Linux /window 动态扩大硬盘空间

àì夳堔傛蜴生んèń 2022-08-07 10:51 212阅读 0赞

# 折腾了几天，才发现这个，放在这里，留作后用。 #

# 教程以虚拟机为例的 #

# How to manage volumes? #

## Table of content ##

*  [Introduction][]
 *  [Linux][]
 *  [Windows][]

# Introduction #

Every new compute instance comes with a pre-defined [ size of virtual disk space][size of virtual disk space].

Imagine you already have a compute instance in data center Rot DC1 where you want to install a Hana database. The database data should be stored on an extra virtual disk. The following section will guide you step-by-step through the process from creating a raw virtual disk to finally write to and read from the new filesystem.

# Linux #

## Basics ##

LVM stands for **Logical Volume Manager** and is a method to manage disk space dynamically on multiple harddrives. It adds an addional layer of abstraction between the filesystem and the harddrives.

Before starting with the creation of a new volume under Linux some terms needed to be explained.

### Physical volume ###

A **physical volume** is the real data storage of a LVM. It could be a partition or a whole harddrive.

### Volume group ###

A **volume group** is a container for at least one physical volume.

### Logical volume ###

A **logical volume** is like a partition inside a volume group. The **logical volume** can be used like a normal partition, meaning that filesystems can be created and it can be mounted.

### Scalability ###

LVM allows to resize physical volume, volume group and logical volume on the fly without reboot the system.

Note The filesystem inside the the logical volume needs to be resized as well.

## Step 1: Create a new volume ##

In the Monsoon Dashboard navigate to the project where the compute instance resides and click on the tab *Volume*.

Perform the following steps to create a new virtual disk in the same Availability Zone as the compute instance:

1.  Click on on the button *New Volume*.
2.  Give the volume a short description.
3.  Select the availability zone.
4.  Select the size of the virtual disk from 1 to 1024 GB.

![Image Alt Text][]

The newly created volume has the type *vmdk*, which is an open container format for virtual hard disk drives to be used in virtual machines. By clicking on the name of the volume more detailed information including the compute instances the volume is attached to are being displayed.

## Step 2: Attach volume to the compute instance ##

Once the the virtual disk is available you can attach the volume to your compute instances. Open the tool box of the volume and then click on ‘Attach’.

![Image Alt Text][Image Alt Text 1]

On the following screen select the server to which you want to attach the new volume. You can attach the volume only to servers within your project. When the volume is attached it appears in the operating system of the instance as a raw disk.

*  On Linux under */dev/monsoon/<volume-id>*. Additionally, it is also sensible to set an alias */dev/* under which the volume should also appear.

Important When setting an alias, you **cannot** choose a kernel reserved name like */dev/sda*.

![Image Alt Text][Image Alt Text 2]

Note Please be aware that you have created in this step a raw virtual disk only.

Note On Linux you can scan for all storage devices available on your machine with the command **lvmdiskscan**.

## Step 3: Create physical volume ##

Instead of applying the manual steps described below you can also use the [ sap-lvm cookbook][sap-lvm cookbook] to create and mount a Logical Volume.

### Create physical volume ###

In order to use the raw virtual disk in Linux you have to intialize the device as an LVM physical volume. The following command **pvcreate** initializes your device as an LVM physical volume for later use as part of an LVM logical volume.

The path to the virtual disk is `/dev/monsoon/<volume-id>` or if an alias was set it can also be accessed via `/dev/<alias>`.

Note This example will only use `/dev/monsoon/<volume-id>`.

sudo pvcreate /dev/monsoon/<volume-id>

### List physical volumes ###

You can view all physical volumes on your instance with the **pvdisplay** command.

sudo pvdisplay

Example output:

--- Physical volume ---
      PV Name               /dev/sda6
      VG Name               osvg
      PV Size               68.27 GiB / not usable 1.00 MiB
      Allocatable           yes 
      PE Size               4.00 MiB
      Total PE              17477
      Free PE               5821
      Allocated PE          11656
      PV UUID               qb8pns-Zj94-JFWl-HpQ6-BRBQ-V2RO-WPCeD9

Alternatively you can also use **pvs** command.

