23-Linux-软件包管理-YUM

迈不过友情╰ 2022-08-24 14:26 224阅读 0赞

![SouthEast][]

# 由来 #

RPM软件包形式管理软件虽然方便, 但是需要手工解决软件包的依赖关系.  
有时安装一个软件需要首先安装几十上百个其他软件, 手工解决则过于复杂.  
YUM的出现就是为了解决这个问题的.

# 说明 #

YUM, Yellowdog Updater Modified.  
是一个RPM的前端程序, 主要作用就是 自动解决RPM的依赖关系.

# 特点 #

自动解决依赖关系  
可以对RPM进行分组, 以组为单位进行批量安装操作  
引入仓库的概念, 且支持多个仓库  
配置简单

# 仓库 #

##  说明 ##

repository, repo  
仓库 存放着大量的RPM软件包,  
当使用YUM安装一个RPM包时, 会自动在仓库中查找依赖软件并安装.

##  仓库类型 ##

本地的  
通过 FILE协议 方式访问  
网络的  
通过 HTTP、FTP、NFS协议 方式访问

##  配置文件 ##

位置: /etc/yum.repos.d  
格式  
\[仓库名称\]  
name = 仓库的描述信息  
baseurl = http://www.foo.org/yum/rpms  
enabled = 0或1, 该仓库是否启用, 默认为1  
gpgcheck = 0或1, 是否校验  
注意  
YUM配置文件必须以".repo"结尾  
一个配置文件可以配置多个仓库  
/etc/yum.repos.d 目录下可以存在多个配置文件  
示例 : /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo

[root@wuqinfei yum.repos.d]# pwd
    /etc/yum.repos.d
    
    [root@wuqinfei yum.repos.d]# ls -l
    total 16
    -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 1926 Jun 26  2012 CentOS-Base.repo
    -rw-r--r--. 1 root root  637 Jun 26  2012 CentOS-Debuginfo.repo
    -rw-r--r--. 1 root root  626 Jun 26  2012 CentOS-Media.repo
    -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 2593 Jun 26  2012 CentOS-Vault.repo
    
    [root@wuqinfei yum.repos.d]# vim CentOS-Base.repo
    # CentOS-Base.repo
    #
    # The mirror system uses the connecting IP address of the client and the
    # update status of each mirror to pick mirrors that are updated to and
    # geographically close to the client.  You should use this for CentOS updates
    # unless you are manually picking other mirrors.
    #
    # If the mirrorlist= does not work for you, as a fall back you can try the
    # remarked out baseurl= line instead.
    #
    #
    
    [base]
    name=CentOS-$releasever - Base
    mirrorlist=http://mirrorlist.centos.org/?release=$releasever&arch=$basearch&repo=os
    #baseurl=http://mirror.centos.org/centos/$releasever/os/$basearch/
    gpgcheck=1
    gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-6
    
    #released updates
    [updates]
    name=CentOS-$releasever - Updates
    mirrorlist=http://mirrorlist.centos.org/?release=$releasever&arch=$basearch&repo=updates
    #baseurl=http://mirror.centos.org/centos/$releasever/updates/$basearch/
    gpgcheck=1
    gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-6

# 基本命令 #

yum install software-name 安装指定软件

[root@wuqinfei yum.repos.d]# yum install tigervnc
    Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security
    Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
     * base: centos.ustc.edu.cn
     * extras: centos.ustc.edu.cn
     * updates: centos.ustc.edu.cn
    Setting up Install Process
    Resolving Dependencies
    --> Running transaction check
    ---> Package tigervnc.i686 0:1.1.0-8.el6_5 will be installed
    --> Finished Dependency Resolution
    
    Dependencies Resolved
    
    ================================================================================
     Package           Arch          Version                 Repository        Size
    ================================================================================
    Installing:
     tigervnc          i686          1.1.0-8.el6_5           updates          266 k
    
    Transaction Summary
    ================================================================================
    Install       1 Package(s)
    
