Requests，BeautifulSoup，自动登录实例

小咪咪 2022-05-28 11:29 267阅读 0赞

## requests ##

Python标准库中提供了：urllib、urllib2、httplib等模块以供Http请求，但是，它的 API 太渣了。它是为另一个时代、另一个互联网所创建的。它需要巨量的工作，甚至包括各种方法覆盖，来完成最简单的任务。

Requests 是使用 Apache2 Licensed 许可证的 基于Python开发的HTTP 库，其在Python内置模块的基础上进行了高度的封装，从而使得Pythoner进行网络请求时，变得美好了许多，使用Requests可以轻而易举的完成浏览器可有的任何操作。

1、GET请求

import requests
    
    
    #### get方法
    head = {
        'a':1,
        'b':2
    }
    headers={
       "User-Agent" : "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.1; zh-CN; rv:1.9.1.6) ",
      "Accept" : "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8",
      "Accept-Language" : "en-us",
      "Connection" : "keep-alive",
      "Accept-Charset" : "GB2312,utf-8;q=0.7,*;q=0.7"}
    
    response = requests.get('https://blog.csdn.net/jjjndk1314/article/list/1?', headers=headers)   
    # params 对字典进行URL参数格式编码 headers 请求头
    
    response.json()      #直接获取json 相当于执行json.loads(html.text)
    print(response.status_code)     # response.status_code 状态码
    print(response.content)        # 返回二进制数据（用于图片视频下载）
    print(response.text)          # 返回字符串数据（用于下一步解析）
    print(response.url)             # 请求URL
    print(response.cookies)             # 返回cookies的键值对
    print(response.history)             # 历史
    print(response.url)             # 请求URL

2、POST请求

# 1、基本POST实例
    ### post 方法格式
    requests.post(url='https://blog.csdn.net/jjjndk1314/article/list/1?', data=head, headers=headers)
    
    import requests
    payload = {
       'key1': 'value1', 'key2': 'value2'}
    ret = requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post", data=payload)
    print(ret.text)
    
    
    # 2、发送请求头和数据实例
    import requests
    import json
    
    url = 'https://api.github.com/some/endpoint'
    payload = {
       'some': 'data'}
    headers = {
       'content-type': 'application/json'}
    
    ret = requests.post(url, data=json.dumps(payload), headers=headers)
    print(ret.text)
    print(ret.cookies)

3、其他请求

### 1、首先登陆任何页面，获取cookie requests.Session()自动帮我们处理cookies
    session = requests.Session()
    i1 = session.get(url="http://dig.chouti.com/help/service")
    
    
    requests.get(url, params=None, **kwargs)
    requests.post(url, data=None, json=None, **kwargs)
    requests.put(url, data=None, **kwargs)
    requests.head(url, **kwargs)
    requests.delete(url, **kwargs)
    requests.patch(url, data=None, **kwargs)
    requests.options(url, **kwargs)
    
    # 以上方法均是在此方法的基础上构建
    requests.request(method, url, **kwargs)

4、更多参数

def request(method, url, **kwargs):
        """Constructs and sends a :class:`Request <Request>`. :param method: method for the new :class:`Request` object. :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object. :param params: (optional) Dictionary or bytes to be sent in the query string for the :class:`Request`. :param data: (optional) Dictionary, bytes, or file-like object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`. :param json: (optional) json data to send in the body of the :class:`Request`. :param headers: (optional) Dictionary of HTTP Headers to send with the :class:`Request`. :param cookies: (optional) Dict or CookieJar object to send with the :class:`Request`. :param files: (optional) Dictionary of ``'name': file-like-objects`` (or ``{'name': file-tuple}``) for multipart encoding upload. ``file-tuple`` can be a 2-tuple ``('filename', fileobj)``, 3-tuple ``('filename', fileobj, 'content_type')`` or a 4-tuple ``('filename', fileobj, 'content_type', custom_headers)``, where ``'content-type'`` is a string defining the content type of the given file and ``custom_headers`` a dict-like object containing additional headers to add for the file. :param auth: (optional) Auth tuple to enable Basic/Digest/Custom HTTP Auth. :param timeout: (optional) How long to wait for the server to send data before giving up, as a float, or a :ref:`(connect timeout, read timeout) <timeouts>` tuple. :type timeout: float or tuple :param allow_redirects: (optional) Boolean. Set to True if POST/PUT/DELETE redirect following is allowed. :type allow_redirects: bool :param proxies: (optional) Dictionary mapping protocol to the URL of the proxy. :param verify: (optional) whether the SSL cert will be verified. A CA_BUNDLE path can also be provided. Defaults to ``True``. :param stream: (optional) if ``False``, the response content will be immediately downloaded. :param cert: (optional) if String, path to ssl client cert file (.pem). If Tuple, ('cert', 'key') pair. :return: :class:`Response <Response>` object :rtype: requests.Response Usage:: >>> import requests >>> req = requests.request('GET', 'http://httpbin.org/get') <Response [200]> """
    