sudo pvs

Example output:

PV         VG   Fmt  Attr PSize   PFree
    /dev/sda2  main lvm2 a-   465,57G 311,57G

## Step 4: Create/Extend volume group ##

### Create volume group ###

Create an LVM volume group `<group>` with **vgcreate** command from the physical volume `/dev/monsoon/<volume-id>`.

sudo vgcreate <group> /dev/monsoon/<volume-id>

### Extend volume group ###

Expand an existing LVM volume group `<group>` with **vgextend** command by the physical volume `/dev/monsoon/<volume-id>`.

sudo vgextend <group> /dev/monsoon/<volume-id>

### List volume groups ###

You can view all volume groups on your instance with the **vgdisplay** command.

sudo vgdisplay

Example output:

--- Volume group ---
      VG Name               osvg
      System ID             
      Format                lvm2
      Metadata Areas        1
      Metadata Sequence No  7
      VG Access             read/write
      VG Status             resizable
      MAX LV                0
      Cur LV                3
      Open LV               3
      Max PV                0
      Cur PV                1
      Act PV                1
      VG Size               68.27 GiB
      PE Size               4.00 MiB
      Total PE              17477
      Alloc PE / Size       11656 / 45.53 GiB
      Free  PE / Size       5821 / 22.74 GiB
      VG UUID               GY8Uou-MFzC-JkWf-ZP1g-JATj-9NUd-mlHcqK

Alternatively use the **vgs** command.

sudo vgs

Example output:

VG   #PV #LV #SN Attr   VSize   VFree
    main   1   6   0 wz--n- 465,57G 311,57G

Note Use the **vgscan** command to verify the LVM configuration of the volume group .

## Step 5: Create/Extend logical volume ##

### Create logical volume ###

Use the **lvcreate** command to create the appropriate logical volume `<volume>` that uses all of the unallocated space within the volume group `<group>`.

sudo lvcreate -l 100%FREE -n <volume> <group>

### Extend logical volume ###

To extend an existing logical volume `/dev/<group>/<volum>` use the **lvextend** command that uses all of the unallocated space of the volume `/dev/monsoon/<volume-id>`.

sudo lvextend /dev/<group>/<volum> /dev/monsoon/<volume-id>

### List logical volumes ###

You can view all volume groups on your instance with the **lvdisplay** command.

sudo lvdisplay

Example output:

--- Logical volume ---
      LV Name                /dev/osvg/lvroot
      VG Name                osvg
      LV UUID                F9hXgF-gj8B-Rdgh-efVD-p1Er-SkKN-qWx18U
      LV Write Access        read/write
      LV Status              available
      # open                 1
      LV Size                18.62 GiB
      Current LE             4768
      Segments               1
      Allocation             inherit
      Read ahead sectors     auto
      - currently set to     256
      Block device           252:1

Alternatively use the **lvs** command.

sudo lvs

Example output:

LV         VG   Attr   LSize  Origin Snap%  Move Log Copy%
    home       main -wi-ao 70,00G
    music      main -wi-ao 20,00G
    root       main -wi-ao 20,00G
    swap       main -wi-ao  2,00G
    tmp        main -wi-ao  2,00G
    virtualbox main -wi-ao 40,00G

Note Use the **lvscan** command to verify the LVM configuration of the logical volume.

## Step 6: Create/Extend filesystem ##

### Create filesystem ###

Without a file system nothing can be saved on a logical volume. Perform the  **mkfs** command to format the logical volume.

sudo mkfs.ext3 /dev/<group>/<volume>

### Extend filesystem ###

To extend an existing filesystem on the logical volume `<volume>` with the volume group `<group>` use the command **resize2fs**.

sudo resize2fs /dev/<group>/<volume>

## Step 7: Mount logical volume ##

Before accessing a new filesystem it is necessary to mount it. First create the directory `<directory>` and then mount the logical volume.

sudo mkdir <directory>
    sudo mount /dev/<group>/<volume> <directory>

Run the command **df -h** and you should see your logical volume in the output.

