《Java 8函数式编程》读书记录(1)

我就是我 2022-08-23 05:53 89阅读 0赞

# Chapter 6 DataParallelism #

## 6.1 并行化流操作 ##

Data parallelism is a way to split up work to be done on many cores at the same time .  
计算一组专辑的曲目总长度，拿到每张album, 得到List< Track>信息， 通过flatMap组成新的Track Stream, 然后mapToInt计算每个Track的length：

public int serialArraySum() {
        return albums.stream()
                     .flatMap(Album::getTracks)
                     .mapToInt(Track::getLength)
                     .sum();
    }
    
    /* public Stream<Track> getTracks() { return tracks.stream(); // List<Track> Stream } */

并行化处理：

public int parallelArraySum() {
        return albums.parallelStream()
                     .flatMap(Album::getTracks)
                     .mapToInt(Track::getLength)
                     .sum();
    }

根据性能好坏，we can split up common data source from the core library into three main groups by performance characteristics(性能) :

*  The good(性能好)  
    An `ArrayList`, an `array` , or the `IntStream.range` constructor. These data sources all support random access, which means they can be split up arbitrarily with ease.
 *  The Okay(性能一般)  
    The `HashSet` and `TreeSet`. You can’t easily decompose these with perfect amounts of balance, but most of the time it’s possible to do so.
 *  The Bad(性能差)  
    Some data structures just don’t split well; for example, they may take O(N) time to decompose. Example here include a `LinkedList`, which is computationally hard to split in half.Also, `Streams.iterate` and `BufferedReader.lines` have unknown length at the beginning, so it’s pretty hard to estimate when to split these sources.

在讨论流中单独操作每一块的种类时，we can differentiate between two types of stream operation: stateless(无状态的) and stateful(有状态的)。Stateless operations need to maintain no concept of state over the whole operation; stateful operations have the overhead and constraint of maintaining state.

If you can get a way with using stateless operations, then you will get better parallel performance. Examples of stateless operations include `map`, `filter`, and `flatMap`; `sorted`, `distinct`, and `limit` are stateful.

## 6.2 Parallel Array Operations(并行化数组操作) ##

These operations are all located on the utility class Arrays.

Parallel operations on arrays:  
![这里写图片描述][20160611114808769]

Initializing an array using a for loop:

public static double[] imperativeInitilize(int size) {
        double[] values = new double[size];
        for(int i = 0; i < values.length;i++) {
            values[i] = i;
        }
        return values;
    }

Using `parallelSetAll` method in order to do this easily in parallel.  
eg:

public static double[] parallelInitialize(int size) {
        double[] values = new double[size];
        Arrays.parallelSetAll(values, i -> i);
        return values;
    }

## 6.3 More Example ##

// 求平方和 
        public static int sumOfSquares(IntStream range) {
            return range.parallel()
                        .map(x -> x * x)
                        .sum();
        }
    
        public static int sequentialSumOfSquares(IntStream range) {
            return range.map(x -> x * x)
                        .sum();
        }
    
    // 并行化执行，注意初始值不能设为其他值，除了1
    // 初值须为函数的恒等值，用恒等值和其他值做reduce操作时，
    // 其他值保持不变
        public static int multiplyThrough(List<Integer> numbers) {
            return 5 * numbers.parallelStream()
                              .reduce(1, (acc, x) -> x * acc);
        }

在来比较一个：

// fast 
        public int fastSumOfSquares() {
            return arrayListOfNumbers.parallelStream()
                                     .mapToInt(x -> x * x)
                                     .sum();
        }
    // slowly
       public int slowSumOfSquares() {
            return linkedListOfNumbers.parallelStream()
                                      .map(x -> x * x)
                                      .reduce(0, (acc, x) -> acc + x);
        }

# Chapter 7. Testing, Debugging, and Refactoring #

## 7.1 Refactor example ##

ThreadLocal<Album> thisAlbum = new ThreadLocal<Album>() {
        @Override 
        protected Album initialValue() {
            return database.lookupCurrentAlbum();
        }
    }
    
    // other
    ThreadLocal<Album> thisAlbum = ThreadLocal.withInitial(() -> database.lookupCurrentAlbum());

More examples:  
1) refactor step1

/** * Album 专辑 * Track 专辑里的歌曲 */
        // 计算所有专辑歌曲的时间
        public long countRunningTime(List<Album> albums) {
            long count = 0;
            for (Album album : albums) {
                for (Track track : album.getTrackList()) {
                    count += track.getLength();
                }
            }
            return count;
        }
    
