Linux Advanced Routing & Traffic Control HOWTO

Love The Way You Lie 2022-08-05 02:23 23阅读 0赞

# Linux Advanced Routing & Traffic Control HOWTO #

### Bert Hubert ###

Netherlabs BV

`<bert.hubert@netherlabs.nl>`

Thomas Graf (Section Author)

`<tgraf%suug.ch>`

Gregory Maxwell (Section Author)  
 Remco van Mook (Section Author)

`<remco@virtu.nl>`

Martijn van Oosterhout (Section Author)

`<kleptog@cupid.suninternet.com>`

Paul B Schroeder (Section Author)

`<paulsch@us.ibm.com>`

Jasper Spaans (Section Author)

`<jasper@spaans.ds9a.nl>`

Pedro Larroy (Section Author)

`<piotr%member.fsf.org>`

A very hands-on approach to iproute2, traffic shaping and a bit of netfilter.

--------------------

**Table of Contents** 1. [Dedication][] 2. [Introduction][]

2.1. [ Disclaimer & License][Disclaimer _ License] 2.2. [ Prior knowledge][Prior knowledge] 2.3. [ What Linux can do for you][What Linux can do for you] 2.4. [ Housekeeping notes][Housekeeping notes] 2.5. [Access, GIT & submitting updates][Access_ GIT _ submitting updates] 2.6. [ Mailing list][Mailing list] 2.7. [ Layout of this document][Layout of this document]

3. [Introduction to iproute2][]

3.1. [ Why iproute2?][Why iproute2] 3.2. [ iproute2 tour][iproute2 tour] 3.3. [ Prerequisites][Prerequisites] 3.4. [ Exploring your current configuration][Exploring your current configuration]

3.4.1. [ **ip** shows us our links][_ip_ shows us our links] 3.4.2. [ **ip** shows us our IP addresses][_ip_ shows us our IP addresses] 3.4.3. [ **ip** shows us our routes][_ip_ shows us our routes]

3.5. [ ARP][ARP]

4. [Rules - routing policy database][]

4.1. [ Simple source policy routing][Simple source policy routing] 4.2. [ Routing for multiple uplinks/providers][Routing for multiple uplinks_providers]

4.2.1. [ Split access][Split access] 4.2.2. [ Load balancing][Load balancing]

5. [GRE and other tunnels][]

5.1. [ A few general remarks about tunnels:][A few general remarks about tunnels] 5.2. [ IP in IP tunneling][IP in IP tunneling] 5.3. [GRE tunneling][]

5.3.1. [ IPv4 Tunneling][IPv4 Tunneling] 5.3.2. [ IPv6 Tunneling][IPv6 Tunneling]

5.4. [ Userland tunnels][Userland tunnels]

6. [IPv6 tunneling with Cisco and/or 6bone][IPv6 tunneling with Cisco and_or 6bone]

6.1. [ IPv6 Tunneling][IPv6 Tunneling 1]

7. [IPSEC: secure IP over the Internet][IPSEC_ secure IP over the Internet]

7.1. [ Intro with Manual Keying][Intro with Manual Keying] 7.2. [ Automatic keying][Automatic keying]

7.2.1. [ Theory][Theory] 7.2.2. [ Example][Example] 7.2.3. [ Automatic keying using X.509 certificates][Automatic keying using X.509 certificates]

7.3. [ IPSEC tunnels][IPSEC tunnels] 7.4. [ Other IPSEC software][Other IPSEC software] 7.5. [ IPSEC interoperation with other systems][IPSEC interoperation with other systems]

7.5.1. [ Windows][Windows] 7.5.2. [ Check Point VPN-1NG][Check Point VPN-1NG]

8. [Multicast routing][] 9. [Queueing Disciplines for Bandwidth Management][]

9.1. [ Queues and Queueing Disciplines explained][Queues and Queueing Disciplines explained] 9.2. [ Simple, classless Queueing Disciplines][Simple_ classless Queueing Disciplines]

9.2.1. [ pfifo\_fast][pfifo_fast] 9.2.2. [ Token Bucket Filter][Token Bucket Filter] 9.2.3. [ Stochastic Fairness Queueing][Stochastic Fairness Queueing]

9.3. [ Advice for when to use which queue][Advice for when to use which queue] 9.4. [ Terminology][Terminology] 9.5. [ Classful Queueing Disciplines][Classful Queueing Disciplines]

