Tendermint 共识分析

痛定思痛。 2022-09-12 14:44 202阅读 0赞

# 概述 #

Tendermint的共识算法可以看成是POS+BFT，Tendermint在进行BFT共识算法确认区块前 ，首先使用POS算法从Validators中选举出Proposer。然后由Proposer进行提案，最后使用BFT算法生成区块。Tendermint 的共识协议使用的gossip协议。

其中使节点成为Validator有两种方法，具体可参考：[Validators | Tendermint Core][Validators _ Tendermint Core]

## round-robin ##

从Validators中选举出proposer需要使用round-robin协议，这篇文章很好的解释了round-robin协议：[深入Tendermint --- 出块节点选择 - 知乎][Tendermint --- _ -]

## round-based ##

在同一高度确认一个区块需要使用round-based协议，包括以下五个步骤：NewHeight, Propose, Prevote, Precommit 和 Commit

其中Propose、Prevote、Precommit又被称为round，在同一高度确认一个区块可能需要多个round。以下情况就会需要多个round：

1.  指定的proposer节点不在线
2.  由proposer提交的区块时无效的
3.  被提案的区块没有及时的广播
4.  proposal block有效，但是没有足够多的节点在Precommit 阶段及时收到对应的 +2/3 的prevotes
5.  proposal block有效，也有足够多的节点接收到了+2/3 的prevotes，但是没有足够多的节点收到+2/3 的 precommits

round-based过程如下：

+-------------------------------------+
                             v                                     |(Wait til `CommmitTime+timeoutCommit`)
                       +-----------+                         +-----+-----+
          +----------> |  Propose  +--------------+          | NewHeight |
          |            +-----------+              |          +-----------+
          |                                       |                ^
          |(Else, after timeoutPrecommit)         v                |
    +-----+-----+                           +-----------+          |
    | Precommit |  <------------------------+  Prevote  |          |
    +-----+-----+                           +-----------+          |
          |(When +2/3 Precommits for block found)                  |
          v                                                        |
    +--------------------------------------------------------------------+
    |  Commit                                                            |
    |                                                                    |
    |  * Set CommitTime = now;                                           |
    |  * Wait for block, then stage/save/commit block;                   |
    +--------------------------------------------------------------------+

Tendermint的共识算法大体流程就是这些，具体的细节将在分析源码的时候进行探讨。

这个文章对共识进行详细描述，并且也解释了重要的锁机制：[详解Tendermint共识算法-Odaily星球日报][Tendermint_-Odaily]

# 源码分析 #

Tendermint的共识功能主要在tendermint/consensus/state.go文件里进行实现

## NewState ##

func NewState(
    	config *cfg.ConsensusConfig,
    	state sm.State,
    	blockExec *sm.BlockExecutor,
    	blockStore sm.BlockStore,
    	txNotifier txNotifier,
    	evpool evidencePool,
    	options ...StateOption,
    ) *State {
    	cs := &State{
    		config:           config,
    		blockExec:        blockExec,
    		blockStore:       blockStore,
    		txNotifier:       txNotifier,
    		peerMsgQueue:     make(chan msgInfo, msgQueueSize),
    		internalMsgQueue: make(chan msgInfo, msgQueueSize),
    		timeoutTicker:    NewTimeoutTicker(),
    		statsMsgQueue:    make(chan msgInfo, msgQueueSize),
    		done:             make(chan struct{}),
    		doWALCatchup:     true,
    		wal:              nilWAL{},
    		evpool:           evpool,
    		evsw:             tmevents.NewEventSwitch(),
    		metrics:          NopMetrics(),
    	}
    
    	// 设置一些默认函数，在reactor没有启动前可以被重写
    	cs.decideProposal = cs.defaultDecideProposal
    	cs.doPrevote = cs.defaultDoPrevote
    	cs.setProposal = cs.defaultSetProposal
    
    	// We have no votes, so reconstruct LastCommit from SeenCommit.
    	if state.LastBlockHeight > 0 {
    		cs.reconstructLastCommit(state)
    	}
    
    	cs.updateToState(state)
    
    	// NOTE: we do not call scheduleRound0 yet, we do that upon Start()
    
    	cs.BaseService = *service.NewBaseService(nil, "State", cs)
    	for _, option := range options {
    		option(cs)
    	}
    
    	return cs
    }

## OnStart ##

Onstart通过WAL加载最新的state，并开启超时和接收消息协程

func (cs *State) OnStart() error {
    	...
    	...
    	...
    