    ###### 模块详细使用
            requests
    
            - 方法关系
                requests.get(.....)
                requests.post(.....)
                requests.put(.....)
                requests.delete(.....)
                ...
    
                requests.request('POST'...)
            - 参数
                request.request
                - method:  提交方式
                - url:     提交地址
                - params:  在URL中传递的参数,GET 
                    requests.request(
                        method='GET',
                        url= 'http://www.oldboyedu.com',
                        params = {
       'k1':'v1','k2':'v2'}
                    )
                    # http://www.oldboyedu.com?k1=v1&k2=v2
                - data:    在请求体里传递的数据
    
                    requests.request(
                        method='POST',
                        url= 'http://www.oldboyedu.com',
                        params = {
       'k1':'v1','k2':'v2'},
                        data = {
       'use':'alex','pwd': '123','x':[11,2,3]}   data形式不能传递嵌套字典
                    )
    
                    请求头:
                        content-type: application/url-form-encod.....
    
                    请求体:
                        use=alex&pwd=123
    
    
                - json   在请求体里传递的数据
                    requests.request(
                        method='POST',
                        url= 'http://www.oldboyedu.com',
                        params = {
       'k1':'v1','k2':'v2'},
                        json = {
       'use':'alex','pwd': '123'}         
                    )
                    请求头:
                        content-type: application/json
    
                    请求体:
                        "{'use':'alex','pwd': '123'}"
    
                    PS: 字典中嵌套字典时使用json
    
                - headers   请求头
    
                    requests.request(
                        method='POST',
                        url= 'http://www.oldboyedu.com',
                        params = {
       'k1':'v1','k2':'v2'},
                        json = {
       'use':'alex','pwd': '123'},
                        headers={
                            'Referer': 'http://dig.chouti.com/',
                            'User-Agent': "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/56.0.2924.87 Safari/537.36"
                        }
                    )
                 - cookies  Cookies
    
    
    
                 - files    上传文件
    
                 - auth      基本认知(headers中加入加密的用户名和密码)
    
                 - timeout  请求和响应的超时时间
    
                 - allow_redirects  是否允许重定向
    
                 - proxies  代理
    
                 - verify   是否忽略证书
    
                 - cert      证书文件
    
                 - stream   下大型文件时分段
    
            - session: 用于保存客户端历史访问信息
    
    
    #############实例
    def param_method_url():
        # requests.request(method='get', url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/')
        # requests.request(method='post', url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/')
        pass
    
    
    def param_param():
        # - 可以是字典
        # - 可以是字符串
        # - 可以是字节（ascii编码以内）
    
        # requests.request(method='get',
        # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
        # params={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': '水电费'})
    
        # requests.request(method='get',
        # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
        # params="k1=v1&k2=水电费&k3=v3&k3=vv3")
    
        # requests.request(method='get',
        # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
        # params=bytes("k1=v1&k2=k2&k3=v3&k3=vv3", encoding='utf8'))
    
        # 错误
        # requests.request(method='get',
        # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
        # params=bytes("k1=v1&k2=水电费&k3=v3&k3=vv3", encoding='utf8'))
        pass
    
    
    def param_data():
        # 可以是字典
        # 可以是字符串
        # 可以是字节
        # 可以是文件对象
    
