使用 Vagrant 打造跨平台开发环境

左手的ㄟ右手 2022-07-15 12:18 139阅读 0赞

发布日期：2015年11月18日

Vagrant是一个基于Ruby的工具，用于创建和部署虚拟化开发环境。它 使用Oracle的开源 [VirtualBox][] 虚拟化系统，使用 Chef创建自动化虚拟环境。

[Vagrant][] 是一款用来构建虚拟开发环境的工具，非常适合 [php][]/[python][]/ruby/java 这类语言开发 web 应用，“代码在我机子上运行没有问题”这种说辞将成为历史。

我们可以通过 Vagrant 封装一个 [Linux][] 的开发环境，分发给团队成员。成员可以在自己喜欢的桌面系统（Mac/[Windows][]/Linux）上开发程序，代码却能统一在封装好的环境里运行，非常霸气。

## 安装步骤 ##

### 1. 安装 VirtualBox ###

虚拟机还是得依靠 VirtualBox 来搭建，免费小巧。

下载地址：[https://www.virtualbox.org/wiki/Downloads][https_www.virtualbox.org_wiki_Downloads]

\* 虽然 Vagrant 也支持 VMware，不过 VMware 是收费的，对应的 Vagrant 版本也是收费的

### 2. 安装 Vagrant ###

下载地址：[http://downloads.vagrantup.com/][http_downloads.vagrantup.com] 根据提示一步步安装。

此外，还得下载官方封装好的基础镜像：  
Ubuntu precise 32 VirtualBox [http://files.vagrantup.com/precise32.box][http_files.vagrantup.com_precise32.box]  
Ubuntu precise 64 VirtualBox [http://files.vagrantup.com/precise64.box][http_files.vagrantup.com_precise64.box]

如果你要其他系统的镜像，可以来这里下载：[http://www.vagrantbox.es/][http_www.vagrantbox.es]

\* 鉴于国内网速，我们将下载镜像的步骤单独剥离出来了

### 3. 添加镜像到 Vagrant ###

假设我们下载的镜像存放路径是 `~/box/precise64.box`，在终端里输入：

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`hahaha` 是我们给这个 box 命的名字，`~/box/precise64.box` 是 box 所在路径

### 4. 初始化开发环境 ###

创建一个开发目录（比如：`~/dev`），你也可以使用已有的目录，切换到开发目录里，用 `hahaha` 镜像初始化当前目录的环境：

你会看到终端显示了启动过程，启动完成后，我们就可以用 SSH 登录虚拟机了，剩下的步骤就是在虚拟机里配置你要运行的各种环境和参数了。

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`~/dev` 目录对应虚拟机中的目录是 `/vagrant`

Windows 用户注意：Windows 终端并不支持 ssh，所以需要安装第三方 SSH 客户端，比如：Putty、Cygwin 等。

### 5. 其他设置 ###

Vagrant 初始化成功后，会在初始化的目录里生成一个 `Vagrantfile` 的配置文件，可以修改配置文件进行个性化的定制。

Vagrant 默认是使用端口映射方式将虚拟机的端口映射本地从而实现类似 `http://localhost:80` 这种访问方式，这种方式比较麻烦，新开和修改端口的时候都得编辑。相比较而言，host-only 模式显得方便多了。打开 `Vagrantfile`，将下面这行的注释去掉（移除 `#`）并保存：

``重启虚拟机，这样我们就能用 `192.168.33.10` 访问这台机器了，你可以把 IP 改成其他地址，只要不产生冲突就行。

### 6. 打包分发 ###

当你配置好开发环境后，退出并关闭虚拟机。在终端里对开发环境进行打包：

打包完成后会在当前目录生成一个 `package.box` 的文件，将这个文件传给其他用户，其他用户只要添加这个 box 并用其初始化自己的开发目录就能得到一个一模一样的开发环境了。

