“fruit”:\[\{“weight”:8,“type”:“apple”\},\{“weight”:9,“type”:“pear”\}\],“bicycle”:\{“price”:19.951,“color”:“red1”\}\},“email”:“amy@only\_for\_json\_udf\_test.net”,“owner”:“amy1”\} third  
first \{“store”:\{“fruit”:\[\{“weight”:9,“type”:“apple”\},\{“weight”:91,“type”:“pear”\}\],“bicycle”:\{“price”:19.952,“color”:“red2”\}\},“email”:“amy@only\_for\_json\_udf\_test.net”,“owner”:“amy2”\} third  
first \{“store”:\{“fruit”:\[\{“weight”:10,“type”:“apple”\},\{“weight”:911,“type”:“pear”\}\],“bicycle”:\{“price”:19.953,“color”:“red3”\}\},“email”:“amy@only\_for\_json\_udf\_test.net”,“owner”:“amy3”\} third

create external table if not exists t_json(f1 string, f2 string, f3 string) row format delimited fields TERMINATED BY ' ' location '/test/json'
    select get_json_object(t_json.f2, '$.owner') from t_json;
    SELECT * from t_json where get_json_object(t_json.f2, '$.store.fruit[0].weight') = 9;
    SELECT get_json_object(t_json.f2, '$.non_exist_key') FROM t_json;

这里尤其要注意UDTF的问题，官方文档有说明：

json\_tuple  
A new json\_tuple() UDTF is introduced in hive 0.7. It takes a set of names (keys) and a JSON string, and returns a tuple of values using one function. This is much more efficient than calling GET\_JSON\_OBJECT to retrieve more than one key from a single JSON string. In any case where a single JSON string would be parsed more than once, your query will be more efficient if you parse it once, which is what JSON\_TUPLE is for. As JSON\_TUPLE is a UDTF, you will need to use the LATERAL VIEW syntax in order to achieve the same goal.

For example,

select a.timestamp, get_json_object(a.appevents, '$.eventid'), get_json_object(a.appenvets, '$.eventname') from log a;
    should be changed to
    
    select a.timestamp, b.*
    from log a lateral view json_tuple(a.appevent, 'eventid', 'eventname') b as f1, f2;
    UDTF(User-Defined Table-Generating Functions)

用来解决 输入一行输出多行(On-to-many maping) 的需求。

通过Lateral view可以方便的将UDTF得到的行转列的结果集合在一起提供服务，因为直接在SELECT使用UDTF会存在限制，即仅仅能包含单个字段，不光是多个UDTF，仅仅单个UDTF加上其他字段也是不可以，hive提示在UDTF中仅仅能有单一的表达式。如下：

hive> select my_test(“abcef:aa”) as qq,’abcd’ from sunwg01;
    FAILED: Error in semantic analysis: Only a single expression in the SELECT clause is supported with UDTF’s

使用Lateral view可以实现上面的需求，Lateral view语法如下：

lateralView: LATERAL VIEW udtf(expression) tableAlias AS columnAlias (‘,’ columnAlias)*
    fromClause: FROM baseTable (lateralView)*
    hive> create table sunwg ( a array, b array )
    > ROW FORMAT DELIMITED
    > FIELDS TERMINATED BY ‘\t’
    > COLLECTION ITEMS TERMINATED BY ‘,’;
    OK
    Time taken: 1.145 seconds
    hive> load data local inpath ‘/home/hjl/sunwg/sunwg.txt’ overwrite into table sunwg;
    Copying data from file:/home/hjl/sunwg/sunwg.txt
    Loading data to table sunwg
    OK
    Time taken: 0.162 seconds
    hive> select * from sunwg;
    OK
    [10,11] ["tom","mary"]
    [20,21] ["kate","tim"]
    Time taken: 0.069 seconds
    hive>
    > SELECT a, name
    > FROM sunwg LATERAL VIEW explode(b) r1 AS name;
    OK
    [10,11] tom
    [10,11] mary
    [20,21] kate
    [20,21] tim
    Time taken: 8.497 seconds
    
    hive> SELECT id, name
    > FROM sunwg LATERAL VIEW explode(a) r1 AS id
    > LATERAL VIEW explode(b) r2 AS name;
    OK
    10 tom
    10 mary
    11 tom
    11 mary
    20 kate
    20 tim
    21 kate
    21 tim
    Time taken: 9.687 seconds

