Java8 lambda表达式10个示例

朱雀 2022-06-08 01:47 170阅读 0赞

本文由  [ImportNew][] -  [lemeilleur][] 翻译自  [javarevisited][]。欢迎加入 [翻译小组][Link 1]。转载请见文末要求。

Java 8 刚于几周前发布，日期是2014年3月18日，这次开创性的发布在Java社区引发了不少讨论，并让大家感到激动。特性之一便是随同发布的lambda表达式，它将允许我们将行为传到函数里。在Java 8之前，如果想将行为传入函数，仅有的选择就是匿名类，需要6行代码。而定义行为最重要的那行代码，却混在中间不够突出。Lambda表达式取代了匿名类，取消了模板，允许用函数式风格编写代码。这样有时可读性更好，表达更清晰。在Java生态系统中，函数式表达与对面向对象的全面支持是个激动人心的进步。将进一步促进并行第三方库的发展，充分利用多核CPU。尽管业界需要时间来消化Java 8，但我认为任何严谨的Java开发者都不应忽视此次Java发布的核心特性，即lambda表达式、函数式接口、流API、默认方法和新的Date以及Time API。作为开发人员，我发现学习和掌握lambda表达式的最佳方法就是勇于尝试，尽可能多练习lambda表达式例子。鉴于受Java 8发布的影响最大的是Java集合框架（Java Collections framework），所以最好练习流API和lambda表达式，用于对列表（Lists）和集合（Collections）数据进行提取、过滤和排序。我一直在进行关于Java 8的写作，过去也曾分享过一些资源来帮助大家[掌握Java 8][Java 8]。本文分享在代码中最有用的10个lambda表达式的使用方法，这些例子都短小精悍，将帮助你快速学会lambda表达式。

## Java 8 lambda表达式示例 ##

我个人对Java 8发布非常激动，尤其是lambda表达式和流API。越来越多的了解它们，我能写出更干净的代码。虽然一开始并不是这样。第一次看到用lambda表达式写出来的Java代码时，我对这种神秘的语法感到非常失望，认为它们把Java搞得不可读，但我错了。花了一天时间做了一些lambda表达式和流API示例的练习后，我开心的看到了更清晰的Java代码。这有点像学习[泛型][Link 2]，第一次见的时候我很讨厌它。我甚至继续使用老版Java 1.4来处理集合，直到有一天，朋友跟我介绍了使用泛型的好处（才意识到它的好处）。所以基本立场就是，不要畏惧lambda表达式以及方法引用的神秘语法，做几次练习，从集合类中提取、过滤数据之后，你就会喜欢上它。下面让我们开启学习Java 8 lambda表达式的学习之旅吧，首先从简单例子开始。

### 例1、用lambda表达式实现Runnable ###

我开始使用Java 8时，首先做的就是使用lambda表达式替换匿名类，而实现Runnable接口是匿名类的最好示例。看一下Java 8之前的runnable实现方法，需要4行代码，而使用lambda表达式只需要一行代码。我们在这里做了什么呢？那就是用() -> \{\}代码块替代了整个[匿名类][Link 3]。

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      <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,&quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&quot;,&quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace!important; background:none!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,130,0)!important"></code> 
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     <pre><code>//Java 8方式：
newThread( () -&gt; System.out.println("In Java8, Lambda expression rocks !!") ).start();</code></pre> 
     <br> 
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输出：

这个例子向我们展示了Java 8 lambda表达式的语法。你可以使用lambda写出如下代码：

例如，如果你的方法不对参数进行修改、重写，只是在控制台打印点东西的话，那么可以这样写：

如果你的方法接收两个参数，那么可以写成如下这样：

顺便提一句，通常都会把lambda表达式内部变量的名字起得短一些。这样能使代码更简短，放在同一行。所以，在上述代码中，变量名选用a、b或者x、y会比even、odd要好。

### **例2、使用Java 8 lambda表达式进行事件处理** ###

如果你用过Swing API编程，你就会记得怎样写事件监听代码。这又是一个旧版本简单匿名类的经典用例，但现在可以不这样了。你可以用lambda表达式写出更好的事件监听代码，如下所示：