9.5.1. [ Flow within classful qdiscs & classes][Flow within classful qdiscs _ classes] 9.5.2. [ The qdisc family: roots, handles, siblings and parents][The qdisc family_ roots_ handles_ siblings and parents] 9.5.3. [ The PRIO qdisc][The PRIO qdisc] 9.5.4. [ The famous CBQ qdisc][The famous CBQ qdisc] 9.5.5. [ Hierarchical Token Bucket][Hierarchical Token Bucket]

9.6. [ Classifying packets with filters][Classifying packets with filters]

9.6.1. [ Some simple filtering examples][Some simple filtering examples] 9.6.2. [ All the filtering commands you will normally need][All the filtering commands you will normally need]

9.7. [The Intermediate queueing device (IMQ)][The Intermediate queueing device _IMQ]

9.7.1. [ Sample configuration][Sample configuration]

10. [Load sharing over multiple interfaces][]

10.1. [ Caveats][Caveats] 10.2. [ Other possibilities][Other possibilities]

11. [Netfilter & iproute - marking packets][Netfilter _ iproute - marking packets] 12. [Advanced filters for (re-)classifying packets][Advanced filters for _re-_classifying packets]

12.1. [ The `u32` classifier][The _u32_ classifier]

12.1.1. [ U32 selector][U32 selector] 12.1.2. [ General selectors][General selectors] 12.1.3. [ Specific selectors][Specific selectors]

12.2. [ The `route` classifier][The _route_ classifier] 12.3. [ Policing filters][Policing filters]

12.3.1. [ Ways to police][Ways to police] 12.3.2. [ Overlimit actions][Overlimit actions] 12.3.3. [ Examples][Examples]

12.4. [ Hashing filters for very fast massive filtering][Hashing filters for very fast massive filtering] 12.5. [ Filtering IPv6 Traffic][Filtering IPv6 Traffic]

12.5.1. [ How come that IPv6 tc filters do not work?][How come that IPv6 tc filters do not work] 12.5.2. [ Marking IPv6 packets using ip6tables][Marking IPv6 packets using ip6tables] 12.5.3. [ Using the u32 selector to match IPv6 packet][Using the u32 selector to match IPv6 packet]

13. [Kernel network parameters][]

13.1. [ Reverse Path Filtering][Reverse Path Filtering] 13.2. [ Obscure settings][Obscure settings]

13.2.1. [ Generic ipv4][Generic ipv4] 13.2.2. [ Per device settings][Per device settings] 13.2.3. [ Neighbor policy][Neighbor policy] 13.2.4. [ Routing settings][Routing settings]

14. [Advanced & less common queueing disciplines][Advanced _ less common queueing disciplines]

14.1. [ bfifo/pfifo][bfifo_pfifo]

14.1.1. [ Parameters & usage][Parameters _ usage]

14.2. [ Clark-Shenker-Zhang algorithm (CSZ)][Clark-Shenker-Zhang algorithm _CSZ] 14.3. [ DSMARK][DSMARK]

14.3.1. [ Introduction][Introduction 1] 14.3.2. [ What is Dsmark related to?][What is Dsmark related to] 14.3.3. [ Differentiated Services guidelines][Differentiated Services guidelines] 14.3.4. [ Working with Dsmark][Working with Dsmark] 14.3.5. [ How SCH\_DSMARK works.][How SCH_DSMARK works.] 14.3.6. [ TC\_INDEX Filter][TC_INDEX Filter]

14.4. [ Ingress qdisc][Ingress qdisc]

14.4.1. [ Parameters & usage][Parameters _ usage 1]

14.5. [ Random Early Detection (RED)][Random Early Detection _RED] 14.6. [ Generic Random Early Detection][Generic Random Early Detection] 14.7. [ VC/ATM emulation][VC_ATM emulation] 14.8. [ Weighted Round Robin (WRR)][Weighted Round Robin _WRR]

15. [Cookbook][]

15.1. [ Running multiple sites with different SLAs][Running multiple sites with different SLAs] 15.2. [ Protecting your host from SYN floods][Protecting your host from SYN floods] 15.3. [ Rate limit ICMP to prevent dDoS][Rate limit ICMP to prevent dDoS] 15.4. [ Prioritizing interactive traffic][Prioritizing interactive traffic] 15.5. [ Transparent web-caching using netfilter,iproute2, ipchains and squid][Transparent web-caching using netfilter_iproute2_ ipchains and squid]

15.5.1. [ Traffic flow diagram after implementation][Traffic flow diagram after implementation]

15.6. [ Circumventing Path MTU Discovery issues with per route MTU settings][Circumventing Path MTU Discovery issues with per route MTU settings]

15.6.1. [ Solution][Solution]

