5.prometheus告警插件-alertmanager、自定义webhook案例编写

旧城等待， 2022-09-05 00:10 751阅读 0赞

# 5.prometheus告警插件-alertmanager #

**参考文章：**  
https://www.bookstack.cn/read/prometheus-book/alert-install-alert-manager.md  
https://blog.csdn.net/aixiaoyang168/article/details/98474494  
https://www.cnblogs.com/xiaobaozi-95/p/10740511.html （主要）

prometheus本身不支持告警功能，主要通过插件alertmanage来实现告警。AlertManager用于接收Prometheus发送的告警并对于告警进行一系列的处理后发送给指定的用户。

prometheus触发一条告警的过程：

prometheus—>触发阈值—>超出持续时间—>alertmanager—>分组|抑制|静默—>媒体类型—>邮件|钉钉|微信等。  
![在这里插入图片描述][0fbdcd2ce34a4d4b931aa90feda1d002.png_pic_left]

## 5.1.prometheus+alertmanager+webhook实现自定义监控报警系统 ##

**以下主要参考：**  
https://www.cnblogs.com/leoyang63/articles/13973749.html  
https://www.cnblogs.com/caizhenghui/p/9144805.html

prometheus+grafana+mtail+node\_exporter实现机器负载及业务监控（https://blog.csdn.net/bluuusea/article/details/104341054）介绍了使用mtail和node\_exporter实现的prometheus无埋点监控机器负载和业务的监控系统，本文是在其基础上实现自定义报警功能。

**Prometheus + Alertmanager的警报分为两个部分：**  
Prometheus负责中配置警报规则，将警报发送到Alertmanager。  
Alertmanager负责管理这些警报，包括沉默，抑制，合并和发送通知。

Alertmanager 发送通知有多种方式，其内部集成了邮箱、Slack、企业微信等三种方式，也提供了webhook的方式来扩展报警通知方式，网上也有大量例子实现对第三方软件的集成，如钉钉等。本文介绍邮件报警方式和通过使用java来搭建webhook自定义通知报警的方式。

**本文内容主要分为四块：**  
prometheus报警规则配置  
alertmanager配置及部署  
关联prometheus和alertmanager  
配置报警通知方式

### 5.1.1.Prometheus配置报警规则 ###

Prometheus.yml属性配置

<table> 
 <thead> 
  <tr> 
   <th></th> 
   <th></th> 
  </tr> 
 </thead> 
 <tbody> 
  <tr> 
   <td>scrpe_interval</td> 
   <td>样本采集周期，默认为1分钟采集一次。</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>evaluation_interval</td> 
   <td>告警规则计算周期，默认为1分钟计算一次。</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>rule_files</td> 
   <td>指定告警规则的文件</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>scrape_configs</td> 
   <td>job的配置项，里面可配多组job任务。</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>job_name</td> 
   <td>任务名称，需要唯一性</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>static_configs</td> 
   <td>job_name的配置选项，一般使用file_sd_configs 热加载配置。</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>file_sd_configs</td> 
   <td>job_name的动态配置选项，使用此配置可以实现配置文件的热加载。</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>files</td> 
   <td>file_sd_configs配置的服务发现的文件路径列表，支持.json，.yml或.yaml，路径最后一层支持通配符*</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>refresh_interval</td> 
   <td>file_sd_configs中的files重新加载的周期，默认5分钟</td> 
  </tr> 
 </tbody> 
</table>

此处我们使用rule\_files属性来设置告警文件（在prometheus.yml中配置如下）

# my global config
    global:
      scrape_interval: 15s # Set the scrape interval to every 15 seconds. Default is every 1 minute.
      evaluation_interval: 15s # Evaluate rules every 15 seconds. The default is every 1 minute.
      # scrape_timeout is set to the global default (10s).
    
    # Alertmanager configuration
    alerting:
      alertmanagers:
        - static_configs:
            - targets: ["172.17.0.2:9093"]
    
    # Load rules once and periodically evaluate them according to the global 'evaluation_interval'.
    # 告警规则中可以指定多个，并且可以使用通配符*
    rule_files:
      - "rules/host_rules.yml"
      # - "first_rules.yml"
      # - "second_rules.yml"
    
    # A scrape configuration containing exactly one endpoint to scrape:
    # Here it's Prometheus itself.
    scrape_configs:
      # The job name is added as a label `job=<job_name>` to any timeseries scraped from this config.
      - job_name: "prometheus"
    