Example output:

Filesystem                                          Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
    /dev/mapper/packer--UBUNTU1204--BUILD--54--vg-root  137G   36G   96G  27% /
    udev                                                7.9G   12K  7.9G   1% /dev
    tmpfs                                               1.6G  268K  1.6G   1% /run
    none                                                5.0M     0  5.0M   0% /run/lock
    none                                                7.9G     0  7.9G   0% /run/shm
    /dev/sda1                                           228M   56M  161M  26% /boot

## Step 8: Access the logical volume ##

Congratulations! You have set up the LVM volume on your compute instance. Now you can write to and read from `<directory>`.

touch <directory>/hello.world
    ls <directory>

Note Use the commands **chown** and **chmod** if you need to change the owner or permissions of `<directory>`.

## Step 9: Automatically mount the logical volume ##

In order to mount the logical volume automatically when the instance boots, add the following line to the */etc/fstab* file.

/dev/<group>/<volume> <directory> ext3 rw,noatime 0 0

After restarting the instance run the command **df -h** and you should see that the logical volume is mounted on `<directory>`.

# Create a simple or striped dynamic Volume/Drive on Windows #

## Step 1: Create a new volume ##

In the Monsoon Dashboard navigate to the project where the compute instance resides and click on the tab *Volume*.

Perform the following steps to create a new virtual disk in the same Availability Zone as the compute instance:

1.  Click on on the button *New Volume*.
2.  Give the volume a short description.
3.  Select the availability zone.
4.  Select the size of the virtual disk from 1 to 1024 GB.

![Image Alt Text][]

## Step 2: Attach volume to the compute instance ##

Once the the virtual disk is available you can attach the volume to your compute instances. Open the tool box of the volume and then click on ‘Attach’.

![Image Alt Text][Image Alt Text 1]

*  On Windows Server in Disk Manager as Disk\[1-n\]. The Disk Manager can be found in *All Programs -> Administrative Tools -> Server Manager -> Storage -> Disk Management*.

Note Setting an alias affects only on Linux, on windows no alias/name is configurable at that time

![Image Alt Text][Image Alt Text 3]

Note Please be aware that you have created in this step a raw virtual disk only.

## Step 3: Open disk manager ##

3.1 Connect to your Windows system via Remote Desktop Connection.

3.2 Open Server Manager

![Image Alt Text][Image Alt Text 4]

3.3 On navigation select Storage/Disk Management

3.3 On main window you should see your created disk in mode uninitialzed and unallocated

![Image Alt Text][Image Alt Text 3]

## Step 4: Take disk online and initialize it ##

4.1 Right click on on disk and take it online

![Image Alt Text][Image Alt Text 5]

4.2 Right click on disk and initialize it

![Image Alt Text][Image Alt Text 6]

4.3 Also select partition style

![Image Alt Text][Image Alt Text 7]

## Step 5A: Create a formatted simple Volume/Drive ##

5.1 Right click on new volume and select “New Simple Volume…”

![Image Alt Text][Image Alt Text 8]

5.2 Follow the steps of wizzard

![Image Alt Text][Image Alt Text 9]

5.3 Set size

![Image Alt Text][Image Alt Text 10]

5.4 Set drive letter

![Image Alt Text][Image Alt Text 11]

5.5 Set file system (NTFS is default)

![Image Alt Text][Image Alt Text 12]

5.6 Check summary and start formatting

![Image Alt Text][Image Alt Text 13]

5.7 You should now see your new created simple Volume/Drive

![Image Alt Text][Image Alt Text 14]

## Step 5B: Create striped Volume ##

Note In order to create a **dynamic/stripped volume** on Windows you need to create at least 2 volumes on the Monsoon platform, attach to your instance and perform the steps 3 and 4 on both volumes.

