Flutter开发环境搭建和调试

ゝ一世哀愁。 2022-03-10 11:56 403阅读 0赞

### Flutter开发环境搭建和调试 ###

*  开发环境的搭建
 *   *  1. 下载Flutter SDK
     *  2. 配置环境变量
     *  3．安装Visual Studio Code所需插件
     *  4．创建Flutter项目
 *  模拟器的安装与调试

--------------------

Flutter开发工具很多，有很多支持Flutter开发的IDE。比如Android Studio、Visual Studio Code、InteIIiJ IDEA、Atom、Komodo等。这里将使用Visual Studio Code作为主要开发工具，因为Visual Studio Code占用内存和CPU比较低，非常的流畅，体验也比较的好。模拟器的话，这里推荐使用Android官方的模拟器，也就是Android Studio SDK里带的模拟器。不过，这里的模拟器我们使用单独启动的，无需从Android Studio启动，当然也可以用真机运行调试。接下来，我们就开始Flutter开发环境的搭建吧。注意：本文是在Windows环境下安装的开发环境。本文将主要介绍：

>  *  Flutter下载与环境变量配置
>  *  Visual Studio Code插件安装与新建Flutter项目
>  *  模拟器的安装
>  *  运行Flutter项目到模拟器和真机
>  *  Flutter常用命令

--------------------

# 开发环境的搭建 #

## 1. 下载Flutter SDK ##

Flutter Dart QQ技术交流群：979966470

Flutter SDK由两部分构成，一个是Dart SDK，另一个就是Flutter SDK，因为Flutter是基于Dart的。可以通过两种方式下载：一种是Git下载；另一种是直接下载SDK压缩包即可。

Fast to Study Flutter And Dart. QQ群：979966470

Git方式我们可以通过拉取官方Github上的flutter分支来下载。分支分类如下图：  
![Flutter分支][Flutter]  
可以看到主要有dev、beta和stable三个官方分支使，这里正式开发的话可以下载stable稳定版本。用Git命令进行下载stable分支：

git clone -b stable https://github.com/flutter/flutter.git

另一种是直接官网下载SDK压缩包，官方下载地址为：

https://storage.googleapis.com/flutter_infra/releases/stable/windows/flutter_windows_v1.0.0-stable.zip

## 2. 配置环境变量 ##

下载完SDK后我们可以把它解压放到指定文件夹里，接下来就是配置SDK环境变量量，这样我们就可以在需要的目录执行相关命令了。如果在官网更新下载SDK慢的话，可以设置国内的镜像代理地址，这样下载会快一些。可以将如下的国内下载镜像地址加入到环境变量中：

变量名：PUB_HOSTED_URL，变量值：https://pub.flutter-io.cn
    变量名：FLUTTER_STORAGE_BASE_URL，变量值：https://storage.flutter-io.cn

Flutter SDK环境变量，讲flutter的bin目录加入环境变量即可：

[你的Flutter文件夹路径]\flutter\bin

这样我们的Flutter SDK的环境变量就配置完毕了。接下来在命令提示符窗口中输入命令：

flutter doctor

它可以帮助我们检查Flutter环境变量是否设置成功，Android SDK是否下载以及配置好环境变量等等。如果有相关的错误提示，根据提示进行修复和安装、设置即可。每次运行这个命令，都会帮你检查是否缺失了必要的依赖。通过运行flutter doctor命令来验证你是否已经正确地设置了，并且可以自动更新和下载相关的依赖。如果全部配置正确的话，会出现如下类似的检测信息：

![Flutter配置检查][Flutter 1]  
主要检测信息为：Flutter、Android toolchain、Connected device。

## 3．安装Visual Studio Code所需插件 ##

在Visual Studio Code的Extensions里搜索安装Dart和Flutter扩展插件：  
![Flutter插件安装][Flutter 2]  
安装完成插件后，重启Visual Studio Code编辑器即可。

## 4．创建Flutter项目 ##

接下来进行Flutter项目的新建，我们可以通过命令面板或者快捷键Ctrl+Shif+P打开命令面板，找到Flutter：New Project：  
![Flutter新建项目][Flutter 3]  
点击New Project，接下来进入项目名称输入：  
![输入Flutter项目名称][Flutter 4]  
回车，然后选择好项目的存储位置即可，这样就完成了Flutter项目的新建。  
整个的创建流程日志如下：