    	// Double Signing Risk Reduction
    	if err := cs.checkDoubleSigningRisk(cs.Height); err != nil {
    		return err
    	}
    
    	// 开启接收信息的协程
    	go cs.receiveRoutine(0)
    
    	// schedule the first round!
    	// use GetRoundState so we don't race the receiveRoutine for access
    	cs.scheduleRound0(cs.GetRoundState())
    
    	return nil
    }

## receiveRoutine ##

这个函数就比较重要了，它处理了可能导致状态转换的消息。其中超时消息、完成一个提案和超过2/3的投票都会导致状态转换。

func (cs *State) receiveRoutine(maxSteps int) {
    	onExit := func(cs *State) {
    		// NOTE: the internalMsgQueue may have signed messages from our
    		// priv_val that haven't hit the WAL, but its ok because
    		// priv_val tracks LastSig
    
    		// close wal now that we're done writing to it
    		if err := cs.wal.Stop(); err != nil {
    			cs.Logger.Error("failed trying to stop WAL", "error", err)
    		}
    
    		cs.wal.Wait()
    		close(cs.done)
    	}
    
    	defer func() {
    		if r := recover(); r != nil {
    			cs.Logger.Error("CONSENSUS FAILURE!!!", "err", r, "stack", string(debug.Stack()))
    			// stop gracefully
    			//
    			// NOTE: We most probably shouldn't be running any further when there is
    			// some unexpected panic. Some unknown error happened, and so we don't
    			// know if that will result in the validator signing an invalid thing. It
    			// might be worthwhile to explore a mechanism for manual resuming via
    			// some console or secure RPC system, but for now, halting the chain upon
    			// unexpected consensus bugs sounds like the better option.
    			onExit(cs)
    		}
    	}()
    
    	for {
    		if maxSteps > 0 {
    			if cs.nSteps >= maxSteps {
    				cs.Logger.Debug("reached max steps; exiting receive routine")
    				cs.nSteps = 0
    				return
    			}
    		}
    
    		rs := cs.RoundState
    		var mi msgInfo
    
    		select {
    		// 把有效交易添加到交易池的时候会设置TxAvailable
    		case <-cs.txNotifier.TxsAvailable():
    			cs.handleTxsAvailable()
    	    // peer消息通道
    		case mi = <-cs.peerMsgQueue:
    			if err := cs.wal.Write(mi); err != nil {
    				cs.Logger.Error("failed writing to WAL", "err", err)
    			}
    
    			// 处理 proposal、block parts、votes的消息
    			cs.handleMsg(mi)
    
    		// 处理内部消息
    		case mi = <-cs.internalMsgQueue:
    			err := cs.wal.WriteSync(mi) // NOTE: fsync
    			if err != nil {
    				panic(fmt.Sprintf(
    					"failed to write %v msg to consensus WAL due to %v; check your file system and restart the node",
    					mi, err,
    				))
    			}
    
    			if _, ok := mi.Msg.(*VoteMessage); ok {
    				// we actually want to simulate failing during
    				// the previous WriteSync, but this isn't easy to do.
    				// Equivalent would be to fail here and manually remove
    				// some bytes from the end of the wal.
    				fail.Fail() // XXX
    			}
    
    			// handles proposals, block parts, votes
    			cs.handleMsg(mi)
    		// 处理超时消息
    		case ti := <-cs.timeoutTicker.Chan(): // tockChan:
    			if err := cs.wal.Write(ti); err != nil {
    				cs.Logger.Error("failed writing to WAL", "err", err)
    			}
    