    Total download size: 266 k
    Installed size: 683 k
    Is this ok [y/N]: y
    Downloading Packages:
    tigervnc-1.1.0-8.el6_5.i686.rpm                          | 266 kB     00:06
    warning: rpmts_HdrFromFdno: Header V3 RSA/SHA1 Signature, key ID c105b9de: NOKEY
    Retrieving key from file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-6
    Importing GPG key 0xC105B9DE:
     Userid : CentOS-6 Key (CentOS 6 Official Signing Key) <centos-6-key@centos.org>
     Package: centos-release-6-3.el6.centos.9.i686 (@anaconda-CentOS-201207051201.i386/6.3)
     From   : /etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-6
    Is this ok [y/N]: y
    Running rpm_check_debug
    Running Transaction Test
    Transaction Test Succeeded
    Running Transaction
      Installing : tigervnc-1.1.0-8.el6_5.i686                                  1/1
      Verifying  : tigervnc-1.1.0-8.el6_5.i686                                  1/1
    
    Installed:
      tigervnc.i686 0:1.1.0-8.el6_5
    
    Complete!
    
    
    [root@wuqinfei yum.repos.d]# rpm -qi tigervnc
    Name        : tigervnc                     Relocations: (not relocatable)
    Version     : 1.1.0                             Vendor: CentOS
    Release     : 8.el6_5                       Build Date: Tue 04 Feb 2014 01:21:41 PM CST
    Install Date: Sun 09 Feb 2014 10:16:27 PM CST      Build Host: c6b9.bsys.dev.centos.org
    Group       : User Interface/Desktops       Source RPM: tigervnc-1.1.0-8.el6_5.src.rpm
    Size        : 699901                           License: GPLv2+
    Signature   : RSA/SHA1, Tue 04 Feb 2014 01:35:59 PM CST, Key ID 0946fca2c105b9de
    Packager    : CentOS BuildSystem <http://bugs.centos.org>
    URL         : http://www.tigervnc.com
    Summary     : A TigerVNC remote display system
    Description :
    Virtual Network Computing (VNC) is a remote display system which
    allows you to view a computing 'desktop' environment not only on the
    machine where it is running, but from anywhere on the Internet and
    from a wide variety of machine architectures.  This package contains a
    client which will allow you to connect to other desktops running a VNC
    server.

yum remove software-name 卸载~

[root@wuqinfei yum.repos.d]# yum remove tigervnc
    Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security
    Setting up Remove Process
    Resolving Dependencies
    --> Running transaction check
    ---> Package tigervnc.i686 0:1.1.0-8.el6_5 will be erased
    --> Finished Dependency Resolution
    
    Dependencies Resolved
    
    ================================================================================
     Package           Arch          Version                Repository         Size
    ================================================================================
    Removing:
     tigervnc          i686          1.1.0-8.el6_5          @updates          683 k
    
    Transaction Summary
    ================================================================================
    Remove        1 Package(s)
    
    Installed size: 683 k
    Is this ok [y/N]: y
    Downloading Packages:
    Running rpm_check_debug
    Running Transaction Test
    Transaction Test Succeeded
    Running Transaction
      Erasing    : tigervnc-1.1.0-8.el6_5.i686                                  1/1
      Verifying  : tigervnc-1.1.0-8.el6_5.i686                                  1/1
    
    Removed:
      tigervnc.i686 0:1.1.0-8.el6_5
    
    Complete!