15.7. [ Circumventing Path MTU Discovery issues with MSS Clamping (for ADSL, cable, PPPoE & PPtP users)][Circumventing Path MTU Discovery issues with MSS Clamping _for ADSL_ cable_ PPPoE _ PPtP users] 15.8. [ The Ultimate Traffic Conditioner: Low Latency, Fast Up & Downloads][The Ultimate Traffic Conditioner_ Low Latency_ Fast Up _ Downloads]

15.8.1. [ Why it doesn't work well by default][Why it doesn_t work well by default] 15.8.2. [ The actual script (CBQ)][The actual script _CBQ] 15.8.3. [ The actual script (HTB)][The actual script _HTB]

15.9. [ Rate limiting a single host or netmask][Rate limiting a single host or netmask] 15.10. [ Example of a full nat solution with QoS][Example of a full nat solution with QoS]

15.10.1. [ Let's begin optimizing that scarce bandwidth][Let_s begin optimizing that scarce bandwidth] 15.10.2. [ Classifying packets][Classifying packets] 15.10.3. [ Improving our setup][Improving our setup] 15.10.4. [ Making all of the above start at boot][Making all of the above start at boot]

16. [Building bridges, and pseudo-bridges with Proxy ARP][Building bridges_ and pseudo-bridges with Proxy ARP]

16.1. [ State of bridging and iptables][State of bridging and iptables] 16.2. [ Bridging and shaping][Bridging and shaping] 16.3. [ Pseudo-bridges with Proxy-ARP][Pseudo-bridges with Proxy-ARP]

16.3.1. [ ARP & Proxy-ARP][ARP _ Proxy-ARP] 16.3.2. [ Implementing it][Implementing it]

17. [ Dynamic routing - OSPF and BGP][Dynamic routing - OSPF and BGP]

17.1. [ Setting up OSPF with Zebra][Setting up OSPF with Zebra]

17.1.1. [ Prerequisites][Prerequisites 1] 17.1.2. [ Configuring Zebra][Configuring Zebra] 17.1.3. [ Running Zebra][Running Zebra]

17.2. [ Setting up BGP4 with Zebra][Setting up BGP4 with Zebra]

17.2.1. [ Network Map (Example)][Network Map _Example] 17.2.2. [ Configuration (Example)][Configuration _Example] 17.2.3. [ Checking Configuration][Checking Configuration]

18. [Other possibilities][Other possibilities 1] 19. [Further reading][] 20. [Acknowledgements][]