        # requests.request(method='POST',
        # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
        # data={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': '水电费'})
    
        # requests.request(method='POST',
        # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
        # data="k1=v1; k2=v2; k3=v3; k3=v4"
        # )
    
        # requests.request(method='POST',
        # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
        # data="k1=v1;k2=v2;k3=v3;k3=v4",
        # headers={'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'}
        # )
    
        # requests.request(method='POST',
        # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
        # data=open('data_file.py', mode='r', encoding='utf-8'), # 文件内容是：k1=v1;k2=v2;k3=v3;k3=v4
        # headers={'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'}
        # )
        pass
    
    
    def param_json():
        # 将json中对应的数据进行序列化成一个字符串，json.dumps(...)
        # 然后发送到服务器端的body中，并且Content-Type是 {'Content-Type': 'application/json'}
        requests.request(method='POST',
                         url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
                         json={
       'k1': 'v1', 'k2': '水电费'})
    
    
    def param_headers():
        # 发送请求头到服务器端
        requests.request(method='POST',
                         url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
                         json={
       'k1': 'v1', 'k2': '水电费'},
                         headers={
       'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'}
                         )
    
    
    def param_cookies():
        # 发送Cookie到服务器端
        requests.request(method='POST',
                         url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
                         data={
       'k1': 'v1', 'k2': 'v2'},
                         cookies={
       'cook1': 'value1'},
                         )
        # 也可以使用CookieJar（字典形式就是在此基础上封装）
        from http.cookiejar import CookieJar
        from http.cookiejar import Cookie
    
        obj = CookieJar()
        obj.set_cookie(Cookie(version=0, name='c1', value='v1', port=None, domain='', path='/', secure=False, expires=None,
                              discard=True, comment=None, comment_url=None, rest={
       'HttpOnly': None}, rfc2109=False,
                              port_specified=False, domain_specified=False, domain_initial_dot=False, path_specified=False)
                       )
        requests.request(method='POST',
                         url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
                         data={
       'k1': 'v1', 'k2': 'v2'},
                         cookies=obj)
    
    
    def param_files():
        # 发送文件
        # file_dict = { 
        # 'f1': open('readme', 'rb')
        # }
        # requests.request(method='POST',
        # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
        # files=file_dict)
    
        # 发送文件，定制文件名
        # file_dict = { 
        # 'f1': ('test.txt', open('readme', 'rb'))
        # }
        # requests.request(method='POST',
        # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
        # files=file_dict)
    
        # 发送文件，定制文件名
        # file_dict = { 
        # 'f1': ('test.txt', "hahsfaksfa9kasdjflaksdjf")
        # }
        # requests.request(method='POST',
        # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
        # files=file_dict)
    
        # 发送文件，定制文件名
        # file_dict = { 
        # 'f1': ('test.txt', "hahsfaksfa9kasdjflaksdjf", 'application/text', {'k1': '0'})
        # }
        # requests.request(method='POST',
        # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
        # files=file_dict)
    
        pass
    
    
    def param_auth():
        from requests.auth import HTTPBasicAuth, HTTPDigestAuth
    
        ret = requests.get('https://api.github.com/user', auth=HTTPBasicAuth('wupeiqi', 'sdfasdfasdf'))
        print(ret.text)
    
        # ret = requests.get('http://192.168.1.1',
        # auth=HTTPBasicAuth('admin', 'admin'))
        # ret.encoding = 'gbk'
        # print(ret.text)
    
        # ret = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/digest-auth/auth/user/pass', auth=HTTPDigestAuth('user', 'pass'))
        # print(ret)
        #
    
    
    def param_timeout():
        # ret = requests.get('http://google.com/', timeout=1)
        # print(ret)
    
        # ret = requests.get('http://google.com/', timeout=(5, 1))
        # print(ret)
        pass
    
    
    def param_allow_redirects():
        ret = requests.get('http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', allow_redirects=False)
        print(ret.text)
    
    
    def param_proxies():
        # proxies = { 
        # "http": "61.172.249.96:80",
        # "https": "http://61.185.219.126:3128",
        # }
    