        # metrics_path defaults to '/metrics'
        # scheme defaults to 'http'.
    
        static_configs:
          - targets: ["172.17.0.2:9090"]
    
      - job_name: 'node_exporter'
        static_configs:
          - targets: ['172.17.0.2:8080']
    
    
      - job_name: 'push-metrics'
        static_configs:
          - targets: ['172.17.0.2:9091']
            labels:
              instance: pushgateway

在prometheus中设置告警规则，rules/host\_rules.yml

groups:
    # 报警组组名称
    - name: hostStatsAlert
      #报警组规则
      rules:
       #告警名称，需唯一
      - alert: hostCpuUsageAlert
        #promQL表达式
        expr: sum(avg without (cpu)(irate(node_cpu_seconds_total{ mode!='idle'}[5m]))) by (instance) > 0.85
        #满足此表达式持续时间超过for规定的时间才会触发此报警
        for: 1m
        labels:
          #严重级别
          severity: page
        annotations:
         #发出的告警标题
          summary: "实例 { { $labels.instance }} CPU 使用率过高"
          #发出的告警内容
          description: "实例{ { $labels.instance }} CPU 使用率超过 85% (当前值为: { { $value }})"
      - alert: hostMemUsageAlert
        expr: (node_memory_MemTotal_bytes - node_memory_MemAvailable_bytes)/node_memory_MemTotal_bytes > 0.85
        for: 1m
        labels:
          severity: page
        annotations:
          summary: "实例 { { $labels.instance }} 内存使用率过高"
          description: "实例 { { $labels.instance }} 内存使用率 85% (当前值为: { { $value }})"

配置完规则之后，访问：http://localhost:19090/alerts，可以看到：  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3RvdG8xMjk3NDg4NTA0_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70_pic_left]

### 5.1.2.alertmanager下载、安装、启动 ###

tar -zxvf alertmanager-0.22.2.linux-amd64.tar.gz -C /root/installed/
    
    cd /root/installed/alertmanager
    nohup ./alertmanager --config.file=alertmanager.yml > alertmanager.file 2>&1 &

服务器上访问路径：

http://localhost:9093/

本机上的访问路径：

http://localhost:19093/#/alerts

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3RvdG8xMjk3NDg4NTA0_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70_pic_left 1]

### 5.1.3.创建alertmanager配置文件 ###

Alertmanager解压后会包含一个默认的alertmanager.yml配置文件，内容如下所示：

route:
      group_by: ['alertname']
      group_wait: 30s
      group_interval: 5m
      repeat_interval: 1h
      receiver: 'web.hook'
    receivers:
    - name: 'web.hook'
      webhook_configs:
      - url: 'http://127.0.0.1:5001/'
    inhibit_rules:
      - source_match:
          severity: 'critical'
        target_match:
          severity: 'warning'
        equal: ['alertname', 'dev', 'instance']

Alertmanager的配置主要包含两个部分：路由(route)以及接收器(receivers)。所有的告警信息都会从配置中的顶级路由(route)进入路由树，根据路由规则将告警信息发送给相应的接收器。

### 5.1.4.关联Prometheus与Alertmanager ###

prometheus.yml中的alerting标签下配置上alertmanager的地址即可，配置如下（此步上面已经配置了，下面只是作为部署时的参考）：

alerting:
      alertmanagers:                #配置alertmanager
        - static_configs:
            - targets:
              - 172.17.0.2:9093      # alertmanager服务器ip端口
    
    rule_files:
      - "rules/*.yml"

## 5.1.5.配置报警通知方式 ##

### 5.1.5.1.alertmanager邮箱报警demo ###

以下是alertmanager.yml中的配置：

global:
      #超时时间
      resolve_timeout: 5m
      #smtp地址需要加端口
      smtp_smarthost: 'smtp.126.com:25'
      smtp_from: 'xxx@126.com'
      #发件人邮箱账号
      smtp_auth_username: 'xxx@126.com'
      #账号对应的授权码（不是密码），阿里云个人版邮箱目前好像没有授权码，126邮箱授权码可以在“设置”里面找到
      smtp_auth_password: '1qaz2wsx'
      smtp_require_tls: false
    
    route:
      group_by: ['alertname']
      group_wait: 10s
      group_interval: 1m
      repeat_interval: 4h
      receiver: 'mail'
    receivers:
    - name: 'mail'
      email_configs:
      - to: 'xxx@aliyun.com'

设置后如果有通知，即可收到邮件如下：  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3RvdG8xMjk3NDg4NTA0_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70_pic_left 2]