Java开发者经常使用匿名类的另一个地方是为 Collections.sort() 定制 [Comparator][]。在Java 8中，你可以用更可读的lambda表达式换掉丑陋的匿名类。我把这个留做练习，应该不难，可以按照我在使用lambda表达式实现 [Runnable][] 和 ActionListener 的过程中的套路来做。

### 例3、使用lambda表达式对列表进行迭代 ###

如果你使过几年Java，你就知道针对集合类，最常见的操作就是进行迭代，并将业务逻辑应用于各个元素，例如处理订单、交易和事件的列表。由于Java是命令式语言，Java 8之前的所有循环代码都是顺序的，即可以对其元素进行并行化处理。如果你想做并行过滤，就需要自己写代码，这并不是那么容易。通过引入lambda表达式和默认方法，将做什么和怎么做的问题分开了，这意味着Java集合现在知道怎样做迭代，并可以在API层面对集合元素进行并行处理。下面的例子里，我将介绍如何在[使用][Link 4][lambda][Link 4]或不使用lambda表达式的情况下迭代列表。你可以看到列表现在有了一个 forEach()  方法，它可以迭代所有对象，并将你的lambda代码应用在其中。

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      <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,&quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&quot;,&quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace!important; background:none!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,130,0)!important"></code> 
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     <pre><code>// Java 8之前：
List features = Arrays.asList("Lambdas","Default Method","Stream API","Date and Time API");
for(String feature : features) {
    System.out.println(feature);
}</code></pre> 
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    <div style="border-width:0px 3px 0px 0px!important; border-top-style:initial!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-bottom-style:initial!important; border-left-style:initial!important; border-top-color:initial!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; border-bottom-color:initial!important; border-left-color:initial!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em 0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important">
      4 
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      5 
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      6 
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      7 
    </div> </td> 
   <td style="width:644.667px; border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; background:none!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,&quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&quot;,&quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important"> 
    <div style="margin-left:-10px; width:640px; border:0px!important; margin-top:0px!important; margin-right:0px!important; margin-bottom:0px!important; padding:0px!important; background:none!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:relative!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; min-height:auto!important"> 
     <div style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
      <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,&quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&quot;,&quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace!important; background:none!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,130,0)!important"></code> 
     </div> 
     <pre><code>// Java 8之后：
List features = Arrays.asList("Lambdas","Default Method","Stream API","Date and Time API");
features.forEach(n -&gt; System.out.println(n));
 
// 使用Java 8的方法引用更方便，方法引用由::双冒号操作符标示，
// 看起来像C++的作用域解析运算符
features.forEach(System.out::println);</code></pre> 
     <br> 
     <div style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
      <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,&quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&quot;,&quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace!important; background:none!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important"></code> 
     </div> 
    </div> </td> 
  </tr> 
 </tbody> 
</table>

输出：

[列表循环][Link 5]的最后一个例子展示了如何在Java 8中使用方法引用（method reference）。你可以看到C++里面的双冒号、范围解析操作符现在在Java 8中用来表示方法引用。

### **例4、使用lambda表达式和函数式接口Predicate** ###

除了在语言层面支持函数式编程风格，Java 8也添加了一个包，叫做 java.util.function。它包含了很多类，用来支持Java的函数式编程。其中一个便是Predicate，使用 java.util.function.Predicate 函数式接口以及lambda表达式，可以向API方法添加逻辑，用更少的代码支持更多的动态行为。下面是Java 8 Predicate 的例子，展示了过滤集合数据的多种常用方法。Predicate接口非常适用于做过滤。

<table style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; width:620px; border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-size:12px!important; background:none!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; min-height:auto!important"> 
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      6 
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      7 
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      8 
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      10 
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      22 
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      23 
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      24 
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      25 
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      26 
    </div> </td> 
   <td style="width:585.333px; border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; background:none!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,&quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&quot;,&quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important"> 
    <div style="margin-left:-10px; width:640px; border:0px!important; margin-top:0px!important; margin-right:0px!important; margin-bottom:0px!important; padding:0px!important; background:none!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:relative!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; min-height:auto!important"> 
     <div style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
      <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,&quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&quot;,&quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace!important; background:none!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-weight:bold!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,102,153)!important"></code> 
     </div> 
     <pre><code>publicstatic void main(args[]){
    List languages = Arrays.asList("Java","Scala","C++","Haskell","Lisp");
 