        # proxies = {'http://10.20.1.128': 'http://10.10.1.10:5323'}
    
        # ret = requests.get("http://www.proxy360.cn/Proxy", proxies=proxies)
        # print(ret.headers)
    
    
        # from requests.auth import HTTPProxyAuth
        #
        # proxyDict = { 
        # 'http': '77.75.105.165',
        # 'https': '77.75.105.165'
        # }
        # auth = HTTPProxyAuth('username', 'mypassword')
        #
        # r = requests.get("http://www.google.com", proxies=proxyDict, auth=auth)
        # print(r.text)
    
        pass
    
    
    def param_stream():
        ret = requests.get('http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', stream=True)
        print(ret.content)
        ret.close()
    
        # from contextlib import closing
        # with closing(requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get', stream=True)) as r:
        # # 在此处理响应。
        # for i in r.iter_content():
        # print(i)
    
    
    def requests_session():
        import requests
    
        session = requests.Session()
    
        ### 1、首先登陆任何页面，获取cookie
    
        i1 = session.get(url="http://dig.chouti.com/help/service")
    
        ### 2、用户登陆，携带上一次的cookie，后台对cookie中的 gpsd 进行授权
        i2 = session.post(
            url="http://dig.chouti.com/login",
            data={
                'phone': "8615131255089",
                'password': "xxxxxx",
                'oneMonth': ""
            }
        )
    
        i3 = session.post(
            url="http://dig.chouti.com/link/vote?linksId=8589623",
        )
        print(i3.text)

## BeautifulSoup ##

BeautifulSoup是一个模块，该模块用于接收一个HTML或XML字符串，然后将其进行格式化，之后遍可以使用他提供的方法进行快速查找指定元素，从而使得在HTML或XML中查找指定元素变得简单。

from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
    
    html_doc = """
    <html><head><title>The Dormouse's story</title></head>
    <body>
    asdf
        <div class="title">
            <b>The Dormouse's story总共</b>
            <h1>f</h1>
        </div>
    <div class="story">Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were
        <a class="sister0" id="link1">Els<span>f</span>ie</a>,
        <a href="http://example.com/lacie" class="sister" id="link2">Lacie</a> and
        <a href="http://example.com/tillie" class="sister" id="link3">Tillie</a>;
    and they lived at the bottom of a well.</div>
    ad<br/>sf
    <p class="story">...</p>
    </body>
    </html>
    """
    
    soup = BeautifulSoup(html_doc, features="lxml")
    # 找到第一个a标签
    tag1 = soup.find(name='a')
    # 找到所有的a标签
    tag2 = soup.find_all(name='a')
    # 找到id＝link2的标签,select方式同css选择器
    tag3 = soup.select('#link2')

安装：

pip install beautifulsoup4

使用示例：

from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
    
    html_doc = """ <html><head><title>The Dormouse's story</title></head> <body> ... </body> </html> """
    
    soup = BeautifulSoup(html_doc, features="lxml")

1.name，标签名称

tag = soup.find('a')
    name = tag.name # 获取标签名
    print(name)
    tag.name = 'span' # 设置
    print(soup)

2.attr，标签属性

tag = soup.find('a')
    attrs = tag.attrs    # 获取属性以字典返回
    print(attrs)
    tag.attrs = {
       'ik':123} # 设置
    tag.attrs['id'] = 'iiiii' # 设置
    del tag.attr['href']     #删除属性
    print(soup)            #被改变

3.children,所有子标签

body = soup.find('body')
    v = body.children
    #标签和内容
    from bs4.element import Tag
    tags = soup.find('body').children
    for tag in tags:
        if type(tag) == Tag:  #判断是否是标签，文本和换行均为string类型
            print(tag,type(tag))
        else:
            print('文本....')
    
    tags = soup.find('body').descendants      #递归所有子孙
    print(list(tags))

4.descendants,所有子子孙孙标签

# body = soup.find('body')
    # v = body.descendants

5.clear,将标签的所有子标签全部清空（保留标签名）

tag = soup.find('body')
    tag.clear()
    print(soup)

6.decompose,递归的删除所有的标签

body = soup.find('body')
    body.decompose()
    print(soup)

