【Oracle】分析函数Over()

小鱼儿 2022-03-27 11:50 261阅读 0赞

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# [Oracle分析函数Over()][Oracle_Over] #

**阅读目录**

*  [一、Over()分析函数][Over]
    
     *  [1、rank()/dense\_rank over(partition by ... order by ...)][1_rank_dense_rank over_partition by ... order by ...]
     *  [2、min()/max() over(partition by ...)][2_min_max_ over_partition by ...]
     *  [3、lead()/lag() over(partition by ... order by ...) 取前面/后面第n行记录][3_lead_lag_ over_partition by ... order by ..._ _n]
     *  [4、FIRST\_VALUE/LAST\_VALUE() OVER(PARTITION BY ...) 取首尾记录][4_FIRST_VALUE_LAST_VALUE_ OVER_PARTITION BY ..._]
     *  [5、ROW\_NUMBER() OVER(PARTITION BY.. ORDER BY ..) 排序（应用：分页）][5_ROW_NUMBER_ OVER_PARTITION BY.. ORDER BY .._]
     *  [6、sum/avg/count() over(partition by ..)][6_sum_avg_count_ over_partition by ..]
     *  [ 7、 rows/range between … preceding and … following 上下范围内求值][7_rows_range between _ preceding and _ following]
        
         *  [ rows between … preceding and … following][rows between _ preceding and _ following]
 *  [ 二、其他][Link 6]
    
     *  [1、NULLS FIRST/LAST 将空值字段记录放到最前或最后显示][1_NULLS FIRST_LAST]
     *  [2、NTILE(n)][2_NTILE_n]
     *  [3、keep(dense\_rank first/last)][3_keep_dense_rank first_last]

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# 一、Over()分析函数 #

说明：聚合函数（如sum()、max()等）可以计算基于组的某种聚合值，但是聚合函数对于某个组只能返回一行记录。若想对于某组返回多行记录，则需要使用分析函数。

## 1、rank()/dense\_rank over(partition by ... order by ...) ##

说明：over()在什么条件之上;

partition by 按哪个字段划分组；

order by 按哪个字段排序；

注意：

（1）使用rank()/dense\_rank() 时，必须要带order by否则非法

（2）rank()/dense\_rank()分级的区别：

rank(): 跳跃排序，如果有两个第一级时，接下来就是第三级。  
　　　　dense\_rank(): 连续排序，如果有两个第一级时，接下来仍然是第二级。

示例：查询每个部门工资最高的员工信息

一般的写法：

SELECT E.ENAME, E.JOB, E.SAL, E.DEPTNO
      FROM SCOTT.EMP E,
           (SELECT E.DEPTNO, MAX(E.SAL) SAL FROM SCOTT.EMP E GROUP BY E.DEPTNO) ME
     WHERE E.DEPTNO = ME.DEPTNO
       AND E.SAL = ME.SAL;

使用Over()函数：

方法一：

![复制代码][copycode.gif]

SELECT E.ENAME, E.JOB, E.SAL, E.DEPTNO
      FROM (SELECT E.ENAME,
                   E.JOB,
                   E.SAL,
                   E.DEPTNO,
                   RANK() OVER(PARTITION BY E.DEPTNO ORDER BY E.SAL DESC) RANK  --在按部门划分的基础上，工资从高到低分级，级别RANK从1开始依次递增
              FROM EMP E) E
     WHERE E.RANK = 1 ;

![复制代码][copycode.gif]

方法二：

![复制代码][copycode.gif]

SELECT E.ENAME, E.JOB, E.SAL, E.DEPTNO
      FROM (SELECT E.ENAME,
                   E.JOB,
                   E.SAL,
                   E.DEPTNO,
                   DENSE_RANK() OVER(PARTITION BY E.DEPTNO ORDER BY E.SAL DESC) RANK
              FROM EMP E) E
     WHERE E.RANK = 1;

![复制代码][copycode.gif]