[undefined] flutter create .
    Waiting for another flutter command to release the startup lock...
    Creating project ....
      .gitignore (created)
      .idea\libraries\Dart_SDK.xml (created)
      .idea\libraries\Flutter_for_Android.xml (created)
      .idea\libraries\KotlinJavaRuntime.xml (created)
      .idea\modules.xml (created)
      .idea\runConfigurations\main_dart.xml (created)
      .idea\workspace.xml (created)
      .metadata (created)
      android\app\build.gradle (created)
      android\app\src\main\java\com\example\fluttersamples\MainActivity.java (created)
      android\build.gradle (created)
      android\flutter_samples_android.iml (created)
      android\app\src\main\AndroidManifest.xml (created)
      android\app\src\main\res\drawable\launch_background.xml (created)
      android\app\src\main\res\mipmap-hdpi\ic_launcher.png (created)
      android\app\src\main\res\mipmap-mdpi\ic_launcher.png (created)
      android\app\src\main\res\mipmap-xhdpi\ic_launcher.png (created)
      android\app\src\main\res\mipmap-xxhdpi\ic_launcher.png (created)
      android\app\src\main\res\mipmap-xxxhdpi\ic_launcher.png (created)
      android\app\src\main\res\values\styles.xml (created)
      android\gradle\wrapper\gradle-wrapper.properties (created)
      android\gradle.properties (created)
      android\settings.gradle (created)
      ios\Runner\AppDelegate.h (created)
      ios\Runner\AppDelegate.m (created)
      ios\Runner\main.m (created)
      ios\Runner.xcodeproj\project.pbxproj (created)
      ios\Runner.xcodeproj\xcshareddata\xcschemes\Runner.xcscheme (created)
      ios\Flutter\AppFrameworkInfo.plist (created)
      ios\Flutter\Debug.xcconfig (created)
      ios\Flutter\Release.xcconfig (created)
      ios\Runner\Assets.xcassets\AppIcon.appiconset\Contents.json (created)
      ios\Runner\Assets.xcassets\AppIcon.appiconset\Icon-App-1024x1024@1x.png (created)
      ios\Runner\Assets.xcassets\AppIcon.appiconset\Icon-App-20x20@1x.png (created)
      ios\Runner\Assets.xcassets\AppIcon.appiconset\Icon-App-20x20@2x.png (created)
      ios\Runner\Assets.xcassets\AppIcon.appiconset\Icon-App-20x20@3x.png (created)
      ios\Runner\Assets.xcassets\AppIcon.appiconset\Icon-App-29x29@1x.png (created)
      ios\Runner\Assets.xcassets\AppIcon.appiconset\Icon-App-29x29@2x.png (created)
      ios\Runner\Assets.xcassets\AppIcon.appiconset\Icon-App-29x29@3x.png (created)
      ios\Runner\Assets.xcassets\AppIcon.appiconset\Icon-App-40x40@1x.png (created)
      ios\Runner\Assets.xcassets\AppIcon.appiconset\Icon-App-40x40@2x.png (created)
      ios\Runner\Assets.xcassets\AppIcon.appiconset\Icon-App-40x40@3x.png (created)
      ios\Runner\Assets.xcassets\AppIcon.appiconset\Icon-App-60x60@2x.png (created)
      ios\Runner\Assets.xcassets\AppIcon.appiconset\Icon-App-60x60@3x.png (created)
      ios\Runner\Assets.xcassets\AppIcon.appiconset\Icon-App-76x76@1x.png (created)
      ios\Runner\Assets.xcassets\AppIcon.appiconset\Icon-App-76x76@2x.png (created)
      ios\Runner\Assets.xcassets\AppIcon.appiconset\Icon-App-83.5x83.5@2x.png (created)
      ios\Runner\Assets.xcassets\LaunchImage.imageset\Contents.json (created)
      ios\Runner\Assets.xcassets\LaunchImage.imageset\LaunchImage.png (created)
      ios\Runner\Assets.xcassets\LaunchImage.imageset\LaunchImage@2x.png (created)
      ios\Runner\Assets.xcassets\LaunchImage.imageset\LaunchImage@3x.png (created)
      ios\Runner\Assets.xcassets\LaunchImage.imageset\README.md (created)
      ios\Runner\Base.lproj\LaunchScreen.storyboard (created)
      ios\Runner\Base.lproj\Main.storyboard (created)
      ios\Runner\Info.plist (created)
      ios\Runner.xcodeproj\project.xcworkspace\contents.xcworkspacedata (created)
      ios\Runner.xcworkspace\contents.xcworkspacedata (created)
      lib\main.dart (created)
      flutter_samples.iml (created)
      pubspec.yaml (created)
      README.md (created)
      test\widget_test.dart (created)
    Running "flutter packages get" in flutter_samples...            11.8s
    Wrote 64 files.
    