    System.out.println("Languages which starts with J :");
    filter(languages, (str)-&gt;str.startsWith("J"));
 
    System.out.println("Languages which ends with a ");
    filter(languages, (str)-&gt;str.endsWith("a"));
 
    System.out.println("Print all languages :");
    filter(languages, (str)-&gt;true);
 
    System.out.println("Print no language : ");
    filter(languages, (str)-&gt;false);
 
    System.out.println("Print language whose length greater than 4:");
    filter(languages, (str)-&gt;str.length() &gt; 4);
}
 
publicstatic void filter(List names, Predicate condition) {
    for(String name: names)  {
        if(condition.test(name)) {
            System.out.println(name + " ");
        }
    }
}</code></pre> 
     <br> 
     <div style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
      <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,&quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&quot;,&quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace!important; background:none!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important"></code> 
     </div> 
    </div> </td> 
  </tr> 
 </tbody> 
</table>

输出：

可以看到，Stream API的过滤方法也接受一个Predicate，这意味着可以将我们定制的 filter() 方法替换成写在里面的内联代码，这就是lambda表达式的魔力。另外，Predicate接口也允许进行多重条件的测试，下个例子将要讲到。

### 例5、如何在lambda表达式中加入Predicate ###

上个例子说到，java.util.function.Predicate 允许将两个或更多的 Predicate 合成一个。它提供类似于逻辑操作符AND和OR的方法，名字叫做and()、or()和xor()，用于将传入 filter() 方法的条件合并起来。例如，要得到所有以J开始，长度为四个字母的语言，可以定义两个独立的 Predicate 示例分别表示每一个条件，然后用 Predicate.and() 方法将它们合并起来，如下所示：

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    <div style="border-width:0px 3px 0px 0px!important; border-top-style:initial!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-bottom-style:initial!important; border-left-style:initial!important; border-top-color:initial!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; border-bottom-color:initial!important; border-left-color:initial!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em 0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important">
      1 
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      2 
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      3 
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      4 
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      5 
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      6 
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      7 
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    <div style="margin-left:-10px; width:640px; border:0px!important; margin-top:0px!important; margin-right:0px!important; margin-bottom:0px!important; padding:0px!important; background:none!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:relative!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; min-height:auto!important"> 
     <div style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
      <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,&quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&quot;,&quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace!important; background:none!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,130,0)!important"></code> 
     </div> 
     <pre><code>// 甚至可以用and()、or()和xor()逻辑函数来合并Predicate，
// 例如要找到所有以J开始，长度为四个字母的名字，你可以合并两个Predicate并传入
Predicate&lt;String&gt; startsWithJ = (n) -&gt; n.startsWith("J");
Predicate&lt;String&gt; fourLetterLong = (n) -&gt; n.length() == 4;
names.stream()
    .filter(startsWithJ.and(fourLetterLong))
    .forEach((n) -&gt; System.out.print("nName, which starts with 'J' and four letter long is : " + n));</code></pre> 
     <br> 
     <div style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
      <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,&quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&quot;,&quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace!important; background:none!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important"></code> 
     </div> 
    </div> </td> 
  </tr> 
 </tbody> 
</table>

类似地，也可以使用 or() 和 xor() 方法。本例着重介绍了如下要点：可按需要将 Predicate 作为单独条件然后将其合并起来使用。简而言之，你可以以传统Java命令方式使用 Predicate 接口，也可以充分利用lambda表达式达到事半功倍的效果。