#### 5.1.5.2.alertmanager使用webhook（java）报警demo ####

此时要将alertmanager.yml修改成：

global:
      resolve_timeout: 5m
    
    route:
      group_by: ['alertname']
      group_wait: 10s
      group_interval: 10s
      repeat_interval: 1m
      receiver: 'webhook'
      routes:
        - receiver: webhook
          group_wait: 10s
    
    receivers:
    - name: 'webhook'
      webhook_configs:
      # 下面的url是自定义springboot项目中接口的访问url地址
      - url: 'http://172.17.0.2:8060/demo'
        send_resolved: true
    inhibit_rules:
      - source_match:
          severity: 'critical'
        target_match:
          severity: 'warning'
        equal: ['alertname', 'dev', 'instance']

使用webhook方式，alertmanager会给配置的webhook地址发送一个http类型的post请求，参数为json字符串（字符串类型），如下（此处格式化为json了）：

{ 
        "receiver":"webhook",
        "status":"resolved",
        "alerts":[
            { 
                "status":"resolved",
                "labels":{ 
                    "alertname":"hostCpuUsageAlert",
                    "instance":"192.168.199.24:9100",
                    "severity":"page"
                },
                "annotations":{ 
                    "description":"192.168.199.24:9100 CPU 使用率超过 85% (当前值为: 0.9973333333333395)",
                    "summary":"机器 192.168.199.24:9100 CPU 使用率过高"
                },
                "startsAt":"2020-02-29T19:45:21.799548092+08:00",
                "endsAt":"2020-02-29T19:49:21.799548092+08:00",
                "generatorURL":"http://localhost.localdomain:9090/graph?g0.expr=sum+by%28instance%29+%28avg+without%28cpu%29+%28irate%28node_cpu_seconds_total%7Bmode%21%3D%22idle%22%7D%5B5m%5D%29%29%29+%3E+0.85&g0.tab=1",
                "fingerprint":"368e9616d542ab48"
            }
        ],
        "groupLabels":{ 
            "alertname":"hostCpuUsageAlert"
        },
        "commonLabels":{ 
            "alertname":"hostCpuUsageAlert",
            "instance":"192.168.199.24:9100",
            "severity":"page"
        },
        "commonAnnotations":{ 
            "description":"192.168.199.24:9100 CPU 使用率超过 85% (当前值为: 0.9973333333333395)",
            "summary":"机器 192.168.199.24:9100 CPU 使用率过高"
        },
        "externalURL":"http://localhost.localdomain:9093",
        "version":"4",
        "groupKey":"{}:{alertname="hostCpuUsageAlert"}"
    }

此时需要使用java（其他任何语言都可以，反正只要能处理http的请求就行）搭建个http的请求处理器来处理报警通知，如下（以下代码示例展示了接收host\_rules.yml规则告警得到的数据的方式）：

package com.demo.demo1.controller;
    
    import com.alibaba.fastjson.JSON;
    import com.alibaba.fastjson.JSONObject;
    import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;
    import org.apache.commons.lang3.StringUtils;
    import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller;
    import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestBody;
    import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
    import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.ResponseBody;
    
    import java.util.ArrayList;
    import java.util.HashMap;
    import java.util.List;
    import java.util.Map;
    
    
    @Slf4j
    @Controller
    @RequestMapping("/")
    public class AlertController { 
    
    
        @RequestMapping(value = "/demo", produces = "application/json;charset=UTF-8")
        @ResponseBody
        public String pstn(@RequestBody String json) { 
            log.debug("alert notify params: {}", json);
            Map<String, Object> result = new HashMap<>();
            result.put("msg", "报警失败");
            result.put("code", 0);
    
            if(StringUtils.isBlank(json)){ 
                return JSON.toJSONString(result);
            }
            JSONObject jo = JSON.parseObject(json);
    
            JSONObject commonAnnotations = jo.getJSONObject("commonAnnotations");
            String status = jo.getString("status");
            if (commonAnnotations == null) { 
                return JSON.toJSONString(result);
            }
    
    
            String subject = commonAnnotations.getString("summary");
            String content = commonAnnotations.getString("description");
            List<String> emailusers = new ArrayList<>();
            emailusers.add("xxx@aliyun.com");
    