    All done!
    [√] Flutter is fully installed. (Channel stable, v1.0.0, on Microsoft Windows [Version 10.0.17134.590], locale zh-CN)
    [√] Android toolchain - develop for Android devices is fully installed. (Android SDK 28.0.3)
    [√] Android Studio is fully installed. (version 3.3)
    [√] IntelliJ IDEA Community Edition is fully installed. (version 2018.3)
    [!] Connected device is not available.
    
    Run "flutter doctor" for information about installing additional components.
    
    In order to run your application, type:
    
      $ cd .
      $ flutter run
    
    Your application code is in .\lib\main.dart.
    
    exit code 0

Flutter项目结构如下：  
![Flutter项目结构][Flutter 5]  
其中，Android相关的修改和配置在android目录下，结构和Android应用项目结构一样；IOS相关修改和配置在ios目录下，结构和IOS应用项目结构一样。最重要的flutter代码文件是在lib目录下，类文件以.dart结尾，语法结构为Dart语法结构。大致如下：

import 'package:flutter/material.dart';
    
    void main() => runApp(MyApp());
    
    class MyApp extends StatelessWidget {
      // This widget is the root of your application.
      @override
      Widget build(BuildContext context) {
        return MaterialApp(
          title: 'Flutter Demo',
          theme: ThemeData(
            // This is the theme of your application.
            //
            // Try running your application with "flutter run". You'll see the
            // application has a blue toolbar. Then, without quitting the app, try
            // changing the primarySwatch below to Colors.green and then invoke
            // "hot reload" (press "r" in the console where you ran "flutter run",
            // or simply save your changes to "hot reload" in a Flutter IDE).
            // Notice that the counter didn't reset back to zero; the application
            // is not restarted.
            primarySwatch: Colors.blue,
          ),
          home: MyHomePage(title: 'Flutter Demo Home Page'),
        );
      }
    }
    
    class MyHomePage extends StatefulWidget {
      MyHomePage({Key key, this.title}) : super(key: key);
    
      // This widget is the home page of your application. It is stateful, meaning
      // that it has a State object (defined below) that contains fields that affect
      // how it looks.
    
      // This class is the configuration for the state. It holds the values (in this
      // case the title) provided by the parent (in this case the App widget) and
      // used by the build method of the State. Fields in a Widget subclass are
      // always marked "final".
    
      final String title;
    
      @override
      _MyHomePageState createState() => _MyHomePageState();
    }
    
    class _MyHomePageState extends State<MyHomePage> {
      int _counter = 0;
    
      void _incrementCounter() {
        setState(() {
          // This call to setState tells the Flutter framework that something has
          // changed in this State, which causes it to rerun the build method below
          // so that the display can reflect the updated values. If we changed
          // _counter without calling setState(), then the build method would not be
          // called again, and so nothing would appear to happen.
          _counter++;
        });
      }
    
      @override
      Widget build(BuildContext context) {
        // This method is rerun every time setState is called, for instance as done
        // by the _incrementCounter method above.
        //
        // The Flutter framework has been optimized to make rerunning build methods
        // fast, so that you can just rebuild anything that needs updating rather
        // than having to individually change instances of widgets.
        return Scaffold(
          appBar: AppBar(
            // Here we take the value from the MyHomePage object that was created by
            // the App.build method, and use it to set our appbar title.
            title: Text(widget.title),
          ),
          body: Center(
            // Center is a layout widget. It takes a single child and positions it
            // in the middle of the parent.
            child: Column(
              // Column is also layout widget. It takes a list of children and
              // arranges them vertically. By default, it sizes itself to fit its
              // children horizontally, and tries to be as tall as its parent.
              //
              // Invoke "debug painting" (press "p" in the console, choose the
              // "Toggle Debug Paint" action from the Flutter Inspector in Android
              // Studio, or the "Toggle Debug Paint" command in Visual Studio Code)
              // to see the wireframe for each widget.
              //
              // Column has various properties to control how it sizes itself and
              // how it positions its children. Here we use mainAxisAlignment to
              // center the children vertically; the main axis here is the vertical
              // axis because Columns are vertical (the cross axis would be
              // horizontal).
              mainAxisAlignment: MainAxisAlignment.center,
              children: <Widget>[
                Text(
                  'You have pushed the button this many times:',
                ),
                Text(
                  '$_counter',
                  style: Theme.of(context).textTheme.display1,
                ),
              ],
            ),
          ),
          floatingActionButton: FloatingActionButton(
            onPressed: _incrementCounter,
            tooltip: 'Increment',
            child: Icon(Icons.add),
          ), // This trailing comma makes auto-formatting nicer for build methods.
        );
      }
    }

