RISC-V汇编指南

你的名字 2022-05-31 11:38 225阅读 0赞

原文出处：[https://github.com/riscv/riscv-asm-manual/blob/master/riscv-asm.md][https_github.com_riscv_riscv-asm-manual_blob_master_riscv-asm.md]

# RISC-V Assembly Programmer’s Manual #

# Copyright and License Information #

The RISC-V Assembly Programmer’s Manual is

It is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC-BY 4.0). The full license text is available at [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/][https_creativecommons.org_licenses_by_4.0].

# Command-Line Arguments #

I think it’s probably better to beef up the binutils documentation rather than duplicating it here.

# Registers #

ISA and ABI register names for X, F, and CSRs.

# Addressing #

Addressing formats like %pcrel\_lo(). We can just link to the RISC-V PS ABI document to describe what the relocations actually do.

# Instruction Set #

Links to the various RISC-V ISA manuals that are supported.

## Instructions ##

Here we can just link to the RISC-V ISA manual.

## Instruction Aliases ##

ALIAS line from opcodes/riscv-opc.c

## Pseudo Ops ##

Both the RISC-V-specific and GNU .-prefixed options.

The following table lists assembler directives:

<table> 
 <thead> 
  <tr> 
   <th align="left">Directive</th> 
   <th align="left">Arguments</th> 
   <th align="left">Description</th> 
  </tr> 
 </thead> 
 <tbody> 
  <tr> 
   <td align="left">.align</td> 
   <td align="left">integer</td> 
   <td align="left">align to power of 2 (alias for .p2align)</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td align="left">.file</td> 
   <td align="left">“filename”</td> 
   <td align="left">emit filename FILE LOCAL symbol table</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td align="left">.globl</td> 
   <td align="left">symbol_name</td> 
   <td align="left">emit symbol_name to symbol table (scope GLOBAL)</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td align="left">.local</td> 
   <td align="left">symbol_name</td> 
   <td align="left">emit symbol_name to symbol table (scope LOCAL)</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td align="left">.comm</td> 
   <td align="left">symbol_name,size,align</td> 
   <td align="left">emit common object to .bss section</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td align="left">.common</td> 
   <td align="left">symbol_name,size,align</td> 
   <td align="left">emit common object to .bss section</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td align="left">.ident</td> 
   <td align="left">“string”</td> 
   <td align="left">accepted for source compatibility</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td align="left">.section</td> 
   <td align="left">[{.text,.data,.rodata,.bss}]</td> 
   <td align="left">emit section (if not present, default .text) and make current</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td align="left">.size</td> 
   <td align="left">symbol, symbol</td> 
   <td align="left">accepted for source compatibility</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td align="left">.text</td> 
   <td align="left"></td> 
   <td align="left">emit .text section (if not present) and make current</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td align="left">.data</td> 
   <td align="left"></td> 
   <td align="left">emit .data section (if not present) and make current</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td align="left">.rodata</td> 
   <td align="left"></td> 
   <td align="left">emit .rodata section (if not present) and make current</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td align="left">.bss</td> 
   <td align="left"></td> 
   <td align="left">emit .bss section (if not present) and make current</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td align="left">.string</td> 
   <td align="left">“string”</td> 
   <td align="left">emit string</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td align="left">.asciz</td> 
   <td align="left">“string”</td> 
   <td align="left">emit string (alias for .string)</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td align="left">.equ</td> 
   <td align="left">name, value</td> 
   <td align="left">constant definition</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td align="left">.macro</td> 
   <td align="left">name arg1 [, argn]</td> 
   <td align="left">begin macro definition \argname to substitute</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td align="left">.endm</td> 
   <td align="left"></td> 
   <td align="left">end macro definition</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td align="left">.type</td> 
   <td align="left">symbol, @function</td> 
   <td align="left">accepted for source compatibility</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td align="left">.option</td> 
   <td align="left">{rvc,norvc,pic,nopic,push,pop}</td> 
   <td align="left">RISC-V options</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td align="left">.byte</td> 
   <td align="left"></td> 
   <td align="left">8-bit comma separated words</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td align="left">.2byte</td> 
   <td align="left">expression [, expression]*</td> 
   <td align="left">16-bit comma separated words (unaligned)</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td align="left">.4byte</td> 
   <td align="left">expression [, expression]*</td> 
   <td align="left">32-bit comma separated words (unaligned)</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td align="left">.8byte</td> 
   <td align="left">expression [, expression]*</td> 
   <td align="left">64-bit comma separated words (unaligned)</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td align="left">.half</td> 
   <td align="left">expression [, expression]*</td> 
   <td align="left">16-bit comma separated words (naturally aligned)</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td align="left">.word</td> 
   <td align="left">expression [, expression]*</td> 
   <td align="left">32-bit comma separated words (naturally aligned)</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td align="left">.dword</td> 
   <td align="left">expression [, expression]*</td> 
   <td align="left">64-bit comma separated words (naturally aligned)</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td align="left">.dtprelword</td> 
   <td align="left">expression [, expression]*</td> 
   <td align="left">32-bit thread local word</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td align="left">.dtpreldword</td> 
   <td align="left">expression [, expression]*</td> 
   <td align="left">64-bit thread local word</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td align="left">.sleb128</td> 
   <td align="left">expression</td> 
   <td align="left">signed little endian base 128, DWARF</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td align="left">.uleb128</td> 
   <td align="left">expression</td> 
   <td align="left">unsigned little endian base 128, DWARF</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td align="left">.p2align</td> 
   <td align="left">p2,[pad_val=0],max</td> 
   <td align="left">align to power of 2</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td align="left">.balign</td> 
   <td align="left">b,[pad_val=0]</td> 
   <td align="left">byte align</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td align="left">.zero</td> 
   <td align="left">integer</td> 
   <td align="left">zero bytes</td> 
  </tr> 
 </tbody> 
</table>