            List<String> users = new ArrayList<>();
            users.add("158*****5043");
    
    
            try { 
                boolean success = Util.email(subject, content, emailusers);
                if (success) { 
                    result.put("msg", "报警成功");
                    result.put("code", 1);
                }
            } catch (Exception e) { 
                log.error("=alert email notify error. json={}", json, e);
            }
            try { 
                boolean success = Util.sms(subject, content, users);
                if (success) { 
                    result.put("msg", "报警成功");
                    result.put("code", 1);
                }
            } catch (Exception e) { 
                log.error("=alert sms notify error. json={}", json, e);
            }
    
    
            return JSON.toJSONString(result);
        }
    
    }

#### 5.1.5.3.完整简单的SpringBoot工程案例 ####

##### 5.1.5.3.1.工程结构 #####

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3RvdG8xMjk3NDg4NTA0_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70_pic_left 3]

##### 5.1.5.3.2.pom.xml #####

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
    <project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 https://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
       <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
       <parent>
          <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
          <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId>
          <version>2.3.5.RELEASE</version>
          <relativePath/> 
       </parent>
       <groupId>com.example</groupId>
       <artifactId>demo</artifactId>
       <version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version>
       <name>demo</name>
       <description>Demo project for Spring Boot</description>
       <properties>
          <java.version>1.8</java.version>
       </properties>
       <dependencies>
          <dependency>
             <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
             <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
          </dependency>
    
          <dependency>
             <groupId>com.h2database</groupId>
             <artifactId>h2</artifactId>
             <scope>runtime</scope>
          </dependency>
          <dependency>
             <groupId>org.projectlombok</groupId>
             <artifactId>lombok</artifactId>
             <optional>true</optional>
          </dependency>
          <dependency>
             <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
             <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test</artifactId>
             <scope>test</scope>
          </dependency>
          
          <dependency>
             <groupId>com.alibaba</groupId>
             <artifactId>fastjson</artifactId>
             <version>1.2.6</version>
          </dependency>
    
          
    
       </dependencies>
    
       <build>
          <plugins>
             <plugin>
                <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
                <artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId>
                <configuration>
                   <excludes>
                      <exclude>
                         <groupId>org.projectlombok</groupId>
                         <artifactId>lombok</artifactId>
                      </exclude>
                   </excludes>
                </configuration>
             </plugin>
          </plugins>
       </build>
       <repositories>
          <repository>
             <id>spring-milestones</id>
             <name>Spring Milestones</name>
             <url>https://repo.spring.io/milestone</url>
             <snapshots>
                <enabled>false</enabled>
             </snapshots>
          </repository>
          <repository>
             <id>spring-snapshots</id>
             <name>Spring Snapshots</name>
             <url>https://repo.spring.io/snapshot</url>
             <releases>
                <enabled>false</enabled>
             </releases>
          </repository>
       </repositories>
       <pluginRepositories>
          <pluginRepository>
             <id>spring-milestones</id>
             <name>Spring Milestones</name>
             <url>https://repo.spring.io/milestone</url>
             <snapshots>
                <enabled>false</enabled>
             </snapshots>
          </pluginRepository>
          <pluginRepository>
             <id>spring-snapshots</id>
             <name>Spring Snapshots</name>
             <url>https://repo.spring.io/snapshot</url>
             <releases>
                <enabled>false</enabled>
             </releases>
          </pluginRepository>
       </pluginRepositories>
    
    </project>

##### 5.1.5.3.3.AlertController #####

package com.example.demo;
    
    import com.alibaba.fastjson.JSON;
    import org.slf4j.Logger;
    import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
    import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller;
    import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestBody;
    import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
    import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.ResponseBody;
    
    import java.util.HashMap;
    import java.util.Map;
    
    @Controller
    @RequestMapping("/")
    public class AlertController { 
    
        private final static Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(BlogAction.class);
    
        @RequestMapping(value = "/demo", produces = "application/json;charset=UTF-8")
        @ResponseBody
        public String pstn(@RequestBody String json) { 
            //直接将结果存入到log文件中
            logger.error(json);
    
            Map<String, Object> result = new HashMap<>();
            result.put("msg", "报警失败");
            result.put("code", 0);
    
    // if(StringUtils.isBlank(json)){ 
    // return JSON.toJSONString(result);
    // }
    // JSONObject jo = JSON.parseObject(json);
    //
    // JSONObject commonAnnotations = jo.getJSONObject("commonAnnotations");
    // String status = jo.getString("status");
    // if (commonAnnotations == null) { 
    // return JSON.toJSONString(result);
    // }
    //
    // String subject = commonAnnotations.getString("summary");
    // String content = commonAnnotations.getString("description");
    //
    // result.put("subject",subject);
    // result.put("content",content);
    
            return JSON.toJSONString(result);
        }
    
    }

##### 5.1.5.3.4.DemoApplication #####

package com.example.demo;
    
    import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
    import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;
    