### 例6、Java 8中使用lambda表达式的Map和Reduce示例 ###

本例介绍最广为人知的函数式编程概念map。它允许你将对象进行转换。例如在本例中，我们将 costBeforeTax 列表的每个元素转换成为税后的值。我们将 x -> x\*x lambda表达式传到 map() 方法，后者将其应用到流中的每一个元素。然后用 forEach() 将列表元素打印出来。使用流API的收集器类，可以得到所有含税的开销。有 toList() 这样的方法将 map 或任何其他操作的结果合并起来。由于收集器在流上做终端操作，因此之后便不能重用流了。你甚至可以用流API的 reduce() 方法将所有数字合成一个，下一个例子将会讲到。

输出：

#### **例6.2、Java 8中使用lambda表达式的Map和Reduce示例** ####

在上个例子中，可以看到map将集合类（例如列表）元素进行转换的。还有一个 reduce() 函数可以将所有值合并成一个。Map和Reduce操作是函数式编程的核心操作，因为其功能，reduce 又被称为折叠操作。另外，reduce 并不是一个新的操作，你有可能已经在使用它。SQL中类似 sum()、avg() 或者 count() 的聚集函数，实际上就是 reduce 操作，因为它们接收多个值并返回一个值。流API定义的 reduceh() 函数可以接受lambda表达式，并对所有值进行合并。IntStream这样的类有类似 average()、count()、sum() 的内建方法来做 reduce 操作，也有mapToLong()、mapToDouble() 方法来做转换。这并不会限制你，你可以用内建方法，也可以自己定义。在这个Java 8的Map Reduce示例里，我们首先对所有价格应用 12% 的VAT，然后用 reduce() 方法计算总和。

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      2 
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      3 
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    <div style="border-width:0px 3px 0px 0px!important; border-top-style:initial!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-bottom-style:initial!important; border-left-style:initial!important; border-top-color:initial!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; border-bottom-color:initial!important; border-left-color:initial!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em 0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important">
      4 
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    <div style="border-width:0px 3px 0px 0px!important; border-top-style:initial!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-bottom-style:initial!important; border-left-style:initial!important; border-top-color:initial!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; border-bottom-color:initial!important; border-left-color:initial!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em 0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important">
      5 
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      6 
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    <div style="border-width:0px 3px 0px 0px!important; border-top-style:initial!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-bottom-style:initial!important; border-left-style:initial!important; border-top-color:initial!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; border-bottom-color:initial!important; border-left-color:initial!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em 0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important">
      7 
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    <div style="border-width:0px 3px 0px 0px!important; border-top-style:initial!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-bottom-style:initial!important; border-left-style:initial!important; border-top-color:initial!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; border-bottom-color:initial!important; border-left-color:initial!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em 0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important">
      8 
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    <div style="border-width:0px 3px 0px 0px!important; border-top-style:initial!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-bottom-style:initial!important; border-left-style:initial!important; border-top-color:initial!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; border-bottom-color:initial!important; border-left-color:initial!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em 0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important">
      9 
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      10 
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      11 
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    <div style="border-width:0px 3px 0px 0px!important; border-top-style:initial!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-bottom-style:initial!important; border-left-style:initial!important; border-top-color:initial!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; border-bottom-color:initial!important; border-left-color:initial!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em 0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important">
      12 
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    <div style="border-width:0px 3px 0px 0px!important; border-top-style:initial!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-bottom-style:initial!important; border-left-style:initial!important; border-top-color:initial!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; border-bottom-color:initial!important; border-left-color:initial!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em 0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important">
      13 
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    <div style="border-width:0px 3px 0px 0px!important; border-top-style:initial!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-bottom-style:initial!important; border-left-style:initial!important; border-top-color:initial!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; border-bottom-color:initial!important; border-left-color:initial!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em 0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important">
      14 
    </div> </td> 
   <td style="width:736.667px; border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; background:none!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,&quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&quot;,&quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important"> 
    <div style="margin-left:-10px; width:640px; border:0px!important; margin-top:0px!important; margin-right:0px!important; margin-bottom:0px!important; padding:0px!important; background:none!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:relative!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; min-height:auto!important"> 
     <div style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
      <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,&quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&quot;,&quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace!important; background:none!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,130,0)!important"></code> 
     </div> 
     <pre><code>// 为每个订单加上12%的税
// 老方法：
List costBeforeTax = Arrays.asList(100,200,300,400,500);
doubletotal = 0;
for(Integer cost : costBeforeTax) {
    doubleprice = cost + .12*cost;
    total = total + price;
}
System.out.println("Total : " + total);
 