The following table lists assembler relocation expansions:

<table> 
 <thead> 
  <tr> 
   <th align="left">Assembler Notation</th> 
   <th align="left">Description</th> 
   <th align="left">Instruction / Macro</th> 
  </tr> 
 </thead> 
 <tbody> 
  <tr> 
   <td align="left">%hi(symbol)</td> 
   <td align="left">Absolute (HI20)</td> 
   <td align="left">lui</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td align="left">%lo(symbol)</td> 
   <td align="left">Absolute (LO12)</td> 
   <td align="left">load, store, add</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td align="left">%pcrel_hi(symbol)</td> 
   <td align="left">PC-relative (HI20)</td> 
   <td align="left">auipc</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td align="left">%pcrel_lo(label)</td> 
   <td align="left">PC-relative (LO12)</td> 
   <td align="left">load, store, add</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td align="left">%tprel_hi(symbol)</td> 
   <td align="left">TLS LE “Local Exec”</td> 
   <td align="left">auipc</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td align="left">%tprel_lo(label)</td> 
   <td align="left">TLS LE “Local Exec”</td> 
   <td align="left">load, store, add</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td align="left">%tprel_add(offset)</td> 
   <td align="left">TLS LE “Local Exec”</td> 
   <td align="left">add</td> 
  </tr> 
 </tbody> 
</table>

## Labels ##

Text labels are used as branch, unconditional jump targets and symbol offsets. Text labels are added to the symbol table of the compiled module.

loop:
            j loop

Numeric labels are used for local references. References to local labels are suffixed with ‘f’ for a forward reference or ‘b’ for a backwards reference.

1:
            j 1b

## Absolute addressing ##

The following example shows how to load an absolute address:

.section .text
    .globl _start
    _start:
    	    lui a1,       %hi(msg)       # load msg(hi)
    	    addi a1, a1,  %lo(msg)       # load msg(lo)
    	    jalr ra, puts
    2:	    j 2b
    
    .section .rodata
    msg:
    	    .string "Hello World\n"

which generates the following assembler output and relocations as seen by objdump:

0000000000000000 <_start>:
       0:	000005b7          	lui	a1,0x0
    			0: R_RISCV_HI20	msg
       4:	00858593          	addi	a1,a1,8 # 8 <.L21>
    			4: R_RISCV_LO12_I	msg

## Relative addressing ##

The following example shows how to load a PC-relative address:

.section .text
    .globl _start
    _start:
    1:	    auipc a1,     %pcrel_hi(msg) # load msg(hi)
    	    addi  a1, a1, %pcrel_lo(1b)  # load msg(lo)
    	    jalr ra, puts
    2:	    j 2b
    
    .section .rodata
    msg:
    	    .string "Hello World\n"

which generates the following assembler output and relocations as seen by objdump:

0000000000000000 <_start>:
       0:	00000597          	auipc	a1,0x0
    			0: R_RISCV_PCREL_HI20	msg
       4:	00858593          	addi	a1,a1,8 # 8 <.L21>
    			4: R_RISCV_PCREL_LO12_I	.L11

## Load Immediate ##

The following example shows the `li` psuedo instruction which is used to load immediate values:

.section .text
    .globl _start
    _start:
    
    .equ CONSTANT, 0xcafebabe
    
            li a0, CONSTANT

which generates the following assembler output as seen by objdump:

0000000000000000 <_start>:
       0:	00032537          	lui	    a0,0x32
       4:	bfb50513          	addi	a0,a0,-1029
       8:	00e51513          	slli	a0,a0,0xe
       c:	abe50513          	addi	a0,a0,-1346