    			// if the timeout is relevant to the rs
    			// go to the next step
    			cs.handleTimeout(ti, rs)
    
    		case <-cs.Quit():
    			onExit(cs)
    			return
    		}
    	}
    }

上面的函数运行完毕后，就可以等待进入状态跃迁的函数，进行共识了。  
官方的共识流程图表示如下：

![watermark_type_ZHJvaWRzYW5zZmFsbGJhY2s_shadow_50_text_Q1NETiBA6Leo6ZO-5oqA5pyv6Le16KGM6ICF_size_17_color_FFFFFF_t_70_g_se_x_16][]  
单节点共识完整流程的代码流程为：

1.  首先进入enterNewRound
2.  之后从enterNewRound进入enterPropose
3.  进入enterPropose后,判断自己是不是validator.只有一个节点自己就是,进入defaultDecideProposal
4.  进入defaultDecideProposal,把proposal和blockPartMsg发送到internalMsgQueue
5.  收到internalMsgQueue的消息,然后进入handleMsg,通过handleMsg进入addProposalBlockPart
6.  通过addProposalBlockPart 最后进入到enterPrevote
7.  通过enterPrevote进入到defaultDoPrevote,对proposal进行签名,并发送到internalMsgQueue
8.  handleMsg对收到的消息进行处理,进入到tryAddVote
9.  tryAddVote判断vote正确,并且满足超过三分之二的情况,进入enterPrevoteWait
10. 计时器超时,从enterPrevoteWait进入到enterPrecommit
11. 通过enterPrevote对proposal进行再次签名,并发送到internalMsgQueue
12. handleMsg对收到的消息进行处理,进入到tryAddVote
13. tryAddVote判断vote正确,进入enterCommit,这里涉及情况比较多(在多个节点的条件下).
14. enterCommit落地区块,将区块发送给abci,收到返回后,此次共识结束.

由于代码较多，会把相对不太重要的代码给省略掉。这里主要列举对共识流程重要的代码。

## enterNewRound ##

func (cs *State) enterNewRound(height int64, round int32) {
    	logger := cs.Logger.With("height", height, "round", round)
    
    	// 进行状态校验
    	if cs.Height != height || round < cs.Round || (cs.Round == round && cs.Step != cstypes.RoundStepNewHeight) {
    		logger.Debug(
    			"entering new round with invalid args",
    			"current", fmt.Sprintf("%v/%v/%v", cs.Height, cs.Round, cs.Step),
    		)
    		return
    	}
    	// 开启定时器
    	if now := tmtime.Now(); cs.StartTime.After(now) {
    		logger.Debug("need to set a buffer and log message here for sanity", "start_time", cs.StartTime, "now", now)
    	}
    
    	logger.Debug("entering new round", "current", fmt.Sprintf("%v/%v/%v", cs.Height, cs.Round, cs.Step))
    
    	// 如果有新的Validator就添加
    	validators := cs.Validators
    	if cs.Round < round {
    		validators = validators.Copy()
    		validators.IncrementProposerPriority(tmmath.SafeSubInt32(round, cs.Round))
    	}
    
    	// 开始一轮新的round
    	cs.updateRoundStep(round, cstypes.RoundStepNewRound)
    	cs.Validators = validators
    	if round == 0 {
    		// We've already reset these upon new height,
    		// and meanwhile we might have received a proposal
    		// for round 0.
    	} else {
    		logger.Debug("resetting proposal info")
    		cs.Proposal = nil
    		cs.ProposalBlock = nil
    		cs.ProposalBlockParts = nil
    	}
    
    	cs.Votes.SetRound(tmmath.SafeAddInt32(round, 1)) // also track next round (round+1) to allow round-skipping
    	cs.TriggeredTimeoutPrecommit = false
    
    	if err := cs.eventBus.PublishEventNewRound(cs.NewRoundEvent()); err != nil {
    		cs.Logger.Error("failed publishing new round", "err", err)
    	}
    
    	cs.metrics.Rounds.Set(float64(round))
    