// 新方法：
List costBeforeTax = Arrays.asList(100,200,300,400,500);
doublebill = costBeforeTax.stream().map((cost) -&gt; cost + .12*cost).reduce((sum, cost) -&gt; sum + cost).get();
System.out.println("Total : " + bill);</code></pre> 
     <br> 
     <div style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
      <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,&quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&quot;,&quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace!important; background:none!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important"></code> 
     </div> 
    </div> </td> 
  </tr> 
 </tbody> 
</table>

输出：

### **例7、通过过滤创建一个String列表** ###

过滤是Java开发者在大规模集合上的一个常用操作，而现在使用lambda表达式和流API过滤大规模数据集合是惊人的简单。流提供了一个 filter() 方法，接受一个 Predicate 对象，即可以传入一个lambda表达式作为过滤逻辑。下面的例子是用lambda表达式过滤Java集合，将帮助理解。

<table style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; width:692px; border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-size:12px!important; background:none!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; min-height:auto!important"> 
 <tbody style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; background:none!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important"> 
  <tr style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; background:none!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important"> 
   <td style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; background:none!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; width:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,&quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&quot;,&quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(175,175,175)!important"> 
    <div style="border-width:0px 3px 0px 0px!important; border-top-style:initial!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-bottom-style:initial!important; border-left-style:initial!important; border-top-color:initial!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; border-bottom-color:initial!important; border-left-color:initial!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em 0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important">
      1 
    </div> 
    <div style="border-width:0px 3px 0px 0px!important; border-top-style:initial!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-bottom-style:initial!important; border-left-style:initial!important; border-top-color:initial!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; border-bottom-color:initial!important; border-left-color:initial!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em 0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important">
      2 
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      3 
    </div> </td> 
   <td style="width:664px; border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; background:none!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,&quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&quot;,&quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important"> 
    <div style="margin-left:-10px; width:640px; border:0px!important; margin-top:0px!important; margin-right:0px!important; margin-bottom:0px!important; padding:0px!important; background:none!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:relative!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; min-height:auto!important"> 
     <div style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
      <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,&quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&quot;,&quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace!important; background:none!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,130,0)!important"></code> 
     </div> 
     <pre><code>// 创建一个字符串列表，每个字符串长度大于2
List&lt;String&gt; filtered = strList.stream().filter(x -&gt; x.length()&gt; 2).collect(Collectors.toList());
System.out.printf("Original List : %s, filtered list : %s %n", strList, filtered);</code></pre> 
     <br> 
     <div style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
      <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,&quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&quot;,&quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace!important; background:none!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important"></code> 
     </div> 
    </div> </td> 
  </tr> 
 </tbody> 
</table>

输出：

另外，关于 filter() 方法有个常见误解。在现实生活中，做过滤的时候，通常会丢弃部分，但使用filter()方法则是获得一个新的列表，且其每个元素符合过滤原则。

### **例8、对列表的每个元素应用函数** ###

我们通常需要对列表的每个元素使用某个函数，例如逐一乘以某个数、除以某个数或者做其它操作。这些操作都很适合用 map() 方法，可以将转换逻辑以lambda表达式的形式放在 map() 方法里，就可以对集合的各个元素进行转换了，如下所示。