yum update software-name 升级~  
示例: 安装 gcc

[root@wuqinfei yum.repos.d]# yum install gcc.i686
    Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security
    Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
     * base: centos.ustc.edu.cn
     * extras: centos.ustc.edu.cn
     * updates: centos.ustc.edu.cn
    Setting up Install Process
    Resolving Dependencies
    --> Running transaction check
    ---> Package gcc.i686 0:4.4.7-4.el6 will be installed
    --> Processing Dependency: libgomp = 4.4.7-4.el6 for package: gcc-4.4.7-4.el6.i686
    --> Processing Dependency: cpp = 4.4.7-4.el6 for package: gcc-4.4.7-4.el6.i686
    --> Processing Dependency: libgcc >= 4.4.7-4.el6 for package: gcc-4.4.7-4.el6.i686
    --> Processing Dependency: glibc-devel >= 2.2.90-12 for package: gcc-4.4.7-4.el6.i686
    --> Processing Dependency: cloog-ppl >= 0.15 for package: gcc-4.4.7-4.el6.i686
    --> Running transaction check
    ---> Package cloog-ppl.i686 0:0.15.7-1.2.el6 will be installed
    --> Processing Dependency: libppl_c.so.2 for package: cloog-ppl-0.15.7-1.2.el6.i686
    --> Processing Dependency: libppl.so.7 for package: cloog-ppl-0.15.7-1.2.el6.i686
    ---> Package cpp.i686 0:4.4.7-4.el6 will be installed
    --> Processing Dependency: libmpfr.so.1 for package: cpp-4.4.7-4.el6.i686
    ---> Package glibc-devel.i686 0:2.12-1.132.el6 will be installed
    --> Processing Dependency: glibc-headers = 2.12-1.132.el6 for package: glibc-devel-2.12-1.132.el6.i686
    --> Processing Dependency: glibc = 2.12-1.132.el6 for package: glibc-devel-2.12-1.132.el6.i686
    --> Processing Dependency: glibc-headers for package: glibc-devel-2.12-1.132.el6.i686
    ---> Package libgcc.i686 0:4.4.6-4.el6 will be updated
    ---> Package libgcc.i686 0:4.4.7-4.el6 will be an update
    ---> Package libgomp.i686 0:4.4.6-4.el6 will be updated
    ---> Package libgomp.i686 0:4.4.7-4.el6 will be an update
    --> Running transaction check
    ---> Package glibc.i686 0:2.12-1.80.el6 will be updated
    --> Processing Dependency: glibc = 2.12-1.80.el6 for package: glibc-common-2.12-1.80.el6.i686
    ---> Package glibc.i686 0:2.12-1.132.el6 will be an update
    ---> Package glibc-headers.i686 0:2.12-1.132.el6 will be installed
    --> Processing Dependency: kernel-headers >= 2.2.1 for package: glibc-headers-2.12-1.132.el6.i686
    --> Processing Dependency: kernel-headers for package: glibc-headers-2.12-1.132.el6.i686
    ---> Package mpfr.i686 0:2.4.1-6.el6 will be installed
    ---> Package ppl.i686 0:0.10.2-11.el6 will be installed
    --> Running transaction check
    ---> Package glibc-common.i686 0:2.12-1.80.el6 will be updated
    ---> Package glibc-common.i686 0:2.12-1.132.el6 will be an update
    ---> Package kernel-headers.i686 0:2.6.32-431.3.1.el6 will be installed
    --> Finished Dependency Resolution
    
    Dependencies Resolved
    
    ================================================================================
     Package              Arch       Version                    Repository     Size
    ================================================================================
    Installing:
     gcc                  i686       4.4.7-4.el6                base          8.2 M
    Installing for dependencies:
     cloog-ppl            i686       0.15.7-1.2.el6             base           93 k
     cpp                  i686       4.4.7-4.el6                base          3.4 M
     glibc-devel          i686       2.12-1.132.el6             base          978 k
     glibc-headers        i686       2.12-1.132.el6             base          616 k
     kernel-headers       i686       2.6.32-431.3.1.el6         updates       2.8 M
     mpfr                 i686       2.4.1-6.el6                base          153 k
     ppl                  i686       0.10.2-11.el6              base          1.3 M
    Updating for dependencies:
     glibc                i686       2.12-1.132.el6             base          4.3 M
     glibc-common         i686       2.12-1.132.el6             base           14 M
     libgcc               i686       4.4.7-4.el6                base          112 k
     libgomp              i686       4.4.7-4.el6                base          121 k
    
    Transaction Summary
    ================================================================================
    Install       8 Package(s)
    Upgrade       4 Package(s)
    