    	// 在我们进入round 0 之前要等待交易在mempool中设置为available，
    	// 如果最后一个区块改变了app hash我们需要一个空的proof区块，并且立即进入enterProposer函数
    	waitForTxs := cs.config.WaitForTxs() && round == 0 && !cs.needProofBlock(height)
    	if waitForTxs {
    		if cs.config.CreateEmptyBlocksInterval > 0 {
    			cs.scheduleTimeout(cs.config.CreateEmptyBlocksInterval, height, round,
    				cstypes.RoundStepNewRound)
    		}
    	} else {
    		// 进入enterPropose
    		cs.enterPropose(height, round)
    	}
    }

## enterPropose ##

func (cs *State) enterPropose(height int64, round int32) {
    	
    	...
    	...
    
    	// 节点验证
    	if cs.privValidatorPubKey == nil {
    		// If this node is a validator & proposer in the current round, it will
    		// miss the opportunity to create a block.
    		logger.Error("propose step; empty priv validator public key", "err", errPubKeyIsNotSet)
    		return
    	}
    
    	address := cs.privValidatorPubKey.Address()
    
    	// if not a validator, we're done
    	if !cs.Validators.HasAddress(address) {
    		logger.Debug("node is not a validator", "addr", address, "vals", cs.Validators)
    		return
    	}
    
    	// 判断当前节点是否为proposer，如果是的话就开始准备提案
    	if cs.isProposer(address) {
    		logger.Debug(
    			"propose step; our turn to propose",
    			"proposer", address,
    		)
    
    		cs.decideProposal(height, round)
    	} else {
    		logger.Debug(
    			"propose step; not our turn to propose",
    			"proposer", cs.Validators.GetProposer().Address,
    		)
    	}
    }

## decideProposal ##

func (cs *State) defaultDecideProposal(height int64, round int32) {
    	
    	...
    	...
    	
    	// 创建proposal
    	propBlockID := types.BlockID{Hash: block.Hash(), PartSetHeader: blockParts.Header()}
    	proposal := types.NewProposal(height, round, cs.ValidRound, propBlockID)
    	p := proposal.ToProto()
    
    	// 等待最大数量的proposal
    	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.TODO(), cs.config.TimeoutPropose)
    	defer cancel()
    	// 对proposal进行签名
    	if err := cs.privValidator.SignProposal(ctx, cs.state.ChainID, p); err == nil {
    		proposal.Signature = p.Signature
    
    		// 把数据发送到 sendInternalMessage channel中
    		// 这个channel在receiveRoutine函数启动、等待消息的传入	
    		cs.sendInternalMessage(msgInfo{&ProposalMessage{proposal}, ""})
    
    		for i := 0; i < int(blockParts.Total()); i++ {
    			part := blockParts.GetPart(i)
    			cs.sendInternalMessage(msgInfo{&BlockPartMessage{cs.Height, cs.Round, part}, ""})
    		}
    
    		cs.Logger.Debug("signed proposal", "height", height, "round", round, "proposal", proposal)
    	} else if !cs.replayMode {
    		cs.Logger.Error("propose step; failed signing proposal", "height", height, "round", round, "err", err)
    	}
    }

## addProposalBlockPart ##

func (cs *State) addProposalBlockPart(msg *BlockPartMessage, peerID p2p.NodeID) (added bool, err error) {
    		
    		...
    		...
    