<table style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; width:679.333px; border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-size:12px!important; background:none!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; min-height:auto!important"> 
 <tbody style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; background:none!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important"> 
  <tr style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; background:none!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important"> 
   <td style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; background:none!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; width:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,&quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&quot;,&quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(175,175,175)!important"> 
    <div style="border-width:0px 3px 0px 0px!important; border-top-style:initial!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-bottom-style:initial!important; border-left-style:initial!important; border-top-color:initial!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; border-bottom-color:initial!important; border-left-color:initial!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em 0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important">
      1 
    </div> 
    <div style="border-width:0px 3px 0px 0px!important; border-top-style:initial!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-bottom-style:initial!important; border-left-style:initial!important; border-top-color:initial!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; border-bottom-color:initial!important; border-left-color:initial!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em 0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important">
      2 
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      3 
    </div> 
    <div style="border-width:0px 3px 0px 0px!important; border-top-style:initial!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-bottom-style:initial!important; border-left-style:initial!important; border-top-color:initial!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; border-bottom-color:initial!important; border-left-color:initial!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em 0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important">
      4 
    </div> </td> 
   <td style="width:651.333px; border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; background:none!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,&quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&quot;,&quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important"> 
    <div style="margin-left:-10px; width:640px; border:0px!important; margin-top:0px!important; margin-right:0px!important; margin-bottom:0px!important; padding:0px!important; background:none!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:relative!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; min-height:auto!important"> 
     <div style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
      <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,&quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&quot;,&quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace!important; background:none!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,130,0)!important"></code> 
     </div> 
     <pre><code>// 将字符串换成大写并用逗号链接起来
List&lt;String&gt; G7 = Arrays.asList("USA","Japan","France","Germany","Italy","U.K.","Canada");
String G7Countries = G7.stream().map(x -&gt; x.toUpperCase()).collect(Collectors.joining(", "));
System.out.println(G7Countries);</code></pre> 
     <br> 
     <div style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
      <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,&quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&quot;,&quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace!important; background:none!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important"></code> 
     </div> 
    </div> </td> 
  </tr> 
 </tbody> 
</table>

输出：

### **例9、复制不同的值，创建一个子列表** ###

本例展示了如何利用流的 distinct() 方法来对集合进行去重。

<table style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; width:692px; border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-size:12px!important; background:none!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; min-height:auto!important"> 
 <tbody style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; background:none!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important"> 
  <tr style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; background:none!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important"> 
   <td style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; background:none!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; width:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,&quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&quot;,&quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(175,175,175)!important"> 
    <div style="border-width:0px 3px 0px 0px!important; border-top-style:initial!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-bottom-style:initial!important; border-left-style:initial!important; border-top-color:initial!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; border-bottom-color:initial!important; border-left-color:initial!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em 0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important">
      1 
    </div> 
    <div style="border-width:0px 3px 0px 0px!important; border-top-style:initial!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-bottom-style:initial!important; border-left-style:initial!important; border-top-color:initial!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; border-bottom-color:initial!important; border-left-color:initial!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em 0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important">
      2 
    </div> 
    <div style="border-width:0px 3px 0px 0px!important; border-top-style:initial!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-bottom-style:initial!important; border-left-style:initial!important; border-top-color:initial!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; border-bottom-color:initial!important; border-left-color:initial!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em 0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important">
      3 
    </div> 
    <div style="border-width:0px 3px 0px 0px!important; border-top-style:initial!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-bottom-style:initial!important; border-left-style:initial!important; border-top-color:initial!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; border-bottom-color:initial!important; border-left-color:initial!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em 0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important">
      4 
    </div> </td> 
   <td style="width:664px; border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; background:none!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,&quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&quot;,&quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important"> 
    <div style="margin-left:-10px; width:640px; border:0px!important; margin-top:0px!important; margin-right:0px!important; margin-bottom:0px!important; padding:0px!important; background:none!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:relative!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; min-height:auto!important"> 
     <div style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
      <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,&quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&quot;,&quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace!important; background:none!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(0,130,0)!important"></code> 
     </div> 
     <pre><code>// 用所有不同的数字创建一个正方形列表
List&lt;Integer&gt; numbers = Arrays.asList(9,10,3,4,7,3,4);
List&lt;Integer&gt; distinct = numbers.stream().map( i -&gt; i*i).distinct().collect(Collectors.toList());
System.out.printf("Original List : %s,  Square Without duplicates : %s %n", numbers, distinct);</code></pre> 
     <br> 
     <div style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
      <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,&quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&quot;,&quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace!important; background:none!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important"></code> 
     </div> 
    </div> </td> 
  </tr> 
 </tbody> 
</table>