    Total download size: 36 M
    Is this ok [y/N]: y
    Downloading Packages:
    (1/12): cloog-ppl-0.15.7-1.2.el6.i686.rpm                |  93 kB     00:00
    (2/12): cpp-4.4.7-4.el6.i686.rpm                         | 3.4 MB     00:58
    (3/12): gcc-4.4.7-4.el6.i686.rpm                         | 8.2 MB     02:20
    (4/12): glibc-2.12-1.132.el6.i686.rpm                    | 4.3 MB     00:57
    (5/12): glibc-common-2.12-1.132.el6.i686.rpm             |  14 MB     03:39
    (6/12): glibc-devel-2.12-1.132.el6.i686.rpm              | 978 kB     00:14
    (7/12): glibc-headers-2.12-1.132.el6.i686.rpm            | 616 kB     00:07
    (8/12): kernel-headers-2.6.32-431.3.1.el6.i686.rpm       | 2.8 MB     00:38
    (9/12): libgcc-4.4.7-4.el6.i686.rpm                      | 112 kB     00:01
    (10/12): libgomp-4.4.7-4.el6.i686.rpm                    | 121 kB     00:01
    (11/12): mpfr-2.4.1-6.el6.i686.rpm                       | 153 kB     00:01
    (12/12): ppl-0.10.2-11.el6.i686.rpm                      | 1.3 MB     00:16
    --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Total                                            66 kB/s |  36 MB     09:20
    Running rpm_check_debug
    Running Transaction Test
    Transaction Test Succeeded
    Running Transaction
      Installing : kernel-headers-2.6.32-431.3.1.el6.i686                      1/16
      Updating   : libgcc-4.4.7-4.el6.i686                                     2/16
      Updating   : glibc-common-2.12-1.132.el6.i686                            3/16
      Updating   : glibc-2.12-1.132.el6.i686                                   4/16
      Installing : glibc-headers-2.12-1.132.el6.i686                           5/16
      Installing : glibc-devel-2.12-1.132.el6.i686                             6/16
      Installing : ppl-0.10.2-11.el6.i686                                      7/16
      Installing : cloog-ppl-0.15.7-1.2.el6.i686                               8/16
      Installing : mpfr-2.4.1-6.el6.i686                                       9/16
      Installing : cpp-4.4.7-4.el6.i686                                       10/16
      Updating   : libgomp-4.4.7-4.el6.i686                                   11/16
      Installing : gcc-4.4.7-4.el6.i686                                       12/16
      Cleanup    : libgomp-4.4.6-4.el6.i686                                   13/16
      Cleanup    : glibc-common-2.12-1.80.el6.i686                            14/16
      Cleanup    : glibc-2.12-1.80.el6.i686                                   15/16
      Cleanup    : libgcc-4.4.6-4.el6.i686                                    16/16
      Verifying  : glibc-devel-2.12-1.132.el6.i686                             1/16
      Verifying  : ppl-0.10.2-11.el6.i686                                      2/16
      Verifying  : kernel-headers-2.6.32-431.3.1.el6.i686                      3/16
      Verifying  : gcc-4.4.7-4.el6.i686                                        4/16
      Verifying  : glibc-headers-2.12-1.132.el6.i686                           5/16
      Verifying  : libgcc-4.4.7-4.el6.i686                                     6/16
      Verifying  : glibc-2.12-1.132.el6.i686                                   7/16
      Verifying  : mpfr-2.4.1-6.el6.i686                                       8/16
      Verifying  : libgomp-4.4.7-4.el6.i686                                    9/16
      Verifying  : glibc-common-2.12-1.132.el6.i686                           10/16
      Verifying  : cpp-4.4.7-4.el6.i686                                       11/16
      Verifying  : cloog-ppl-0.15.7-1.2.el6.i686                              12/16
      Verifying  : libgcc-4.4.6-4.el6.i686                                    13/16
      Verifying  : libgomp-4.4.6-4.el6.i686                                   14/16
      Verifying  : glibc-common-2.12-1.80.el6.i686                            15/16
      Verifying  : glibc-2.12-1.80.el6.i686                                   16/16
    