对比查询结果：左边的是用一般的方法查询结果，右边的是分析函数查询结果（两种方法结果相同）

![540755-20170621092548820-1483697331.png][]![540755-20170621092557179-2070170959.png][]

## 2、min()/max() over(partition by ...) ##

查询员工信息的同时，查询员工工资与所在部门最低、最高工资的差额

一般的写法：

![复制代码][copycode.gif]

SELECT E.ENAME,
           E.JOB,
           E.SAL,
           E.DEPTNO,
           E.SAL - ME.MIN_SAL DIFF_MIN_SAL,
           ME.MAX_SAL - E.SAL DIFF_MAX_SAL
      FROM SCOTT.EMP E,
           (SELECT E.DEPTNO, MIN(E.SAL) MIN_SAL, MAX(E.SAL) MAX_SAL
              FROM SCOTT.EMP E
             GROUP BY E.DEPTNO) ME
     WHERE E.DEPTNO = ME.DEPTNO
     ORDER BY E.DEPTNO, E.SAL;

![复制代码][copycode.gif]

使用分析函数：

![复制代码][copycode.gif]

SELECT E.ENAME,
           E.JOB,
           E.SAL,
           E.DEPTNO,
           MIN(E.SAL) OVER(PARTITION BY E.DEPTNO) MIN_SAL,
           MAX(E.SAL) OVER(PARTITION BY E.DEPTNO) MAX_SAL,
           NVL(E.SAL - MIN(E.SAL) OVER(PARTITION BY E.DEPTNO), 0) DIFF_MIN_SAL,
           NVL(MAX(E.SAL) OVER(PARTITION BY E.DEPTNO) - E.SAL, 0) DIFF_MAX_SAL
      FROM EMP E;

![复制代码][copycode.gif]

注：这里没有排序条件，若加上order by 排序条件，

MAX() OVER(PARTITION BY .. ORDER BY .. DESC) 排序规则只能为desc，否则不起作用，将查询到目前为止排序值最高字段的对应值  
MIN() OVER(PARTITION BY .. ORDER BY .. ASC ) 排序规则只能为asc，否则不起作用，将查询到目前为止排序值最低的字段的对应值，

如下：

![复制代码][copycode.gif]

SELECT E.ENAME,
           E.JOB,
           E.SAL,
           E.DEPTNO,
           MIN(E.SAL) OVER(PARTITION BY E.DEPTNO) MIN_SAL01,
           MAX(E.SAL) OVER(PARTITION BY E.DEPTNO) MAX_SAL01,
           MIN(E.SAL) OVER(PARTITION BY E.DEPTNO ORDER BY E.SAL) MIN_SAL02,
           MAX(E.SAL) OVER(PARTITION BY E.DEPTNO ORDER BY E.SAL) MAX_SAL02, --不起作用
           MIN(E.SAL) OVER(PARTITION BY E.DEPTNO ORDER BY E.SAL DESC) MIN_SAL03, --不起作用
           MAX(E.SAL) OVER(PARTITION BY E.DEPTNO ORDER BY E.SAL DESC) MAX_SAL03,
           MIN(E.SAL) OVER(PARTITION BY E.DEPTNO ORDER BY E.SAL ASC) MIN_SAL04,
           MAX(E.SAL) OVER(PARTITION BY E.DEPTNO ORDER BY E.SAL ASC) MAX_SAL04, --不起作用
           NVL(E.SAL - MIN(E.SAL) OVER(PARTITION BY E.DEPTNO), 0) DIFF_MIN_SAL,
           NVL(MAX(E.SAL) OVER(PARTITION BY E.DEPTNO) - E.SAL, 0) DIFF_MAX_SAL
      FROM EMP E;

![复制代码][copycode.gif]

结果如下：

![540755-20170621101815460-1879509246.png][]