输出：

<table style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; width:639.333px; border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-size:12px!important; background:none!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; min-height:auto!important"> 
 <tbody style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; background:none!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important"> 
  <tr style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; background:none!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important"> 
   <td style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; background:none!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; width:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,&quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&quot;,&quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(175,175,175)!important"> 
    <div style="border-width:0px 3px 0px 0px!important; border-top-style:initial!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-bottom-style:initial!important; border-left-style:initial!important; border-top-color:initial!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; border-bottom-color:initial!important; border-left-color:initial!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em 0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important">
      1 
    </div> </td> 
   <td style="width:611.333px; border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; background:none!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,&quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&quot;,&quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important"> 
    <div style="margin-left:-10px; width:640px; border:0px!important; margin-top:0px!important; margin-right:0px!important; margin-bottom:0px!important; padding:0px!important; background:none!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:relative!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; min-height:auto!important"> 
     <div style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
      <code style="border:0px!important; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,&quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&quot;,&quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace!important; background:none!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.1em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important">Original List : [9, 10, 3, 4, 7, 3, 4],&nbsp; Square Without duplicates : [81, 100, 9, 16, 49]</code> 
     </div> 
    </div> </td> 
  </tr> 
 </tbody> 
</table>

### **例10、计算集合元素的最大值、最小值、总和以及平均值** ###

IntStream、LongStream 和 DoubleStream 等流的类中，有个非常有用的方法叫做 summaryStatistics() 。可以返回 IntSummaryStatistics、LongSummaryStatistics 或者 DoubleSummaryStatistic s，描述流中元素的各种摘要数据。在本例中，我们用这个方法来计算列表的最大值和最小值。它也有 getSum() 和 getAverage() 方法来获得列表的所有元素的总和及平均值。

输出：

### **Lambda表达式 vs 匿名类** ###

既然lambda表达式即将正式取代Java代码中的匿名内部类，那么有必要对二者做一个比较分析。一个关键的不同点就是关键字 this。匿名类的 this 关键字指向匿名类，而lambda表达式的 this 关键字指向包围lambda表达式的类。另一个不同点是二者的编译方式。Java编译器将lambda表达式编译成类的私有方法。使用了Java 7的 invokedynamic 字节码指令来动态绑定这个方法。

### **Java 8 Lambda表达式要点** ###

#### **10个Java lambda表达式、流API示例** ####

到目前为止我们看到了Java 8的10个lambda表达式，这对于新手来说是个合适的任务量，你可能需要亲自运行示例程序以便掌握。试着修改要求创建自己的例子，达到快速学习的目的。我还想建议大家使用Netbeans IDE来练习lambda表达式，它对Java 8支持良好。当把代码转换成函数式的时候，Netbeans会及时给你提示。只需跟着Netbeans的提示，就能很容易地把匿名类转换成lambda表达式。此外，如果你喜欢阅读，那么记得看一下Java 8的lambdas，实用函数式编程这本书（[Java 8 Lambdas, pragmatic functional programming][Java 8 Lambdas_ pragmatic functional programming]），作者是Richard Warburton，或者也可以看看Manning的Java 8实战（[Java 8 in Action][]），这本书虽然还没出版，但我猜线上有第一章的免费pdf。不过，在你开始忙其它事情之前，先回顾一下Java 8的lambda表达式、默认方法和函数式接口的重点知识。

1）lambda表达式仅能放入如下代码：预定义使用了 @Functional 注释的函数式接口，自带一个抽象函数的方法，或者SAM（Single Abstract Method 单个抽象方法）类型。这些称为lambda表达式的目标类型，可以用作返回类型，或lambda目标代码的参数。例如，若一个方法接收Runnable、Comparable或者 Callable 接口，都有单个抽象方法，可以传入lambda表达式。类似的，如果一个方法接受声明于 java.util.function 包内的接口，例如 Predicate、Function、Consumer 或 Supplier，那么可以向其传lambda表达式。