        // 计算所有专辑有多少音乐家 
        public long countMusicians(List<Album> albums) {
            long count = 0;
            for (Album album : albums) {
                count += album.getMusicianList().size();
            }
            return count;
        }
    
        // 计算所有专辑有多少首歌曲
        public long countTracks(List<Album> albums) {
            long count = 0;
            for (Album album : albums) {
                count += album.getTrackList().size();
            }
            return count;
        }

2) refactor step2

/** * Album 专辑 * Track 专辑里的歌曲 */
        // 计算所有专辑歌曲的时间
        public long countRunningTime(List<Album> albums) {
            return albums.stream().mapToLong(
              album -> album.getTracks().mapToLong(track -> track.getLength()).sum()      
            ).sum();
        }
    
        // 计算所有专辑有多少音乐家
        public long countMusicians(List<Album> albums) {
            return albums.stream().mapToLong(
                    album -> album.getMusicianList().size()
            ).sum();
        }
    
        // 计算所有专辑有多少首歌曲
        public long countTracks(List<Album> albums) {
            return albums.stream().mapToLong(
                    album -> album.getTrackList().size()
            ).sum();
        }

3) refactor step3  
ToLongFunction  
![这里写图片描述][20160613001057841]

/** * Album 专辑 * Track 专辑里的歌曲 */
        // 计算所有专辑歌曲的时间
        public long countRunningTime(List<Album> albums) {
            return contFeature(album -> album.getTracks().mapToLong(track -> track.getLength()).sum(), albums);
        }
    
        // 计算所有专辑有多少音乐家
        public long countMusicians(List<Album> albums) {
            return contFeature(album -> album.getMusicianList().size(), albums);
        }
    
        // 计算所有专辑有多少首歌曲
        public long countTracks(List<Album> albums) {
            return contFeature(album -> album.getTrackList().size(), albums);
        }
    
        public long contFeature(ToLongFunction<Album> function, List<Album> albums) {
            return albums.stream().mapToLong(function).sum();
        }

## 7.2 Unit Test ##

// Converting strings into their uppercase equivalents
        public static List<String> allToUpperCase(List<String> words) {
            return words.stream().map(str -> str.toUpperCase()).collect(Collectors.toList());
        }
    
    public static List<String> elementFirstToUpperCaseLambdas(List<String> words) {
            return words.stream().map(
                    value -> {
                        char firstChar = Character.toUpperCase(value.charAt(0));
                        return firstChar + value.substring(1);
                    }
            ).collect(Collectors.toList());
        }

Do use method references:

public class UnitTest {
        public static List<String> elementFirstToUpperCaseLambdasMethodRef(List<String> words) {
            return words.stream().map(
                  UnitTest::firstToUpperCase
            ).collect(Collectors.toList());
        }
    
        public static String firstToUpperCase(String value) {
            char firstChar = Character.toUpperCase(value.charAt(0));
            return firstChar + value.substring(1);
        }    
    }

The Solution: peek

public static Set<String> forEachLoggingFailure(Album album) {
            album.getMusicians()
                 .filter(artist -> artist.getName().startsWith("The"))
                 .map(artist -> artist.getNationality())
                 .forEach(nationality -> System.out.println("Found: " + nationality));
    
            Set<String> nationalities
                = album.getMusicians()
                       .filter(artist -> artist.getName().startsWith("The"))
                       .map(artist -> artist.getNationality())
                       .collect(Collectors.toSet());
                    return nationalities;
        }

The streams library contains a method that lets you look at each value in turn and also lets you continue to operate on the same underlying stream.It’s called peek.

public static Set<String> nationalityReportUsingPeek(Album album) {
            Set<String> nationalities
                = album.getMusicians()
                       .filter(artist -> artist.getName().startsWith("The"))
                       .map(artist -> artist.getNationality())
                       .peek(nation -> System.out.println("Found nationality: " + nation))
                       .collect(Collectors.toSet());
                    return nationalities;
        }

这样还可以使用peek进行日志记录。

## Chapter 8. Design and Architectural Principles ##

> The critical design tool for software development is a mind well educated in design principles. It is not…technology.

[20160611114808769]: /images/20220721/9216163ed489482792808da31f65f865.png
[20160613001057841]: /images/20220721/c72c65bdf2684c1580d35be24877e34e.png