ExecutorService、Callable、Future Dear 丶 2022-08-09 00:45 223阅读 0赞 在Java中,如果需要设定代码执行的最长时间,即超时,可以用Java线程池ExecutorService类配合Future接口来实现。 Future接口是Java标准API的一部分,在java.util.concurrent包中。Future接口是Java线程Future模式的实现,可以来进行异步计算。 Future模式可以这样来描述:我有一个任务,提交给了Future,Future替我完成这个任务。期间我自己可以去做任何想做的事情。一段时间之后,我就便可以从Future那儿取出结果。就相当于下了一张订货单,一段时间后可以拿着提订单来提货,这期间可以干别的任何事情。其中Future 接口就是订货单,真正处理订单的是Executor类,它根据Future接口的要求来生产产品。 Future接口提供方法来检测任务是否被执行完,等待任务执行完获得结果,也可以设置任务执行的超时时间。这个设置超时的方法就是实现Java程序执行超时的关键。 Future接口是一个泛型接口,严格的格式应该是Future<V>,其中V代表了Future执行的任务返回值的类型。 Future<V>代表一个异步执行的操作,通过get()方法可以获得操作的结果,如果异步操作还没有完成,则,get()会使当前线程阻塞。FutureTask<V>实现了Future<V>和Runable<V>。Callable代表一个有返回值得操作。 Executors类,提供了一系列工厂方法用于创先线程池,返回的线程池都实现了ExecutorService接口。 public static ExecutorService newFixedThreadPool(int nThreads) 创建固定数目线程的线程池。 public static ExecutorService newCachedThreadPool() 创建一个可缓存的线程池,调用execute 将重用以前构造的线程(如果线程可用)。如果现有线程没有可用的,则创建一个新线程并添加到池中。终止并从缓存中移除那些已有 60 秒钟未被使用的线程。 public static ExecutorService newSingleThreadExecutor() 创建一个单线程化的Executor。 public static ScheduledExecutorService newScheduledThreadPool(int corePoolSize) 创建一个支持定时及周期性的任务执行的线程池,多数情况下可用来替代Timer类。 下面看3个小例子: 例1: package com.paincupid.springmvc; import java.util.concurrent.*; import java.util.Date; import java.util.List; import java.util.ArrayList; @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") public class Test { public static void main(String[] args) throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException { System.out.println("----程序开始运行----"); Date date1 = new Date(); int taskSize = 5; // 创建一个线程池 ExecutorService pool = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(taskSize); // 创建多个有返回值的任务 List<Future> list = new ArrayList<Future>(); for (int i = 0; i < taskSize; i++) { Callable c = new MyCallable(i + " "); // 执行任务并获取Future对象 Future f = pool.submit(c); list.add(f); } // 关闭线程池 pool.shutdown(); // 获取所有并发任务的运行结果 for (Future f : list) { // 从Future对象上获取任务的返回值,并输出到控制台 System.out.println(">>>" + f.get().toString()); } Date date2 = new Date(); System.out.println("----程序结束运行----,程序运行时间【" + (date2.getTime() - date1.getTime()) + "毫秒】"); } } class MyCallable implements Callable { private String taskNum; MyCallable(String taskNum) { this.taskNum = taskNum; } public Object call() throws Exception { System.out.println(">>>" + taskNum + "任务启动"); Date dateTmp1 = new Date(); Thread.sleep(1000); Date dateTmp2 = new Date(); long time = dateTmp2.getTime() - dateTmp1.getTime(); System.out.println(">>>" + taskNum + "任务终止"); return taskNum + "任务返回运行结果,当前任务时间【" + time + "毫秒】"; } } 例2: package com.paincupid.springmvc; import java.util.ArrayList; import java.util.List; import java.util.concurrent.Callable; import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException; import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService; import java.util.concurrent.Executors; import java.util.concurrent.Future; import java.util.concurrent.FutureTask; /** * * @author paincupid * 本例原文,推荐地址:http://www.iteye.com/topic/366591 */ public class ConcurrentCalculator { private ExecutorService exec; private int cpuCoreNumber; private List<Future<Long>> tasks = new ArrayList<Future<Long>>(); // 内部类 class SumCalculator implements Callable<Long> { private int[] numbers; private int start; private int end; public SumCalculator(final int[] numbers, int start, int end) { this.numbers = numbers; this.start = start; this.end = end; } public Long call() throws Exception { Long sum = 0l; for (int i = start; i < end; i++) { sum += numbers[i]; } return sum; } } public ConcurrentCalculator() { cpuCoreNumber = Runtime.getRuntime().availableProcessors(); exec = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(cpuCoreNumber); } public Long sum(final int[] numbers) { // 根据CPU核心个数拆分任务,创建FutureTask并提交到Executor for (int i = 0; i < cpuCoreNumber; i++) { int