--------------------

# 模拟器的安装与调试 #

项目新建完毕了，接下来就是编译运行Flutter项目到真机或者模拟器了。先说模拟器，模拟器在我们下载的Android SDK的目录里，可以通过两种方法创建模拟器，推荐在Android Studio里新建一个模拟器，点击进入AVD Manager，如果没有模拟器的话，就创建一个即可，可以选择最新的SDK：  
![AVD Manager模拟器列表][AVD Manager]  
创建完毕后，我们就可以在电脑的模拟器目录看到我们创建的模拟器里：  
![已创建的模拟器列表][20190310234917849.png]  
对应的模拟器AVD Manager相关也在Android SDK目录下：  
![SDK里的模拟器所在目录][SDK]  
接下来我们就可以关闭相关窗口了，建立一个bat文件，写入启动模拟器的命令，这样每次启动模拟器直接运行这个bat文件即可：

D:\Sdk\emulator\emulator.exe -avd Pixel_XL_API_28

模拟器所在的SDK目录根据你的实际情况位置修改即可。  
![快速运行模拟器的命令文件][20190310234954451.png]  
接下来，双击这个bat文件运行模拟器：  
![启动模拟器][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9mYW50YXN5LmJsb2cuY3Nkbi5uZXQ_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70]  
接着在项目所在目录运行flutter run命令即可编译运行flutter项目到模拟器上：  
![启动模拟器日志][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9mYW50YXN5LmJsb2cuY3Nkbi5uZXQ_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 1]  
运行效果如下图：  
![Flutter Demo模拟器运行效果][Flutter Demo]  
运行成功后，后续运行调试只要不退出应用界面，就可以进行热重载，输入r进行热重载当前页面，输入R进行整个应用的热重启，输入h弹出帮助信息，输入d解除关联，输入q退出应用调试。如果遇到有多个模拟器或者模拟器和真机同时存在的话，可以通过-d参数加设备ID指定要运行的设备，例如：

flutter run -d emulator-5556

可以通过flutter devices或adb devices命令查看目前已连接的设备信息。  
还有一种命令方式创建模拟器，输入如下命令可以查看当前可用的模拟器：

flutter emulator

输入以下命令可以创建指定名称的模拟器，默认创建的模拟器Android版本号为已安装的最新的SDK版本号：

flutter emulators --create --name xyz

运行以下命令可以启动模拟器：

flutter emulators --launch <emulator id>

替换为你的模拟器ID名称即可。  
真机设备运行调试和模拟器的过程基本一样，手机和电脑通过USB连接，手机开启开发人员选项和USB调试，最后运行flutter run命令即可。  
其他常用的命令如下：

flutter build apk;           //打包Android应用
    flutter build apk –release;
    flutter install;              //安装应用
    flutter build ios;            //打包IOS应用
    flutter build ios –release;
    flutter clean;               //清理重新编译项目
    flutter upgrade;            //升级Flutter SDK和依赖包
    flutter channel;            //查看Flutter官方分支列表和当前项目使用的Flutter分支
    flutter channel <分支名>;   //切换分支

好了，Flutter开发环境搭建和调试就为大家讲解到这里了。

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9mYW50YXN5LmJsb2cuY3Nkbi5uZXQ_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 2]

[Flutter]: /images/20220310/d6043050742045069ac6d8f1bfca05a0.png
[Flutter 1]: /images/20220310/c1efafa9b625435596b2aeca179b3533.png
[Flutter 2]: /images/20220310/5d36b56c5deb423ead7d83631190b455.png
[Flutter 3]: /images/20220310/c4219c9ca29f46f8bcbead5e892c961f.png
[Flutter 4]: /images/20220310/1042a95880ee4ca4aae30b0daca46c7e.png
[Flutter 5]: /images/20220310/5853ed4258cb4f7b8f4e62319242f4c0.png
[AVD Manager]: /images/20220310/fbf406efc0c94869b5d665bc06f31af5.png
[20190310234917849.png]: /images/20220310/70d3fdb7a1454498bffb81a1e834b692.png
[SDK]: /images/20220310/1fb6a0ef4b4441dc9b8c2bd7fc63c518.png
[20190310234954451.png]: /images/20220310/c8cc3cada5a943b597a477d4bc8bd0e8.png
[watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9mYW50YXN5LmJsb2cuY3Nkbi5uZXQ_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70]: /images/20220310/cc6dcf33ab0949b4b01e2f4f2a800135.png
[watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9mYW50YXN5LmJsb2cuY3Nkbi5uZXQ_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 1]: /images/20220310/0084e3c50a1b4002a57e0c22b01a4eb7.png
[Flutter Demo]: /images/20220310/8841420378ea42989c9f08aa0c5bb17c.png
[watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9mYW50YXN5LmJsb2cuY3Nkbi5uZXQ_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 2]: /images/20220310/1c3486dc7deb4c0ba725cf587b781a6d.png