7.extract,递归的删除所有的标签，并获取删除的标签

body = soup.find('body')
    v = body.extract()
    print(soup)

8.decode,转换为字符串（含当前标签）；decode\_contents（不含当前标签）

body = soup.find('body')
    v = body.decode()
    v = body.decode_contents()
    print(v)

9.encode,转换为字节（含当前标签）；encode\_contents（不含当前标签）

body = soup.find('body')
    v = body.encode()
    v = body.encode_contents()
    print(v)

10.find,获取匹配的第一个标签

tag = soup.find('a')
    # 等价于tag = soup.find(name='a')
    print(tag)
    #recursive是否进行递归查找，True找递归，False仅找儿子一层。
    tag = soup.find(name='a', attrs={
       'class': 'sister'}, recursive=True, text='Lacie')
    #class属性与定义类class冲突，用class_
    tag = soup.find(name='a', class_='sister', recursive=True, text='Lacie')
    print(tag)

11.find\_all,获取匹配的所有标签

tags = soup.find_all('a')
    tags = soup.find_all(['a','div'])  
    print(tags)
    
    tags = soup.find_all('a',limit=1)
    print(tags)
    tags = soup.find_all(name='a', attrs={
       'class': 'sister'}, recursive=True, text='Lacie')
    # # tags = soup.find(name='a', class_='sister', recursive=True, text='Lacie')
    print(tags)
    
    
    # ####### 列表 #######
    v = soup.find_all(name=['a','div'])  #找到所有a和div标签
    print(v)
    
    v = soup.find_all(class_=['sister0', 'sister'])
    print(v)
    
    v = soup.find_all(text=['Tillie'])
    print(v, type(v[0]))
    
    
    v = soup.find_all(id=['link1','link2'])
    print(v)
    
    v = soup.find_all(href=['link1','link2'])
    print(v)
    
    # ####### 正则 #######
    import re
    rep = re.compile('p')
    rep = re.compile('^p')
    v = soup.find_all(name=rep)
    print(v)
    
    rep = re.compile('sister.*')
    v = soup.find_all(class_=rep)
    print(v)
    
     #匹配固定前缀的URL
    rep = re.compile('http://www.oldboy.com/static/.*')
    v = soup.find_all(href=rep)
    print(v)
    
    # ####### 方法筛选 #######
    def func(tag):
        return tag.has_attr('class') and tag.has_attr('id')
    v = soup.find_all(name=func)
    print(v)
    
    
    ## get,获取标签属性
    tag = soup.find('a')
    v = tag.get('id')
    print(v)

12.has\_attr,检查标签是否具有该属性

tag = soup.find('a')
    v = tag.has_attr('id')
    print(v)

13.get\_text,获取标签内部文本内容

tag = soup.find('a')
    v = tag.get_text
    print(v)

14.index,检查标签在某标签中的索引位置

tag = soup.find('body')
    v = tag.index(tag.find('div'))
    print(v)
    
    tag = soup.find('body')
    for i,v in enumerate(tag):
        print(i,v)

15.is\_empty\_element,是否是空标签(是否可以是空)或者自闭合标签，

判断是否是如下标签：’br’ , ‘hr’, ‘input’, ‘img’, ‘meta’,’spacer’, ‘link’, ‘frame’, ‘base’

tag = soup.find('br')
    v = tag.is_empty_element
    print(v)

16.当前的关联标签

soup.next     #下一个
    soup.next_element   #下一个标签
    soup.next_elements   #下面所有标签
    soup.next_sibling    #下一个兄弟
    soup.next_siblings   #下面所有兄弟
    
    #
    tag.previous
    tag.previous_element
    tag.previous_elements
    tag.previous_sibling
    tag.previous_siblings
    
    #
    tag.parent   #父亲
    tag.parents  #祖祖辈辈

17.查找某标签的关联标签

# 参数同find_all
    tag.find_next(...)
    tag.find_all_next(...)
    tag.find_next_sibling(...)
    tag.find_next_siblings(...)
    
    tag.find_previous(...)
    tag.find_all_previous(...)
    tag.find_previous_sibling(...)
    tag.find_previous_siblings(...)
    
    tag.find_parent(...)
    tag.find_parents(...)