5.1 Right click on on of your new Volumes and click on “New Sliced Volume…”

![Image Alt Text][Image Alt Text 15]

5.2 Follow the steps of Striped Volume Wizard

![Image Alt Text][Image Alt Text 16]

5.3 The first new Volume will be selected by default, you have to add at least one additional disk

![Image Alt Text][Image Alt Text 17]

![Image Alt Text][Image Alt Text 18]

5.4 Choose a drive letter

![Image Alt Text][Image Alt Text 19]

5.5 Choose file system (NTFS is default)

![Image Alt Text][Image Alt Text 20]

5.6 Check the summary and start volume formatting

![Image Alt Text][Image Alt Text 21]

5.7 Disks must be converted to dynamic mode - confirm, click on yes

![Image Alt Text][Image Alt Text 22]

5.8 You should now see your new Sliced Volume/Drive in diskmanager

![Image Alt Text][Image Alt Text 23]

转自： [https://monsoon.mo.sap.corp/training/compute/create-volume/][https_monsoon.mo.sap.corp_training_compute_create-volume]

[Introduction]: https://monsoon.mo.sap.corp/training/compute/create-volume/#intro
[Linux]: https://monsoon.mo.sap.corp/training/compute/create-volume/#linux
[Windows]: https://monsoon.mo.sap.corp/training/compute/create-volume/#windows
[size of virtual disk space]: https://monsoon.mo.sap.corp/docs/compute/instance/#ityp
[Image Alt Text]: https://monsoon.mo.sap.corp/images/docs/volumes-01.png?1420463165
[Image Alt Text 1]: https://monsoon.mo.sap.corp/images/docs/volumes-02.png?1420463165
[Image Alt Text 2]: https://monsoon.mo.sap.corp/images/docs/volumes-03.png?1420463165
[sap-lvm cookbook]: https://shelf.mo.sap.corp/cookbooks/sap-lvm
[Image Alt Text 3]: https://monsoon.mo.sap.corp/images/compute/created_disk_1.png?1420463165
[Image Alt Text 4]: https://monsoon.mo.sap.corp/images/compute/open_servermanager.png?1420463165
[Image Alt Text 5]: https://monsoon.mo.sap.corp/images/compute/take_online_disk_1.png?1420463165
[Image Alt Text 6]: https://monsoon.mo.sap.corp/images/compute/initialize_disk_1.png?1420463165
[Image Alt Text 7]: https://monsoon.mo.sap.corp/images/compute/initialize_mbr_disk_1.png?1420463165
[Image Alt Text 8]: https://monsoon.mo.sap.corp/images/compute/create_simple_volume_1.png?1420463165
[Image Alt Text 9]: https://monsoon.mo.sap.corp/images/compute/create_simple_wizard_1.png?1420463165
[Image Alt Text 10]: https://monsoon.mo.sap.corp/images/compute/create_simple_wizard_2.png?1420463165
[Image Alt Text 11]: https://monsoon.mo.sap.corp/images/compute/create_simple_wizard_3.png?1420463165
[Image Alt Text 12]: https://monsoon.mo.sap.corp/images/compute/create_simple_wizard_4.png?1420463165
[Image Alt Text 13]: https://monsoon.mo.sap.corp/images/compute/create_simple_wizard_5.png?1420463165
[Image Alt Text 14]: https://monsoon.mo.sap.corp/images/compute/created_simple.png?1420463165
[Image Alt Text 15]: https://monsoon.mo.sap.corp/images/compute/create_slized_volume_1.png?1420463165
[Image Alt Text 16]: https://monsoon.mo.sap.corp/images/compute/create_slized_wizard_1.png?1420463165
[Image Alt Text 17]: https://monsoon.mo.sap.corp/images/compute/create_slized_wizard_2.png?1420463165
[Image Alt Text 18]: https://monsoon.mo.sap.corp/images/compute/create_slized_wizard_3.png?1420463165
[Image Alt Text 19]: https://monsoon.mo.sap.corp/images/compute/create_slized_wizard_4.png?1420463165
[Image Alt Text 20]: https://monsoon.mo.sap.corp/images/compute/create_slized_wizard_5.png?1420463165
[Image Alt Text 21]: https://monsoon.mo.sap.corp/images/compute/create_slized_wizard_6.png?1420463165
[Image Alt Text 22]: https://monsoon.mo.sap.corp/images/compute/create_slized_wizard_7.png?1420463165
[Image Alt Text 23]: https://monsoon.mo.sap.corp/images/compute/created_slized_volume_1.png?1420463165
[https_monsoon.mo.sap.corp_training_compute_create-volume]: https://monsoon.mo.sap.corp/training/compute/create-volume/