    @SpringBootApplication
    public class DemoApplication { 
    
       public static void main(String[] args) { 
          SpringApplication.run(DemoApplication.class, args);
       }
    
    }

##### 5.1.5.3.5.application.properties #####

server.port=8060
    server.tomcat.uri-encoding=utf-8

##### 5.1.5.3.6.logback.xml #####

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
    
    <configuration>
        <appender name="STDOUT" class="ch.qos.logback.core.ConsoleAppender">
            <encoder>
                <pattern>
                    %d{yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss.SSS} [%thread] %-5level %logger{36} - %msg%n
                </pattern>
            </encoder>
        </appender>
    
        
        <appender name="fileInfoApp" class="ch.qos.logback.core.rolling.RollingFileAppender">
            
            
            
            <rollingPolicy class="ch.qos.logback.core.rolling.TimeBasedRollingPolicy">
                
                <fileNamePattern>log/log-error-%d{yyyy-MM-dd}.%i.log</fileNamePattern>
                
                <maxHistory>30</maxHistory>
                
                <totalSizeCap>1GB</totalSizeCap>
                
                <timeBasedFileNamingAndTriggeringPolicy class="ch.qos.logback.core.rolling.SizeAndTimeBasedFNATP">
                    <maxFileSize>2MB</maxFileSize>
                </timeBasedFileNamingAndTriggeringPolicy>
            </rollingPolicy>
            
            <append>true</append>
            
            <encoder class="ch.qos.logback.classic.encoder.PatternLayoutEncoder">
                <pattern>===%d{yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss.SSS} %-5level %logger Line:%-3L - %msg%n</pattern>
                <charset>utf-8</charset>
            </encoder>
            
            <filter class="ch.qos.logback.classic.filter.LevelFilter">
                
                
                <level>ERROR</level>
                <onMatch>ACCEPT</onMatch>
                <onMismatch>DENY</onMismatch>
            </filter>
        </appender>
    
        
        <root level="INFO">
            <appender-ref ref="STDOUT" />
            <appender-ref ref="fileInfoApp" />
        </root>
    </configuration>

##### 5.1.5.3.7.打包、运行、查看日志 #####

在IDEA的terminal中打包：

mvn clean install

将打的包demo-0.0.1-SNAPSHOT.jar放到/root/workspace，如下：  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3RvdG8xMjk3NDg4NTA0_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70_pic_left 4]

其中start.sh中的内容如下：

[root@node1 workspace]# cat start.sh
    cd /root/workspace
    
    nohup java -jar demo-0.0.1-SNAPSHOT.jar  > demo.log 2>&1 &

查看log，可以看到具体的内容（此处略），具体的报警json格式如下：  
使用webhook方式，alertmanager会给配置的webhook地址发送一个http类型的post请求，参数为json字符串（字符串类型），如下（此处格式化为json了）：

### 5.1.6.prometheus中的其他报警规则配置案例 ###

以下取自：https://www.cnblogs.com/caizhenghui/p/9144805.html

节点挂掉了的监控：node\_down.yml

groups:
    - name: example
      rules:  - alert: InstanceDown
        expr: up == 0
        for: 1m
        labels:
          user: caizh
        annotations:
          summary: "Instance { { $labels.instance }} down"
          description: "{ { $labels.instance }} of job { { $labels.job }} has been down for more than 1 minutes."

节点内存使用率监控报警参考配置（memory\_over.yml）

groups:
    - name: example
      rules:
      - alert: NodeMemoryUsage
        expr: (node_memory_MemTotal_bytes - (node_memory_MemFree_bytes+node_memory_Buffers_bytes+node_memory_Cached_bytes )) / node_memory_MemTotal_bytes * 100 > 80
        for: 1m
        labels:
          user: caizh
        annotations:
          summary: "{ {$labels.instance}}: High Memory usage detected"
          description: "{ {$labels.instance}}: Memory usage is above 80% (current value is:{ { $value }})"

当然，想要监控节点内存需要提前配置好node\_exporter

修改prometheus配置文件prometheus.yml，开启报警功能，添加报警规则配置文件

# Alertmanager configuration
    alerting:
      alertmanagers:
      - static_configs:
        - targets: ["localhost:9093"]
          # - alertmanager:9093
    
    # Load rules once and periodically evaluate them according to the global 'evaluation_interval'.
    rule_files:
      - "node_down.yml"
      - "memory_over.yml"

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