## 3、lead()/lag() over(partition by ... order by ...) 取前面/后面第n行记录 ##

说明：

lead(列名,n,m): 当前记录后面第n行记录的<列名>的值，没有则默认值为m；如果不带参数n,m，则查找当前记录后面第一行的记录<列名>的值，没有则默认值为null。  
lag(列名,n,m): 当前记录前面第n行记录的<列名>的值，没有则默认值为m；如果不带参数n,m，则查找当前记录前面第一行的记录<列名>的值，没有则默认值为null。

示例：查询个人工资与比自己高一位、第一位的工资的差额

使用分析函数：

![复制代码][copycode.gif]

SELECT E.ENAME,
            E.JOB,
            E.SAL,
            E.DEPTNO,
            LEAD(E.SAL, 1, 0) OVER(PARTITION BY E.DEPTNO ORDER BY E.SAL) LEAD_SAL, --记录后面第n行记录
            LAG(E.SAL, 1, 0) OVER(PARTITION BY E.DEPTNO ORDER BY E.SAL) LAG_SAL, --记录前面第N行记录
            NVL(LEAD(E.SAL) OVER(PARTITION BY E.DEPTNO ORDER BY E.SAL) - E.SAL,  
                0) DIFF_LEAD_SAL,
            NVL(E.SAL - LEAD(E.SAL) OVER(PARTITION BY E.DEPTNO ORDER BY E.SAL),
                0) DIFF_LAG_SAL
       FROM EMP E;

![复制代码][copycode.gif]

查询结果：

![540755-20170621103106304-896710985.png][]

## 4、FIRST\_VALUE/LAST\_VALUE() OVER(PARTITION BY ...) 取首尾记录 ##

示例：

![复制代码][copycode.gif]

SELECT E.EMPNO,
            E.ENAME,
            E.JOB,
            E.MGR,
            E.SAL,
            E.DEPTNO,
            FIRST_VALUE(E.SAL) OVER(PARTITION BY E.DEPTNO) FIRST_SAL,
            LAST_VALUE(E.SAL) OVER(PARTITION BY E.DEPTNO) LAST_SAL
       FROM EMP E;

![复制代码][copycode.gif]

查询结果：

![540755-20170621104515866-100845673.png][]

## 5、ROW\_NUMBER() OVER(PARTITION BY.. ORDER BY ..) 排序（应用：分页） ##

示例：

![复制代码][copycode.gif]

SELECT E.ENAME, E.JOB, E.SAL, E.DEPTNO,E.ROW_NUM
       FROM (SELECT E.ENAME,
                    E.JOB,
                    E.SAL,
                    E.DEPTNO,
                    ROW_NUMBER() OVER(PARTITION BY E.DEPTNO ORDER BY E.SAL) ROW_NUM
               FROM EMP E) E
      WHERE E.ROW_NUM > 3;

![复制代码][copycode.gif]

查询结果：

![540755-20170621105225616-2119313844.png][]

补充：

类似分页的操作还可以用rownum、fetch(Oracle12C后的新特性)实现

## 6、sum/avg/count() over(partition by ..) ##

示例1：

![复制代码][copycode.gif]

SELECT E.ENAME,
           E.JOB,
           E.SAL,
           E.DEPTNO,
           SUM(E.SAL) OVER(PARTITION BY E.DEPTNO) SUM_SAL,     --统计某组中的总计值
           AVG(E.SAL) OVER(PARTITION BY E.DEPTNO) AVG_SAL,     --统计某组中的平均值
           COUNT(E.SAL) OVER(PARTITION BY E.DEPTNO) COUNT_SAL  --按某列分组，并统计该组中记录数量
      FROM EMP E;

![复制代码][copycode.gif]

查询结果：

![540755-20170621105455460-1583722537.png][]

示例2（全统计）：为数据集统计部门销售总和，全公司销售总和，部门销售均值，全公司销售均值

![复制代码][copycode.gif]