18.select,select\_one,使用方式同CSS选择器

soup.select("title")
    
    soup.select("p nth-of-type(3)")
    
    soup.select("body a")
    
    soup.select("html head title")
    
    tag = soup.select("span,a") #span和a
    
    soup.select("head > title")
    
    soup.select("p > a")
    
    soup.select("p > a:nth-of-type(2)")
    
    soup.select("p > #link1")
    
    soup.select("body > a")
    
    soup.select("#link1 ~ .sister")
    
    soup.select("#link1 + .sister")
    
    soup.select(".sister")
    
    soup.select("[class~=sister]")
    
    soup.select("#link1")
    
    soup.select("a#link2")
    
    soup.select('a[href]')
    
    soup.select('a[href="http://example.com/elsie"]')
    
    soup.select('a[href^="http://example.com/"]')
    
    soup.select('a[href$="tillie"]')
    
    soup.select('a[href*=".com/el"]')
    
    
    from bs4.element import Tag
    
    def default_candidate_generator(tag):
        for child in tag.descendants:
            if not isinstance(child, Tag):
                continue
            if not child.has_attr('href'):
                continue
            yield child
    
    tags = soup.find('body').select("a", _candidate_generator=default_candidate_generator)
    print(type(tags), tags)
    
    from bs4.element import Tag
    def default_candidate_generator(tag):
        for child in tag.descendants:
            if not isinstance(child, Tag):
                continue
            if not child.has_attr('href'):
                continue
            yield child
    
    tags = soup.find('body').select("a", _candidate_generator=default_candidate_generator, limit=1)
    print(type(tags), tags)

19.标签的内容

tag = soup.find('span')
    print(tag.string)          # 获取文本内容，类似text但是可以修改内容
    tag.string = 'new content' # 设置
    print(soup)
    
    tag = soup.find('body')
    print(tag.string)
    tag.string = 'xxx'
    print(soup)
    
    tag = soup.find('body')
    v = tag.stripped_strings  # 递归内部获取所有标签的文本
    print(v)

20.append在当前标签内部追加一个标签

##把找到的剪切加到指定位置
    tag = soup.find('body')
    tag.append(soup.find('a'))
    print(soup)
    
    #新建标签再添加
    from bs4.element import Tag
    obj = Tag(name='i',attrs={
       'id': 'it'})
    obj.string = '我是一个新来的'
    tag = soup.find('body')
    tag.append(obj)
    print(soup)

21.insert在当前标签内部指定位置插入一个标签

from bs4.element import Tag
    obj = Tag(name='i', attrs={
       'id': 'it'})
    obj.string = '我是一个新来的'
    tag = soup.find('body')
    tag.insert(2, obj)
    print(soup)

22.insert\_after,insert\_before 在当前标签后面或前面插入

from bs4.element import Tag
    obj = Tag(name='i', attrs={
       'id': 'it'})
    obj.string = '我是一个新来的'
    tag = soup.find('body')
    tag.insert_before(obj)
    tag.insert_after(obj)
    print(soup)

23.replace\_with 在当前标签替换为指定标签

from bs4.element import Tag
    obj = Tag(name='i', attrs={
       'id': 'it'})
    obj.string = '我是一个新来的'
    tag = soup.find('div')
    tag.replace_with(obj)
    print(soup)

24.创建标签之间的关系

tag = soup.find('div')
    a = soup.find('a')
    tag.setup(previous_sibling=a)
    print(tag.previous_sibling)

25.wrap，将指定标签把当前标签包裹起来

from bs4.element import Tag
    obj1 = Tag(name='div', attrs={
       'id': 'it'})
    obj1.string = '我是一个新来的'
    #
    tag = soup.find('a')
    v = tag.wrap(obj1)
    print(soup)
    
    tag = soup.find('a')
    v = tag.wrap(soup.find('p'))
    print(soup)

26.unwrap，去掉当前标签，将保留其包裹的标签

tag = soup.find('a')
    v = tag.unwrap()
    print(soup)

## “自动登陆”示例 ##

抽屉：[http://dig.chouti.com/help/service][http_dig.chouti.com_help_service]