[Dedication]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.dedication.html
[Introduction]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.intro.html
[Disclaimer _ License]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.intro.html#LARTC.INTRO.DISCLAIMER
[Prior knowledge]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.intro.prior.html
[What Linux can do for you]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.intro.linux.html
[Housekeeping notes]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.intro.houskeeping.html
[Access_ GIT _ submitting updates]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.intro.git.html
[Mailing list]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.intro.mlist.html
[Layout of this document]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.intro.layout.html
[Introduction to iproute2]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.iproute2.html
[Why iproute2]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.iproute2.html#LARTC.IPROUTE2.WHY
[iproute2 tour]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.iproute2.tour.html
[Prerequisites]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.iproute2.package.html
[Exploring your current configuration]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.iproute2.explore.html
[_ip_ shows us our links]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.iproute2.explore.html#AEN195
[_ip_ shows us our IP addresses]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.iproute2.explore.html#AEN204
[_ip_ shows us our routes]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.iproute2.explore.html#AEN214
[ARP]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.iproute2.arp.html
[Rules - routing policy database]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.rpdb.html
[Simple source policy routing]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.rpdb.html#LARTC.RPDB.SIMPLE
[Routing for multiple uplinks_providers]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.rpdb.multiple-links.html
[Split access]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.rpdb.multiple-links.html#AEN267
[Load balancing]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.rpdb.multiple-links.html#AEN297
[GRE and other tunnels]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.tunnel.html
[A few general remarks about tunnels]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.tunnel.html#LARTC.TUNNEL.REMARKS
[IP in IP tunneling]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.tunnel.ip-ip.html
[GRE tunneling]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.tunnel.gre.html
[IPv4 Tunneling]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.tunnel.gre.html#AEN337
[IPv6 Tunneling]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.tunnel.gre.html#AEN355
[Userland tunnels]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.tunnel.userland.html
[IPv6 tunneling with Cisco and_or 6bone]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.ipv6-tunnel.html
[IPv6 Tunneling 1]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.ipv6-tunnel.html#LARTC.TUNNEL-IPV6.ADDRESSING
[IPSEC_ secure IP over the Internet]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.ipsec.html
[Intro with Manual Keying]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.ipsec.html#LARTC.IPSEC.INTRO
[Automatic keying]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.ipsec.automatic.keying.html
[Theory]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.ipsec.automatic.keying.html#LARTC.IPSEC.KEYING.THEORY
[Example]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.ipsec.automatic.keying.html#LARTC.IPSEC.AUTOMATIC.KEYING.EXAMPLE
[Automatic keying using X.509 certificates]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.ipsec.automatic.keying.html#LARTC.IPSEC.X509
[IPSEC tunnels]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.ipsec.tunnel.html
[Other IPSEC software]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.ipsec.other.html
[IPSEC interoperation with other systems]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.ipsec.interop.html
[Windows]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.ipsec.interop.html#LARTC.IPSEC.INTEROP.WIN32
[Check Point VPN-1NG]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.ipsec.interop.html#LARTC.IPSEC.INTEROP.CHECKPOINT
[Multicast routing]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.multicast.html
[Queueing Disciplines for Bandwidth Management]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.qdisc.html
[Queues and Queueing Disciplines explained]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.qdisc.html#LARTC.QDISC.EXPLAIN
[Simple_ classless Queueing Disciplines]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.qdisc.classless.html
[pfifo_fast]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.qdisc.classless.html#AEN658
[Token Bucket Filter]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.qdisc.classless.html#AEN690
[Stochastic Fairness Queueing]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.qdisc.classless.html#LARTC.SFQ
[Advice for when to use which queue]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.qdisc.advice.html
[Terminology]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.qdisc.terminology.html
[Classful Queueing Disciplines]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.qdisc.classful.html
[Flow within classful qdiscs _ classes]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.qdisc.classful.html#AEN876
[The qdisc family_ roots_ handles_ siblings and parents]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.qdisc.classful.html#AEN882
[The PRIO qdisc]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.qdisc.classful.html#AEN902
[The famous CBQ qdisc]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.qdisc.classful.html#AEN938
[Hierarchical Token Bucket]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.qdisc.classful.html#AEN1071
[Classifying packets with filters]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.qdisc.filters.html
[Some simple filtering examples]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.qdisc.filters.html#AEN1099
[All the filtering commands you will normally need]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.qdisc.filters.html#LARTC.FILTERING.SIMPLE
[The Intermediate queueing device _IMQ]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.imq.html
[Sample configuration]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.imq.html#AEN1154
[Load sharing over multiple interfaces]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.loadshare.html
[Caveats]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.loadshare.html#LARTC.LOADSHARE.CAVEATS
[Other possibilities]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.loadshare.other.html
[Netfilter _ iproute - marking packets]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.netfilter.html
[Advanced filters for _re-_classifying packets]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.adv-filter.html
[The _u32_ classifier]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.adv-filter.html#LARTC.ADV-FILTER.U32
[U32 selector]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.adv-filter.html#AEN1289
[General selectors]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.adv-filter.html#AEN1303
[Specific selectors]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.adv-filter.html#AEN1327
[The _route_ classifier]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.adv-filter.route.html
[Policing filters]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.adv-filter.policing.html
[Ways to police]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.adv-filter.policing.html#AEN1371