### 7. 常用命令 ###

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      <span style="border:0px; font-family:inherit; font-size:inherit!important; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(155,155,139)!important"># 初始化</span> 
     </div> 
     <div style="border:0px; font-family:inherit; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px 5px; vertical-align:baseline; height:inherit; font-size:inherit!important; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; background:rgb(53,53,53)!important"> 
      <span style="border:0px; font-family:inherit; font-size:inherit!important; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(216,216,216)!important">$</span> 
      <span style="border:0px; font-family:inherit; font-size:inherit!important; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(0,111,224)!important"> </span> 
      <span style="border:0px; font-family:inherit; font-size:inherit!important; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(255,128,0)!important">vagrant </span> 
      <span style="border:0px; font-family:inherit; font-size:inherit!important; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(189,183,107)!important">up</span> 
      <span style="border:0px; font-family:inherit; font-size:inherit!important; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(0,111,224)!important">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> 
      <span style="border:0px; font-family:inherit; font-size:inherit!important; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(155,155,139)!important"># 启动虚拟机</span> 
     </div> 
     <div style="border:0px; font-family:inherit; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px 5px; vertical-align:baseline; height:inherit; font-size:inherit!important; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; background:0px 50%"> 
      <span style="border:0px; font-family:inherit; font-size:inherit!important; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(216,216,216)!important">$</span> 
      <span style="border:0px; font-family:inherit; font-size:inherit!important; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(0,111,224)!important"> </span> 
      <span style="border:0px; font-family:inherit; font-size:inherit!important; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(255,128,0)!important">vagrant </span> 
      <span style="border:0px; font-family:inherit; font-size:inherit!important; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(189,183,107)!important">halt</span> 
      <span style="border:0px; font-family:inherit; font-size:inherit!important; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(0,111,224)!important">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> 
      <span style="border:0px; font-family:inherit; font-size:inherit!important; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(155,155,139)!important"># 关闭虚拟机</span> 
     </div> 
     <div style="border:0px; font-family:inherit; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px 5px; vertical-align:baseline; height:inherit; font-size:inherit!important; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; background:rgb(53,53,53)!important"> 
      <span style="border:0px; font-family:inherit; font-size:inherit!important; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(216,216,216)!important">$</span> 
      <span style="border:0px; font-family:inherit; font-size:inherit!important; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(0,111,224)!important"> </span> 
      <span style="border:0px; font-family:inherit; font-size:inherit!important; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(255,128,0)!important">vagrant </span> 
      <span style="border:0px; font-family:inherit; font-size:inherit!important; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(189,183,107)!important">reload</span> 
      <span style="border:0px; font-family:inherit; font-size:inherit!important; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(0,111,224)!important">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> 
      <span style="border:0px; font-family:inherit; font-size:inherit!important; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(155,155,139)!important"># 重启虚拟机</span> 
     </div> 
     <div style="border:0px; font-family:inherit; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px 5px; vertical-align:baseline; height:inherit; font-size:inherit!important; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; background:0px 50%"> 
      <span style="border:0px; font-family:inherit; font-size:inherit!important; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(216,216,216)!important">$</span> 
      <span style="border:0px; font-family:inherit; font-size:inherit!important; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(0,111,224)!important"> </span> 
      <span style="border:0px; font-family:inherit; font-size:inherit!important; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(255,128,0)!important">vagrant </span> 
      <span style="border:0px; font-family:inherit; font-size:inherit!important; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(189,183,107)!important">ssh</span> 
      <span style="border:0px; font-family:inherit; font-size:inherit!important; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(0,111,224)!important">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> 
      <span style="border:0px; font-family:inherit; font-size:inherit!important; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(155,155,139)!important"># SSH 至虚拟机</span> 
     </div> 
     <div style="border:0px; font-family:inherit; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px 5px; vertical-align:baseline; height:inherit; font-size:inherit!important; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; background:rgb(53,53,53)!important"> 
      <span style="border:0px; font-family:inherit; font-size:inherit!important; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(216,216,216)!important">$</span> 
      <span style="border:0px; font-family:inherit; font-size:inherit!important; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(0,111,224)!important"> </span> 
      <span style="border:0px; font-family:inherit; font-size:inherit!important; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(255,128,0)!important">vagrant </span> 
      <span style="border:0px; font-family:inherit; font-size:inherit!important; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(189,183,107)!important">status</span> 
      <span style="border:0px; font-family:inherit; font-size:inherit!important; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(0,111,224)!important">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> 
      <span style="border:0px; font-family:inherit; font-size:inherit!important; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(155,155,139)!important"># 查看虚拟机运行状态</span> 
     </div> 
     <div style="border:0px; font-family:inherit; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px 5px; vertical-align:baseline; height:inherit; font-size:inherit!important; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; background:0px 50%"> 
      <span style="border:0px; font-family:inherit; font-size:inherit!important; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(216,216,216)!important">$</span> 
      <span style="border:0px; font-family:inherit; font-size:inherit!important; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(0,111,224)!important"> </span> 
      <span style="border:0px; font-family:inherit; font-size:inherit!important; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(255,128,0)!important">vagrant </span> 
      <span style="border:0px; font-family:inherit; font-size:inherit!important; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(189,183,107)!important">destroy</span> 
      <span style="border:0px; font-family:inherit; font-size:inherit!important; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(0,111,224)!important">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> 
      <span style="border:0px; font-family:inherit; font-size:inherit!important; font-style:inherit; margin:0px; outline:0px; padding:0px; vertical-align:baseline; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(155,155,139)!important"># 销毁当前虚拟机</span> 
     </div> 
    </div> </td> 
  </tr> 
 </tbody> 
</table>

更多内容请查阅官方文档 [http://docs.vagrantup.com/v2/cli/index.html][http_docs.vagrantup.com_v2_cli_index.html]

### 8. 注意事项 ###

使用 Apache/[Nginx][] 时会出现诸如图片修改后但页面刷新仍然是旧文件的情况，是由于静态文件缓存造成的。需要对虚拟机里的 Apache/Nginx 配置文件进行修改：

--------------------

SegmentFault 团队就是用这种方式统一开发环境的  
本篇文章所用程序版本 VirtualBox 4.2.16，Vagrant 1.2.7

[VirtualBox]: http://baike.so.com/doc/104522-110299.html
[Vagrant]: http://vagrantup.com/
[php]: http://www.ttlsa.com/php/
[python]: http://www.ttlsa.com/python/
[Linux]: http://www.ttlsa.com/linux/
[Windows]: http://www.ttlsa.com/windows/
[https_www.virtualbox.org_wiki_Downloads]: https://www.virtualbox.org/wiki/Downloads
[http_downloads.vagrantup.com]: http://downloads.vagrantup.com/
[http_files.vagrantup.com_precise32.box]: http://files.vagrantup.com/precise32.box
[http_files.vagrantup.com_precise64.box]: http://files.vagrantup.com/precise64.box
[http_www.vagrantbox.es]: http://www.vagrantbox.es/
[http_docs.vagrantup.com_v2_cli_index.html]: http://docs.vagrantup.com/v2/cli/index.html
[Nginx]: http://www.ttlsa.com/nginx/