#!/usr/bin/env python
    # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
    import requests
    
    
    # ############## 方式一 ##############
    """ # ## 1、首先登陆任何页面，获取cookie i1 = requests.get(url="http://dig.chouti.com/help/service")
    i1_cookies = i1.cookies.get_dict()
    
    # ## 2、用户登陆，携带上一次的cookie，后台对cookie中的 gpsd 进行授权
    i2 = requests.post(
        url="http://dig.chouti.com/login",
        data={
            'phone': "8615131255089",
            'password': "xxooxxoo",
            'oneMonth': ""
        },
        cookies=i1_cookies
    )
    
    ## 3、点赞（只需要携带已经被授权的gpsd即可）
    gpsd = i1_cookies['gpsd']
    i3 = requests.post(
        url="http://dig.chouti.com/link/vote?linksId=8589523",
        cookies={
       'gpsd': gpsd}
    )
    
    print(i3.text)
    """ # ############## 方式二 ############## """
    import requests
    
    session = requests.Session()
    i1 = session.get(url="http://dig.chouti.com/help/service")
    i2 = session.post(
        url="http://dig.chouti.com/login",
        data={
            'phone': "8615131255089",
            'password': "xxooxxoo",
            'oneMonth': ""
        }
    )
    i3 = session.post(
        url="http://dig.chouti.com/link/vote?linksId=8589523"
    )
    print(i3.text)
    
    """

github：[https://github.com/login][https_github.com_login]

#!/usr/bin/env python
    # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
    
    import requests
    from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
    
    # ############## 方式一 ##############
    #
    # # 1. 访问登陆页面，获取 authenticity_token
    # i1 = requests.get('https://github.com/login')
    # soup1 = BeautifulSoup(i1.text, features='lxml')
    # tag = soup1.find(name='input', attrs={'name': 'authenticity_token'})
    # authenticity_token = tag.get('value')
    # c1 = i1.cookies.get_dict()
    # i1.close()
    #
    # # 1. 携带authenticity_token和用户名密码等信息，发送用户验证
    # form_data = { 
    # "authenticity_token": authenticity_token,
    # "utf8": "",
    # "commit": "Sign in",
    # "login": "wupeiqi@live.com",
    # 'password': 'xxoo'
    # }
    #
    # i2 = requests.post('https://github.com/session', data=form_data, cookies=c1)
    # c2 = i2.cookies.get_dict()
    # c1.update(c2)
    # i3 = requests.get('https://github.com/settings/repositories', cookies=c1)
    #
    # soup3 = BeautifulSoup(i3.text, features='lxml')
    # list_group = soup3.find(name='div', class_='listgroup')
    #
    # from bs4.element import Tag
    #
    # for child in list_group.children:
    # if isinstance(child, Tag):
    # project_tag = child.find(name='a', class_='mr-1')
    # size_tag = child.find(name='small')
    # temp = "项目:%s(%s); 项目路径:%s" % (project_tag.get('href'), size_tag.string, project_tag.string, )
    # print(temp)
    
    
    
    # ############## 方式二 ##############
    # session = requests.Session()
    # # 1. 访问登陆页面，获取 authenticity_token
    # i1 = session.get('https://github.com/login')
    # soup1 = BeautifulSoup(i1.text, features='lxml')
    # tag = soup1.find(name='input', attrs={'name': 'authenticity_token'})
    # authenticity_token = tag.get('value')
    # c1 = i1.cookies.get_dict()
    # i1.close()
    #
    # # 1. 携带authenticity_token和用户名密码等信息，发送用户验证
    # form_data = { 
    # "authenticity_token": authenticity_token,
    # "utf8": "",
    # "commit": "Sign in",
    # "login": "wupeiqi@live.com",
    # 'password': 'xxoo'
    # }
    #
    # i2 = session.post('https://github.com/session', data=form_data)
    # c2 = i2.cookies.get_dict()
    # c1.update(c2)
    # i3 = session.get('https://github.com/settings/repositories')
    #
    # soup3 = BeautifulSoup(i3.text, features='lxml')
    # list_group = soup3.find(name='div', class_='listgroup')
    #
    # from bs4.element import Tag
    #
    # for child in list_group.children:
    # if isinstance(child, Tag):
    # project_tag = child.find(name='a', class_='mr-1')
    # size_tag = child.find(name='small')
    # temp = "项目:%s(%s); 项目路径:%s" % (project_tag.get('href'), size_tag.string, project_tag.string, )
    # print(temp)