SELECT A.DEPT_ID,
           A.SALE_DATE,
           A.GOODS_TYPE,
           A.SALE_CNT,
           SUM(A.SALE_CNT) OVER(PARTITION BY A.DEPT_ID) DEPT_TOTAL, --部门销售总和
           SUM(A.SALE_CNT) OVER() CMP_TOTAL,  --公司销售总额
           AVG(A.SALE_CNT) OVER(PARTITION BY A.DEPT_ID) DEPT_AVG, --部门销售均值
           AVG(A.SALE_CNT) OVER() CMP_AVG  --公司销售均值
      FROM LEARN_FUN_KEEP A;

![复制代码][copycode.gif]

##  7、 rows/range between … preceding and … following 上下范围内求值 ##

说明：unbounded：不受控制的，无限的  
　　　preceding：在...之前  
　　　following：在...之后

###  rows between … preceding and … following ###

示例1：显示各部门员工的工资，并附带显示该部门的最高工资

![复制代码][copycode.gif]

SELECT E.DEPTNO,
           E.EMPNO,
           E.ENAME,
           E.SAL,
           LAST_VALUE(E.SAL) OVER(PARTITION BY E.DEPTNO ORDER BY E.SAL ROWS
           /*MAX(E.SAL) OVER(PARTITION BY E.DEPTNO ORDER BY E.SAL ROWS*/
           --unbounded preceding and unbouned following针对当前所有记录的前一条、后一条记录，也就是表中的所有记录
           --unbounded：不受控制的，无限的
           --preceding：在...之前
           --following：在...之后
            BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING) MAX_SAL
      FROM EMP E;

![复制代码][copycode.gif]

结果如下：

![540755-20170621135806632-385193789.png][]

写法二；

![复制代码][copycode.gif]

SELECT E.DEPTNO,
           E.EMPNO,
           E.ENAME,
           E.SAL,
           MAX(E.SAL) OVER(PARTITION BY E.DEPTNO
           /*ORDER BY E.SAL*/) MAX_SAL
      FROM EMP E;

![复制代码][copycode.gif]

示例2：对各部门进行分组，并附带显示第一行至当前行的汇总

![复制代码][copycode.gif]

SELECT EMPNO,
           ENAME,
           DEPTNO,
           SAL,
           --注意ROWS BETWEEN unbounded preceding AND current row  是指第一行至当前行的汇总
           SUM(SAL) OVER(PARTITION BY DEPTNO 
                         ORDER BY ENAME 
                         ROWS BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW) max_sal
      FROM SCOTT.EMP;

![复制代码][copycode.gif]

结果如下：

![540755-20170621140331632-1596619409.png][]

示例3：当前行至最后一行的汇总

![复制代码][copycode.gif]

SELECT EMPNO,
           ENAME,
           DEPTNO,
           SAL,
           --注意ROWS BETWEEN current row AND unbounded following 指当前行到最后一行的汇总
           SUM(SAL) OVER(PARTITION BY DEPTNO 
                         ORDER BY ENAME 
                         ROWS BETWEEN CURRENT ROW AND UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING) max_sal
      FROM SCOTT.EMP;

![复制代码][copycode.gif]

结果如下：

![540755-20170621140513538-1201638924.png][]

示例4：当前行的上一行(rownum-1)到当前行的汇总

![复制代码][copycode.gif]

SELECT EMPNO,
           ENAME,
           DEPTNO,
           SAL,
           --注意ROWS BETWEEN 1 preceding AND current row 是指当前行的上一行(rownum-1)到当前行的汇总 
           SUM(SAL) OVER(PARTITION BY DEPTNO 
                         ORDER BY ENAME ROWS 
                         BETWEEN 1 PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW) max_sal
      FROM SCOTT.EMP;

![复制代码][copycode.gif]

结果如下：

![540755-20170621140746882-1940488481.png][]

示例5：当前行的上一行(rownum-1)到当前行的下两行(rownum+2)的汇总

![复制代码][copycode.gif]