    Installed:
      gcc.i686 0:4.4.7-4.el6
    
    Dependency Installed:
      cloog-ppl.i686 0:0.15.7-1.2.el6           cpp.i686 0:4.4.7-4.el6
      glibc-devel.i686 0:2.12-1.132.el6         glibc-headers.i686 0:2.12-1.132.el6
      kernel-headers.i686 0:2.6.32-431.3.1.el6  mpfr.i686 0:2.4.1-6.el6
      ppl.i686 0:0.10.2-11.el6
    
    Dependency Updated:
      glibc.i686 0:2.12-1.132.el6         glibc-common.i686 0:2.12-1.132.el6
      libgcc.i686 0:4.4.7-4.el6           libgomp.i686 0:4.4.7-4.el6
    
    Complete!

# YUM查询 #

yum search keyword : 搜索包含该关键字的rpm包

[root@wuqinfei yum.repos.d]# yum search gcc
    Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security
    Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
     * base: centos.ustc.edu.cn
     * extras: centos.ustc.edu.cn
     * updates: centos.ustc.edu.cn
    =============================== N/S Matched: gcc ===============================
    compat-libgcc-296.i686 : Compatibility 2.96-RH libgcc library
    gcc-c++.i686 : C++ support for GCC
    gcc-gnat.i686 : Ada 95 support for GCC
    gcc-java.i686 : Java support for GCC
    gcc-objc.i686 : Objective-C support for GCC
    gcc-objc++.i686 : Objective-C++ support for GCC
    libgcc.i686 : GCC version 4.4 shared support library
    compat-gcc-34.i686 : Compatibility GNU Compiler Collection
    compat-gcc-34-c++.i686 : C++ support for compatibility compiler
    compat-gcc-34-g77.i686 : Fortran 77 support for compatibility compiler
    gcc.i686 : Various compilers (C, C++, Objective-C, Java, ...)
    gcc-gfortran.i686 : Fortran support
    libgcj.i686 : Java runtime library for gcc
    libgcj-devel.i686 : Libraries for Java development using GCC
    libgcj-src.i686 : Java library sources from GCC4 preview
    libgomp.i686 : GCC OpenMP v3.0 shared support library
    libmudflap.i686 : GCC mudflap shared support library
    libmudflap-devel.i686 : GCC mudflap support
    
      Name and summary matches only, use "search all" for everything.

yum list (all | installed | recent | updates)  
列出 所有的/已安装的/最近的/更新的  
yum info packagename : 显示指定软件的信息

[root@wuqinfei yum.repos.d]# yum info gcc.i686
    Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security
    Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
     * base: centos.ustc.edu.cn
     * extras: centos.ustc.edu.cn
     * updates: centos.ustc.edu.cn
    Available Packages
    Name        : gcc
    Arch        : i686
    Version     : 4.4.7
    Release     : 4.el6
    Size        : 8.2 M
    Repo        : base
    Summary     : Various compilers (C, C++, Objective-C, Java, ...)
    URL         : http://gcc.gnu.org
    License     : GPLv3+ and GPLv3+ with exceptions and GPLv2+ with exceptions
    Description : The gcc package contains the GNU Compiler Collection version 4.4.
                : You'll need this package in order to compile C code.

yum whatprovides filename : 查询包含指定文件的rpm软件

# 创建yum仓库 #

1) 将所有rpm文件拷贝到 仓库(某个目录)  
2) 安装 createrepo 软件(通过rpm命令)  
3) 运行 createrepo命令  
作用: 创建repodata目录, 存放索引文件  
createrepo -v /rpm-directory  
4) 注: 如果有分组信息, 则在运行命令时使用 "-g" 来指定分组文件  
createrepo -g /tmp/\*comps.xml/rpm-directory  
CentOS/RHEL的分组信息保存于光盘 repodata/目录下  
文件名以 "comps.xml"结尾的xml文件  
5) 使用  
本地 : FILE协议  
网路 : HTTP FTP NFS  
示例  
1) 查看 CentOS\_6.3 光盘中的 仓库Packages(所有rpm包)  
  