3、parse\_url\_tuple  
测试数据：

url1 [http://facebook.com/path1/p.php?k1=v1&k2=v2\#Ref1][http_facebook.com_path1_p.php_k1_v1_k2_v2_Ref1]  
url2 [https://cwiki.apache.org/confluence/display/Hive/LanguageManual+UDF\#LanguageManualUDF-getjsonobject][https_cwiki.apache.org_confluence_display_Hive_LanguageManual_UDF_LanguageManualUDF-getjsonobject]  
url3 [https://www.google.com.hk/\#hl=zh-CN&newwindow=1&safe=strict&q=hive+translate+example&oq=hive+translate+example&gs\_l=serp.3...10174.11861.6.12051.8.8.0.0.0.0.132.883.0j7.7.0...0.0...1c.1j4.8.serp.0B9C1T\_n0Hs&bav=on.2,or.&bvm=bv.44770516,d.aGc&fp=e13e41a6b9dab3f6&biw=1241&bih=589][https_www.google.com.hk_hl_zh-CN_newwindow_1_safe_strict_q_hive_translate_example_oq_hive_translate_example_gs_l_serp.3...10174.11861.6.12051.8.8.0.0.0.0.132.883.0j7.7.0...0.0...1c.1j4.8.serp.0B9C1T_n0Hs_bav_on.2_or._bvm_bv.44770516_d.aGc_fp_e13e41a6b9dab3f6_biw_1241_bih_589]

create external table if not exists t_url(f1 string, f2 string) row format delimited fields TERMINATED BY ' ' location '/test/url';
    SELECT f1, b.* FROM t_url LATERAL VIEW parse_url_tuple(f2, 'HOST', 'PATH', 'QUERY', 'QUERY:k1') b as host, path, query, query_id;

结果：

url1 [facebook.com][] /path1/p.php k1=v1&k2=v2 v1  
url2 [cwiki.apache.org][] /confluence/display/Hive/LanguageManual+UDF NULL NULL  
url3 [www.google.com.hk][] / NULL NULL

4、explode  
explode 是一个 hive 内置的表生成函数：Built-in Table-Generating Functions (UDTF)，主要是解决 1 to N 的问题，即它可以把一行输入拆成多行，比如一个 array 的每个元素拆成一行，作为一个虚表输出。它有如下需要注意的地方：

Using the syntax "SELECT udtf(col) AS colAlias..." has a few limitations:
    No other expressions are allowed in SELECT
    SELECT pageid, explode(adid_list) AS myCol... is not supported
    UDTF's can't be nested
    SELECT explode(explode(adid_list)) AS myCol... is not supported
    GROUP BY / CLUSTER BY / DISTRIBUTE BY / SORT BY is not supported
    SELECT explode(adid_list) AS myCol ... GROUP BY myCol is not supported

从上面的原理与语法上可知，

select 列中不能 udtf 和其它非 udtf 列混用，

udtf 不能嵌套，

不支持 GROUP BY / CLUSTER BY / DISTRIBUTE BY / SORT BY

还有 select 中出现的 udtf 一定需要列别名，否则会报错：

SELECT explode(myCol) AS myNewCol FROM myTable;
    SELECT explode(myMap) AS (myMapKey, myMapValue) FROM myMapTable;
    SELECT posexplode(myCol) AS pos, myNewCol FROM myTable;