SELECT EMPNO,
           ENAME,
           DEPTNO,
           SAL,
           --注意ROWS BETWEEN 1 preceding AND 1 following 是指当前行的上一行(rownum-1)到当前行的下辆行(rownum+2)的汇总
           SUM(SAL) OVER(PARTITION BY DEPTNO 
                         ORDER BY ENAME 
                         ROWS BETWEEN 1 PRECEDING AND 2 FOLLOWING) max_sal
      FROM SCOTT.EMP;

![复制代码][copycode.gif]

结果如下：

![540755-20170621140921382-538208257.png][]

[回到顶部][Link 7]

#  二、其他 #

## 1、NULLS FIRST/LAST 将空值字段记录放到最前或最后显示 ##

说明：

通过RANK()、DENSE\_RANK()、ROW\_NUMBER()对记录进行全排列、分组排列取值，但有时候，会遇到空值的情况，空值会影响得到的结果的正确性  
NULLS FIRST/LAST 可以帮助我们在处理含有空值的排序排列中，将空值字段记录放到最前或最后显示，帮助我们得到期望的结果。

SELECT E.ENAME,
           E.JOB,
           E.SAL,
           E.DEPTNO,
           RANK() OVER(PARTITION BY E.DEPTNO ORDER BY E.SAL NULLS LAST)
      FROM EMP E;

结果如下：

![540755-20170621112829366-917616765.png][]

## 2、NTILE(n) ##

示例：

![复制代码][copycode.gif]

SELECT E.ENAME,
           E.JOB,
           E.SAL,
           E.DEPTNO,
           NTILE(3) OVER(ORDER BY E.SAL DESC NULLS LAST) ALL_CMP, --若只取前三分之一，all_cmp=1即可，若只取中间三分之一，all_cmp=2即可
           NTILE(3) OVER(PARTITION BY E.DEPTNO ORDER BY E.SAL DESC NULLS LAST) ALL_DEPT  --每个部门的分成三部分
      FROM EMP E

![复制代码][copycode.gif]

结果如下：

![540755-20170621113949695-1154392878.png][]

## 3、keep(dense\_rank first/last) ##

说明：

1.keep(dense\_rank first/last) 这句话的含义是什么?  
keep 字面意思就是'保持',也就是说保存满足keep()括号内条件的记录  
这里我们应该可以想象到，会有多条记录的情况，即存在多个last或first的情况)  
dense\_rank 是排序策略  
first/last 是筛选策略  
  
关于问题2:  
使用min的原因是让最后得到的结果唯一，因为有时会存在多个last或first的情况。  
3.为什么使用dense\_rank ? rank不可以吗?  
ORA-02000: 缺失 DENSE\_RANK 关键字   
换成rank以后直接报错了，至于原因，我的理解是rank不能表示记录排序的相对顺序  
例如: 记录 rank dense\_rank  
100 1 1  
100 1 1  
95 3 2  
第三条记录与第一条和第二条记录的相对位置应该差1，但是用rank无法表示这一点。

示例：

查看部门 D02 内，销售记录时间最早，销售量最小的记录。

SELECT A.DEPT_ID,
           MIN(A.SALE_CNT) KEEP(DENSE_RANK FIRST ORDER BY A.SALE_DATE) MIN_EARLY_DATE
      FROM LEARN_FUN_KEEP A
     WHERE A.DEPT_ID = 'D02'
     GROUP BY A.DEPT_ID;

参考：

Oracle分析函数总结(1) - 基本概念和语法 - NowOrNever - 博客频道 - CSDN.NET  [http://blog.csdn.net/fw0124/article/details/7842039][http_blog.csdn.net_fw0124_article_details_7842039]

Oracle分析函数总结(2) - 排序 - rank,dense\_rank,row\_number,first,first\_value,last,last\_value,lag,lead [ http://blog.csdn.net/fw0124/article/details/7843225][http_blog.csdn.net_fw0124_article_details_7843225]

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