2）lambda表达式内可以使用方法引用，仅当该方法不修改lambda表达式提供的参数。本例中的lambda表达式可以换为方法引用，因为这仅是一个参数相同的简单方法调用。

然而，若对参数有任何修改，则不能使用方法引用，而需键入完整地lambda表达式，如下所示：

事实上，可以省略这里的lambda参数的类型声明，编译器可以从列表的类属性推测出来。

3）lambda内部可以使用静态、非静态和局部变量，这称为lambda内的变量捕获。

4）Lambda表达式在Java中又称为闭包或匿名函数，所以如果有同事把它叫闭包的时候，不用惊讶。

5）Lambda方法在编译器内部被翻译成私有方法，并派发 invokedynamic 字节码指令来进行调用。可以使用JDK中的 javap 工具来反编译class文件。使用 javap -p 或 javap -c -v 命令来看一看lambda表达式生成的字节码。大致应该长这样：

6）lambda表达式有个限制，那就是只能引用 final 或 final 局部变量，这就是说不能在lambda内部修改定义在域外的变量。

另外，只是访问它而不作修改是可以的，如下所示：

输出：

因此，它看起来更像不可变闭包，类似于Python。

以上就是Java 8的lambda表达式的全部10个例子。此次修改将成为Java史上最大的一次，将深远影响未来Java开发者使用集合框架的方式。我想规模最相似的一次修改就是Java 5的发布了，它带来了很多优点，提升了代码质量，例如：泛型、枚举、自动装箱（Autoboxing）、静态导入、并发API和变量参数。上述特性使得Java代码更加清晰，我想lambda表达式也将进一步改进它。我在期待着开发并行第三方库，这可以使高性能应用变得更容易写。

更多阅读：[http://javarevisited.blogspot.com/2014/02/10-example-of-lambda-expressions-in-java8.html\#ixzz3gCMp6Vhc][http_javarevisited.blogspot.com_2014_02_10-example-of-lambda-expressions-in-java8.html_ixzz3gCMp6Vhc]

原文链接：  [javarevisited][]  翻译：  [ImportNew.com ][ImportNew] \-  [lemeilleur][]  
译文链接：  [http://www.importnew.com/16436.html][http_www.importnew.com_16436.html]  
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[javarevisited]: http://javarevisited.blogspot.sg/2014/02/10-example-of-lambda-expressions-in-java8.html
[Link 1]: http://group.jobbole.com/category/feedback/trans-team/
[Java 8]: http://javarevisited.blogspot.jp/2013/11/java-8-tutorials-resources-and-examples-lambda-expression-stream-api-functional-interfaces.html
[Link 2]: http://javarevisited.blogspot.sg/2011/09/generics-java-example-tutorial.html
[Link 3]: http://javarevisited.blogspot.sg/2012/12/inner-class-and-nested-static-class-in-java-difference.html
[Comparator]: http://javarevisited.blogspot.sg/2014/01/java-comparator-example-for-custom.html
[Runnable]: http://javarevisited.blogspot.sg/2012/01/difference-thread-vs-runnable-interface.html
[Link 4]: http://javarevisited.blogspot.sg/2012/03/how-to-loop-arraylist-in-java-code.html
[Link 5]: http://javarevisited.blogspot.sg/2012/10/jstl-foreach-tag-example-in-jsp-looping.html
[Java 8 Lambdas_ pragmatic functional programming]: http://www.amazon.com/Java-Lambdas-Pragmatic-Functional-Programming/dp/B00OVMRHPO/ref=sr_1_3?ie=UTF8&qid=1438567374&sr=8-3&keywords=Java+8+Lambdas%2C+pragmatic+functional+programming
[Java 8 in Action]: http://www.amazon.com/Java-Action-Lambdas-functional-style-programming/dp/1617291994/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1438567348&sr=8-1&keywords=Java+8+in+Action
[http_javarevisited.blogspot.com_2014_02_10-example-of-lambda-expressions-in-java8.html_ixzz3gCMp6Vhc]: http://javarevisited.blogspot.com/2014/02/10-example-of-lambda-expressions-in-java8.html#ixzz3gCMp6Vhc
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