5、lateral view  
lateral view 是Hive中提供给UDTF的conjunction，它可以解决UDTF不能添加额外的select列的问题。当我们想对hive表中某一列进行split之后，想对其转换成1 to N的模式，即一行转多列。hive不允许我们在UDTF函数之外，再添加其它select语句。

如下，我们想将登录某个游戏的用户id放在一个字段user\_ids里，对每一行数据用UDTF后输出多行。

select game\_id, explode(split(user\_ids,’\\\[\\\[\\\[’)) as user\_id from login\_game\_log where dt=‘2014-05-15’ ;  
FAILED: Error in semantic analysis: UDTF’s are not supported outside the SELECT clause, nor nested in expressions。  
提示语法分析错误，UDTF不支持函数之外的select 语句，如果我们想支持怎么办呢？接下来就是Lateral View 登场的时候了。

Lateral view 其实就是用来和像类似explode这种UDTF函数联用的。lateral view 会将UDTF生成的结果放到一个虚拟表中，然后这个虚拟表（1 to N）会和输入行即每个game\_id进行join 来达到连接UDTF外的select字段的目的（源表和拆分的虚表按行做行内 1 join N 的直接连接），这也是为什么 LATERAL VIEW udtf(expression) 后面需要表别名和列别名的原因。

Lateral View Syntax

lateralView: LATERAL VIEW udtf(expression) tableAlias AS columnAlias (’,’ columnAlias)\*

fromClause: FROM baseTable (lateralView)\*

可以看出，可以在2个地方用Lateral view：

在udtf前面用

在from baseTable后面用

例如：

pageid adid\_list

front\_page \[1, 2, 3\]

contact\_page \[3, 4, 5\]

SELECT pageid, adid
    FROM pageAds LATERAL VIEW explode(adid_list) adTable AS adid;

pageid adid

front\_page 1

front\_page 2

front\_page 3

contact\_page 3

contact\_page 4

contact\_page 5

From语句后可以跟多个Lateral View。

A FROM clause can have multiple LATERAL VIEW clauses. Subsequent LATERAL VIEWS can reference columns from any of the tables appearing to the left of the LATERAL VIEW.

给定数据：

Array col1 Array col2

\[1, 2\] \[a", “b”, “c”\]

\[3, 4\] \[d", “e”, “f”\]

转换目标：

想同时把第一列和第二列拆开，类似做笛卡尔乘积。

我们可以这样写：

SELECT myCol1, myCol2 FROM baseTable
    LATERAL VIEW explode(col1) myTable1 AS myCol1
    LATERAL VIEW explode(col2) myTable2 AS myCol2;

还有一种情况，如果UDTF转换的Array是空的怎么办呢？

在Hive0.12里面会支持outer关键字，如果UDTF的结果是空，默认会被忽略输出。

如果加上outer关键字，则会像left outer join 一样，还是会输出select出的列，而UDTF的输出结果是NULL。

总结：

Lateral View通常和UDTF一起出现，为了解决UDTF不允许在select字段的问题。

Multiple Lateral View可以实现类似笛卡尔乘积。

Outer关键字可以把不输出的UDTF的空结果，输出成NULL，防止丢失数据。

三、ref：  
[http://blog.csdn.net/wf1982/article/details/7474601][http_blog.csdn.net_wf1982_article_details_7474601]  
[http://www.cnblogs.com/ggjucheng/archive/2013/01/08/2850797.html][http_www.cnblogs.com_ggjucheng_archive_2013_01_08_2850797.html]  
[http://www.oratea.net/?p=650][http_www.oratea.net_p_650]  
[https://cwiki.apache.org/confluence/display/Hive/LanguageManual+UDF\#LanguageManualUDF-parseurltuple][https_cwiki.apache.org_confluence_display_Hive_LanguageManual_UDF_LanguageManualUDF-parseurltuple]  
[https://cwiki.apache.org/confluence/display/Hive/Tutorial][https_cwiki.apache.org_confluence_display_Hive_Tutorial]