2) 创建本地仓库目录"/wuqinfei-yum-repo", 并将 Packages中的rpm包考进来  
3) 安装 createrepo软件

[root@wuqinfei ~]# yum search createrepo
    Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security
    Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
     * base: centos.ustc.edu.cn
     * extras: centos.ustc.edu.cn
     * updates: centos.ustc.edu.cn
    =========================== N/S Matched: createrepo ============================
    createrepo.noarch : Creates a common metadata repository
    
      Name and summary matches only, use "search all" for everything.
    [root@wuqinfei ~]# yum install createrepo.noarch
    Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security
    Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
     * base: centos.ustc.edu.cn
     * extras: centos.ustc.edu.cn
     * updates: centos.ustc.edu.cn
    Setting up Install Process
    Resolving Dependencies
    --> Running transaction check
    ---> Package createrepo.noarch 0:0.9.9-18.el6 will be installed
    --> Processing Dependency: python-deltarpm for package: createrepo-0.9.9-18.el6.noarch
    --> Running transaction check
    ---> Package python-deltarpm.i686 0:3.5-0.5.20090913git.el6 will be installed
    --> Processing Dependency: deltarpm = 3.5-0.5.20090913git.el6 for package: python-deltarpm-3.5-0.5.20090913git.el6.i686
    --> Running transaction check
    ---> Package deltarpm.i686 0:3.5-0.5.20090913git.el6 will be installed
    --> Finished Dependency Resolution
    
    Dependencies Resolved
    
    ================================================================================
     Package              Arch        Version                       Repository
                                                                               Size
    ================================================================================
    Installing:
     createrepo           noarch      0.9.9-18.el6                  base       94 k
    Installing for dependencies:
     deltarpm             i686        3.5-0.5.20090913git.el6       base       73 k
     python-deltarpm      i686        3.5-0.5.20090913git.el6       base       27 k
    
    Transaction Summary
    ================================================================================
    Install       3 Package(s)
    
    Total download size: 195 k
    Installed size: 522 k
    Is this ok [y/N]: y
    Downloading Packages:
    (1/3): createrepo-0.9.9-18.el6.noarch.rpm                |  94 kB     00:00
    (2/3): deltarpm-3.5-0.5.20090913git.el6.i686.rpm         |  73 kB     00:00
    (3/3): python-deltarpm-3.5-0.5.20090913git.el6.i686.rpm  |  27 kB     00:00
    --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Total                                            97 kB/s | 195 kB     00:02
    Running rpm_check_debug
    Running Transaction Test
    Transaction Test Succeeded
    Running Transaction
      Installing : deltarpm-3.5-0.5.20090913git.el6.i686                        1/3
      Installing : python-deltarpm-3.5-0.5.20090913git.el6.i686                 2/3
      Installing : createrepo-0.9.9-18.el6.noarch                               3/3
      Verifying  : createrepo-0.9.9-18.el6.noarch                               1/3
      Verifying  : python-deltarpm-3.5-0.5.20090913git.el6.i686                 2/3
      Verifying  : deltarpm-3.5-0.5.20090913git.el6.i686                        3/3
    
    Installed:
      createrepo.noarch 0:0.9.9-18.el6
    
    Dependency Installed:
      deltarpm.i686 0:3.5-0.5.20090913git.el6
      python-deltarpm.i686 0:3.5-0.5.20090913git.el6
    
    Complete!

4) 创建索引文件 : createrepo /wuqinfei-yum-repo  
5) 在 "/etc/yum.repos.d"目录下 创建 "wuqinfei.repo"配置文件  
\[wuqinfei\]  
name = my repository  
baseurl = file:///wuqinfei-yum-repo/  
6) 清除缓存: yum clean all

[SouthEast]: /images/20220824/e0876eb897aa4525bee70cfc5f38c4d2.png