increment = numbers.length / cpuCoreNumber + 1; int start = increment * i; int end = increment * i + increment; if (end > numbers.length) end = numbers.length; SumCalculator subCalc = new SumCalculator(numbers, start, end); FutureTask<Long> task = new FutureTask<Long>(subCalc); tasks.add(task); if (!exec.isShutdown()) { exec.submit(task); } } return getResult(); } /** * 迭代每个只任务,获得部分和,相加返回 * * @return */ public Long getResult() { Long result = 0l; for (Future<Long> task : tasks) { try { // 如果计算未完成则阻塞 Long subSum = task.get(); result += subSum; } catch (InterruptedException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } catch (ExecutionException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } } return result; } public void close() { exec.shutdown(); } public static void main(String[] args) throws ExecutionException,InterruptedException { int[] numbers = new int[] { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11 }; ConcurrentCalculator calc = new ConcurrentCalculator(); Long sum = calc.sum(numbers); System.out.println(sum); calc.close(); } } 在刚在的例子中,getResult()方法的实现过程中,迭代了FutureTask的数组,如果任务还没有完成则当前线程会阻塞,如果我们希望任意字任务完成后就把其结果加到result中,而不用依次等待每个任务完成,可以使CompletionService。生产者submit()执行的任务。使用者take()已完成的任务,并按照完成这些任务的顺序处理它们的结果 。也就是调用CompletionService的take方法是,会返回按完成顺序放回任务的结果,CompletionService内部维护了一个阻塞队列BlockingQueue,如果没有任务完成,take()方法也会阻塞。修改刚才的例子使用CompletionService: 例3: package com.paincupid.springmvc; import java.util.concurrent.Callable; import java.util.concurrent.CompletionService; import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException; import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorCompletionService; import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService; import java.util.concurrent.Executors; public class ConcurrentCalculator2 { private ExecutorService exec; private CompletionService<Long> completionService; private int cpuCoreNumber; // 内部类 class SumCalculator implements Callable<Long> { private int[] numbers; private int start; private int end; public SumCalculator(final int[] numbers, int start, int end) { this.numbers = numbers; this.start = start; this.end = end; } public Long call() throws Exception { Long sum = 0l; for (int i = start; i < end; i++) { sum += numbers[i]; } return sum; } } public ConcurrentCalculator2() { cpuCoreNumber = Runtime.getRuntime().availableProcessors(); exec = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(cpuCoreNumber); completionService = new ExecutorCompletionService<Long>(exec); } public Long sum(final int[] numbers) { // 根据CPU核心个数拆分任务,创建FutureTask并提交到Executor for (int i = 0; i < cpuCoreNumber; i++) { int increment = numbers.length / cpuCoreNumber + 1; int start = increment * i; int end = increment * i + increment; if (end > numbers.length) end = numbers.length; SumCalculator subCalc = new SumCalculator(numbers, start, end); if (!exec.isShutdown()) { completionService.submit(subCalc); } } return getResult(); } /** * 迭代每个只任务,获得部分和,相加返回 * * @return */ public Long getResult() { Long result = 0l; for (int i = 0; i < cpuCoreNumber; i++) { try { Long subSum = completionService.take().get(); result += subSum; } catch (InterruptedException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } catch (ExecutionException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } } return result; } public void close() { exec.shutdown(); } public static void main(String[] args) throws ExecutionException,InterruptedException { int[] numbers = new int[] { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11 }; ConcurrentCalculator calc = new ConcurrentCalculator(); Long sum = calc.sum(numbers); System.out.println(sum); calc.close(); } } 最后附上类图关系: ![20150929000535798][] [20150929000535798]: /images/20220731/eb9b012fbc4d46798e23511145fa7719.png
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