[http://blog.csdn.net/inte\_sleeper/article/details/7196114][http_blog.csdn.net_inte_sleeper_article_details_7196114] hive lateral view语句：列拆分成行

[https://cwiki.apache.org/confluence/display/Hive/LanguageManual+UDF\#LanguageManualUDF-explode][https_cwiki.apache.org_confluence_display_Hive_LanguageManual_UDF_LanguageManualUDF-explode]

[http://blog.csdn.net/oopsoom/article/details/26001307][http_blog.csdn.net_oopsoom_article_details_26001307] Lateral View用法 与 Hive UDTF explode

[http://bit.ly/2bDuVxS][http_bit.ly_2bDuVxS] 助力大数据的复杂统计分析-Hive窗口函数

[https_blog.csdn.net_u010670689_article_details_72885944]: https://blog.csdn.net/u010670689/article/details/72885944
[http_my.oschina.net_leejun2005_blog_76631]: http://my.oschina.net/leejun2005/blog/76631
[http_facebook.com_path1_p.php_k1_v1_k2_v2_Ref1]: http://facebook.com/path1/p.php?k1=v1&k2=v2#Ref1
[https_cwiki.apache.org_confluence_display_Hive_LanguageManual_UDF_LanguageManualUDF-getjsonobject]: https://cwiki.apache.org/confluence/display/Hive/LanguageManual+UDF#LanguageManualUDF-getjsonobject
[https_www.google.com.hk_hl_zh-CN_newwindow_1_safe_strict_q_hive_translate_example_oq_hive_translate_example_gs_l_serp.3...10174.11861.6.12051.8.8.0.0.0.0.132.883.0j7.7.0...0.0...1c.1j4.8.serp.0B9C1T_n0Hs_bav_on.2_or._bvm_bv.44770516_d.aGc_fp_e13e41a6b9dab3f6_biw_1241_bih_589]: https://www.google.com.hk/#hl=zh-CN&newwindow=1&safe=strict&q=hive+translate+example&oq=hive+translate+example&gs_l=serp.3...10174.11861.6.12051.8.8.0.0.0.0.132.883.0j7.7.0...0.0...1c.1j4.8.serp.0B9C1T_n0Hs&bav=on.2,or.&bvm=bv.44770516,d.aGc&fp=e13e41a6b9dab3f6&biw=1241&bih=589
[facebook.com]: http://facebook.com
[cwiki.apache.org]: http://cwiki.apache.org
[www.google.com.hk]: http://www.google.com.hk
[http_blog.csdn.net_wf1982_article_details_7474601]: http://blog.csdn.net/wf1982/article/details/7474601
[http_www.cnblogs.com_ggjucheng_archive_2013_01_08_2850797.html]: http://www.cnblogs.com/ggjucheng/archive/2013/01/08/2850797.html
[http_www.oratea.net_p_650]: http://www.oratea.net/?p=650
[https_cwiki.apache.org_confluence_display_Hive_LanguageManual_UDF_LanguageManualUDF-parseurltuple]: https://cwiki.apache.org/confluence/display/Hive/LanguageManual+UDF#LanguageManualUDF-parseurltuple
[https_cwiki.apache.org_confluence_display_Hive_Tutorial]: https://cwiki.apache.org/confluence/display/Hive/Tutorial
[http_blog.csdn.net_inte_sleeper_article_details_7196114]: http://blog.csdn.net/inte_sleeper/article/details/7196114
[https_cwiki.apache.org_confluence_display_Hive_LanguageManual_UDF_LanguageManualUDF-explode]: https://cwiki.apache.org/confluence/display/Hive/LanguageManual+UDF#LanguageManualUDF-explode
[http_blog.csdn.net_oopsoom_article_details_26001307]: http://blog.csdn.net/oopsoom/article/details/26001307
[http_bit.ly_2bDuVxS]: http://bit.ly/2bDuVxS