## Load Address ##

The following example shows the `la` psuedo instruction which is used to load symbol addresses:

.section .text
    .globl _start
    _start:
    
            la a0, msg
    
    .section .rodata
    msg:
    	    .string "Hello World\n"

which generates the following assembler output and relocations as seen by objdump:

0000000000000000 <_start>:
       0:	00000517          	auipc	a0,0x0
    			0: R_RISCV_PCREL_HI20	msg
       4:	00850513          	addi	a0,a0,8 # 8 <_start+0x8>
    			4: R_RISCV_PCREL_LO12_I	.L11

## Constants ##

The following example shows loading a constant using the %hi and %lo assembler functions.

.equ UART_BASE, 0x40003000
    
            lui a0,      %hi(UART_BASE)
            addi a0, a0, %lo(UART_BASE)

This example uses the `li` pseudoinstruction to load a constant and writes a string using polled IO to a UART:

.equ UART_BASE, 0x40003000
    .equ REG_RBR, 0
    .equ REG_TBR, 0
    .equ REG_IIR, 2
    .equ IIR_TX_RDY, 2
    .equ IIR_RX_RDY, 4
    
    .section .text
    .globl _start
    _start:
    1:      auipc a0, %pcrel_hi(msg)    # load msg(hi)
            addi a0, a0, %pcrel_lo(1b)  # load msg(lo)
    2:      jal ra, puts
    3:      j 3b
    
    puts:
            li a2, UART_BASE
    1:      lbu a1, (a0)
            beqz a1, 3f
    2:      lbu a3, REG_IIR(a2)
            andi a3, a3, IIR_TX_RDY
            beqz a3, 2b
            sb a1, REG_TBR(a2)
            addi a0, a0, 1
            j 1b
    3:      ret
    
    .section .rodata
    msg:
    	    .string "Hello World\n"

## Floating-point rounding modes ##

For floating-point instructions with a rounding mode field, the rounding mode can be specified by adding an additional operand. e.g. `fcvt.w.s` with round-to-zero can be written as `fcvt.w.s a0, fa0, rtz`. If unspecified, the default `dyn` rounding mode will be used.

Supported rounding modes are as follows (must be specified in lowercase):

*  `rne`: round to nearest, ties to even
 *  `rtz`: round towards zero
 *  `rdn`: round down
 *  `rup`: round up
 *  `rmm`: round to nearest, ties to max magnitude
 *  `dyn`: dynamic rounding mode (the rounding mode specified in the `frm` field of the `fcsr` register is used)

## Control and Status Registers ##

The following code sample shows how to enable timer interrupts, set and wait for a timer interrupt to occur:

.equ RTC_BASE,      0x40000000
    .equ TIMER_BASE,    0x40004000
    
    # setup machine trap vector
    1:      auipc   t0, %pcrel_hi(mtvec)        # load mtvec(hi)
            addi    t0, t0, %pcrel_lo(1b)       # load mtvec(lo)
            csrrw   zero, mtvec, t0
    
    # set mstatus.MIE=1 (enable M mode interrupt)
            li      t0, 8
            csrrs   zero, mstatus, t0
    
    # set mie.MTIE=1 (enable M mode timer interrupts)
            li      t0, 128
            csrrs   zero, mie, t0
    
    # read from mtime
            li      a0, RTC_BASE
            ld      a1, 0(a0)
    
    # write to mtimecmp
            li      a0, TIMER_BASE
            li      t0, 1000000000
            add     a1, a1, t0
            sd      a1, 0(a0)
    
    # loop
    loop:
            wfi
            j loop
    
    # break on interrupt
    mtvec:
            csrrc  t0, mcause, zero
            bgez t0, fail       # interrupt causes are less than zero
            slli t0, t0, 1      # shift off high bit
            srli t0, t0, 1
            li t1, 7            # check this is an m_timer interrupt
            bne t0, t1, fail
            j pass
    
    pass:
            la a0, pass_msg
            jal puts
            j shutdown
    
    fail:
            la a0, fail_msg
            jal puts
            j shutdown
    
    .section .rodata
    
    pass_msg:
            .string "PASS\n"
    
    fail_msg:
            .string "FAIL\n"

[https_github.com_riscv_riscv-asm-manual_blob_master_riscv-asm.md]: https://github.com/riscv/riscv-asm-manual/blob/master/riscv-asm.md
[palmer_dabbelt.com]: mailto:palmer@dabbelt.com
[michaeljclark_mac.com]: mailto:michaeljclark@mac.com
[asb_lowrisc.org]: mailto:asb@lowrisc.org
[https_creativecommons.org_licenses_by_4.0]: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/