[Overlimit actions]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.adv-filter.policing.html#AEN1393
[Examples]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.adv-filter.policing.html#AEN1413
[Hashing filters for very fast massive filtering]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.adv-filter.hashing.html
[Filtering IPv6 Traffic]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.adv-filter.ipv6.html
[How come that IPv6 tc filters do not work]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.adv-filter.ipv6.html#AEN1446
[Marking IPv6 packets using ip6tables]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.adv-filter.ipv6.html#AEN1451
[Using the u32 selector to match IPv6 packet]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.adv-filter.ipv6.html#AEN1456
[Kernel network parameters]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.kernel.html
[Reverse Path Filtering]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.kernel.html#LARTC.KERNEL.RPF
[Obscure settings]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.kernel.obscure.html
[Generic ipv4]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.kernel.obscure.html#AEN1492
[Per device settings]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.kernel.obscure.html#AEN1673
[Neighbor policy]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.kernel.obscure.html#AEN1730
[Routing settings]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.kernel.obscure.html#AEN1782
[Advanced _ less common queueing disciplines]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.adv-qdisc.html
[bfifo_pfifo]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.adv-qdisc.html#LARTC.ADV-QDISC.BFIFO-PFIFO
[Parameters _ usage]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.adv-qdisc.html#AEN1861
[Clark-Shenker-Zhang algorithm _CSZ]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.adv-qdisc.csz.html
[DSMARK]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.adv-qdisc.dsmark.html
[Introduction 1]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.adv-qdisc.dsmark.html#AEN1902
[What is Dsmark related to]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.adv-qdisc.dsmark.html#AEN1907
[Differentiated Services guidelines]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.adv-qdisc.dsmark.html#AEN1911
[Working with Dsmark]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.adv-qdisc.dsmark.html#AEN1919
[How SCH_DSMARK works.]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.adv-qdisc.dsmark.html#AEN1935
[TC_INDEX Filter]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.adv-qdisc.dsmark.html#AEN1952
[Ingress qdisc]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.adv-qdisc.ingress.html
[Parameters _ usage 1]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.adv-qdisc.ingress.html#AEN1980
[Random Early Detection _RED]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.adv-qdisc.red.html
[Generic Random Early Detection]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.adv-qdisc.gred.html
[VC_ATM emulation]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.adv-qdisc.vc-atm.html
[Weighted Round Robin _WRR]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.adv-qdisc.wrr.html
[Cookbook]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.cookbook.html
[Running multiple sites with different SLAs]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.cookbook.html#LARTC.COOKBOOK.SLA
[Protecting your host from SYN floods]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.cookbook.synflood-protect.html
[Rate limit ICMP to prevent dDoS]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.cookbook.icmp-ratelimit.html
[Prioritizing interactive traffic]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.cookbook.interactive-prio.html
[Transparent web-caching using netfilter_iproute2_ ipchains and squid]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.cookbook.squid.html
[Traffic flow diagram after implementation]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.cookbook.squid.html#AEN2139
[Circumventing Path MTU Discovery issues with per route MTU settings]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.cookbook.mtu-discovery.html
[Solution]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.cookbook.mtu-discovery.html#AEN2164
[Circumventing Path MTU Discovery issues with MSS Clamping _for ADSL_ cable_ PPPoE _ PPtP users]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.cookbook.mtu-mss.html
[The Ultimate Traffic Conditioner_ Low Latency_ Fast Up _ Downloads]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.cookbook.ultimate-tc.html
[Why it doesn_t work well by default]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.cookbook.ultimate-tc.html#AEN2210
[The actual script _CBQ]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.cookbook.ultimate-tc.html#AEN2233
[The actual script _HTB]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.cookbook.ultimate-tc.html#AEN2241
[Rate limiting a single host or netmask]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.ratelimit.single.html
[Example of a full nat solution with QoS]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.cookbook.fullnat.intro.html
[Let_s begin optimizing that scarce bandwidth]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.cookbook.fullnat.intro.html#AEN2279
[Classifying packets]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.cookbook.fullnat.intro.html#AEN2313
[Improving our setup]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.cookbook.fullnat.intro.html#AEN2333
[Making all of the above start at boot]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.cookbook.fullnat.intro.html#AEN2338
[Building bridges_ and pseudo-bridges with Proxy ARP]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.bridging.html
[State of bridging and iptables]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.bridging.html#LARTC.BRIDGING.IPTABLES
[Bridging and shaping]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.bridging.shaping.html
[Pseudo-bridges with Proxy-ARP]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.bridging.proxy-arp.html
[ARP _ Proxy-ARP]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.bridging.proxy-arp.html#AEN2364
[Implementing it]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.bridging.proxy-arp.html#AEN2371
[Dynamic routing - OSPF and BGP]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.dynamic-routing.html
[Setting up OSPF with Zebra]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.dynamic-routing.html#LARTC.DYNAMIC-ROUTING.OSPF
[Prerequisites 1]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.dynamic-routing.html#LARTC.DYNAMIC-ROUTING.OSPF.PREREQ
[Configuring Zebra]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.dynamic-routing.html#LARTC.DYNAMIC-ROUTING.OSPF.ZEBRACFG
[Running Zebra]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.dynamic-routing.html#LARTC.DYNAMIC-ROUTING.OSPF.RUNNING
[Setting up BGP4 with Zebra]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.dynamic-routing.bgp.html
[Network Map _Example]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.dynamic-routing.bgp.html#LARTC.DYNAMIC-ROUTING.BGP.NETMAP
[Configuration _Example]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.dynamic-routing.bgp.html#LARTC.DYNAMIC-ROUTING.BGP.CONFIG
[Checking Configuration]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.dynamic-routing.bgp.html#AEN2512
[Other possibilities 1]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.other.html
[Further reading]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.further.html
[Acknowledgements]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.ack.html