知乎：[https://www.zhihu.com/\#signin][https_www.zhihu.com_signin]

#!/usr/bin/env python
    # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
    import time
    
    import requests
    from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
    
    session = requests.Session()
    
    i1 = session.get(
        url='https://www.zhihu.com/#signin',
        headers={
            'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_10_5) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/54.0.2840.98 Safari/537.36',
        }
    )
    
    soup1 = BeautifulSoup(i1.text, 'lxml')
    xsrf_tag = soup1.find(name='input', attrs={
       'name': '_xsrf'})
    xsrf = xsrf_tag.get('value')
    
    current_time = time.time()
    i2 = session.get(
        url='https://www.zhihu.com/captcha.gif',
        params={
       'r': current_time, 'type': 'login'},
        headers={
            'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_10_5) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/54.0.2840.98 Safari/537.36',
        })
    
    with open('zhihu.gif', 'wb') as f:
        f.write(i2.content)
    
    captcha = input('请打开zhihu.gif文件，查看并输入验证码：')
    form_data = {
        "_xsrf": xsrf,
        'password': 'xxooxxoo',
        "captcha": 'captcha',
        'email': '424662508@qq.com'
    }
    i3 = session.post(
        url='https://www.zhihu.com/login/email',
        data=form_data,
        headers={
            'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_10_5) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/54.0.2840.98 Safari/537.36',
        }
    )
    
    i4 = session.get(
        url='https://www.zhihu.com/settings/profile',
        headers={
            'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_10_5) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/54.0.2840.98 Safari/537.36',
        }
    )
    
    soup4 = BeautifulSoup(i4.text, 'lxml')
    tag = soup4.find(id='rename-section')
    nick_name = tag.find('span',class_='name').string
    print(nick_name)

博客园

#!/usr/bin/env python
    # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
    import re
    import json
    import base64
    
    import rsa
    import requests
    
    
    def js_encrypt(text):
        b64der = 'MIGfMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBAQUAA4GNADCBiQKBgQCp0wHYbg/NOPO3nzMD3dndwS0MccuMeXCHgVlGOoYyFwLdS24Im2e7YyhB0wrUsyYf0/nhzCzBK8ZC9eCWqd0aHbdgOQT6CuFQBMjbyGYvlVYU2ZP7kG9Ft6YV6oc9ambuO7nPZh+bvXH0zDKfi02prknrScAKC0XhadTHT3Al0QIDAQAB'
        der = base64.standard_b64decode(b64der)
    
        pk = rsa.PublicKey.load_pkcs1_openssl_der(der)
        v1 = rsa.encrypt(bytes(text, 'utf8'), pk)
        value = base64.encodebytes(v1).replace(b'\n', b'')
        value = value.decode('utf8')
    
        return value
    
    
    session = requests.Session()
    
    i1 = session.get('https://passport.cnblogs.com/user/signin')
    rep = re.compile("'VerificationToken': '(.*)'")
    v = re.search(rep, i1.text)
    verification_token = v.group(1)
    
    form_data = {
        'input1': js_encrypt('wptawy'),
        'input2': js_encrypt('asdfasdf'),
        'remember': False
    }
    
    i2 = session.post(url='https://passport.cnblogs.com/user/signin',
                      data=json.dumps(form_data),
                      headers={
                          'Content-Type': 'application/json; charset=UTF-8',
                          'X-Requested-With': 'XMLHttpRequest',
                          'VerificationToken': verification_token}
                      )
    
    i3 = session.get(url='https://i.cnblogs.com/EditDiary.aspx')
    
    print(i3.text)

[http_dig.chouti.com_help_service]: http://dig.chouti.com/help/service
[https_github.com_login]: https://github.com/login
[https_www.zhihu.com_signin]: https://www.zhihu.com/#signin