    		if cs.Step <= cstypes.RoundStepPropose && cs.isProposalComplete() {
    			// Move onto the next step
    			cs.enterPrevote(height, cs.Round)
    			if hasTwoThirds { // this is optimisation as this will be triggered when prevote is added
    				cs.enterPrecommit(height, cs.Round)
    			}
    		} else if cs.Step == cstypes.RoundStepCommit {
    			// If we're waiting on the proposal block...
    			cs.tryFinalizeCommit(height)
    		}
    
    		return added, nil
    	}
    
    	return added, nil
    }

## signAddVote ##

addProposalBlockPart 会进入到enterPrevote，再然后进入到doPrevote，doPrevote的默认函数为doPrevoteproposal，doPrevoteproposal通过调用signAddVote对进行Proposal签名,并发送到internalMsgQueue。

func (cs *State) signAddVote(msgType tmproto.SignedMsgType, hash []byte, header types.PartSetHeader) *types.Vote {
    	
    	...
    	...
    
    	// TODO: pass pubKey to signVote
    	vote, err := cs.signVote(msgType, hash, header)
    	if err == nil {
    		cs.sendInternalMessage(msgInfo{&VoteMessage{vote}, ""})
    		cs.Logger.Debug("signed and pushed vote", "height", cs.Height, "round", cs.Round, "vote", vote)
    		return vote
    	}
    
    	...
    	...
    }

## addVote ##

从internalMsgQueue进入到tryAddVote后，会调用addVote进行投票。其投票的条件为vote字段正确、满足2/3的情况。

...
    	...
    
    switch vote.Type {
    	case tmproto.PrevoteType:
    		prevotes := cs.Votes.Prevotes(vote.Round)
    		cs.Logger.Debug("added vote to prevote", "vote", vote, "prevotes", prevotes.StringShort())
    
    		// If +2/3 prevotes for a block or nil for *any* round:
    		if blockID, ok := prevotes.TwoThirdsMajority(); ok {
    			// There was a polka!
    			// If we're locked but this is a recent polka, unlock.
    			// If it matches our ProposalBlock, update the ValidBlock
    
    			// Unlock if `cs.LockedRound < vote.Round <= cs.Round`
    			// NOTE: If vote.Round > cs.Round, we'll deal with it when we get to vote.Round
    			if (cs.LockedBlock != nil) &&
    				(cs.LockedRound < vote.Round) &&
    				(vote.Round <= cs.Round) &&
    				!cs.LockedBlock.HashesTo(blockID.Hash) {
    
    				cs.Logger.Debug("unlocking because of POL", "locked_round", cs.LockedRound, "pol_round", vote.Round)
    
    				cs.LockedRound = -1
    				cs.LockedBlock = nil
    				cs.LockedBlockParts = nil
    
    				if err := cs.eventBus.PublishEventUnlock(cs.RoundStateEvent()); err != nil {
    					return added, err
    				}
    			}
    
    			// Update Valid* if we can.
    			// NOTE: our proposal block may be nil or not what received a polka..
    			if len(blockID.Hash) != 0 && (cs.ValidRound < vote.Round) && (vote.Round == cs.Round) {
    				if cs.ProposalBlock.HashesTo(blockID.Hash) {
    					cs.Logger.Debug("updating valid block because of POL", "valid_round", cs.ValidRound, "pol_round", vote.Round)
    					cs.ValidRound = vote.Round
    					cs.ValidBlock = cs.ProposalBlock
    					cs.ValidBlockParts = cs.ProposalBlockParts
    				} else {
    					cs.Logger.Debug(
    						"valid block we do not know about; set ProposalBlock=nil",
    						"proposal", cs.ProposalBlock.Hash(),
    						"block_id", blockID.Hash,
    					)
    
    					// we're getting the wrong block
    					cs.ProposalBlock = nil
    				}
    
    				if !cs.ProposalBlockParts.HasHeader(blockID.PartSetHeader) {
    					cs.ProposalBlockParts = types.NewPartSetFromHeader(blockID.PartSetHeader)
    				}
    
    				cs.evsw.FireEvent(types.EventValidBlock, &cs.RoundState)
    				if err := cs.eventBus.PublishEventValidBlock(cs.RoundStateEvent()); err != nil {
    					return added, err
    				}
    			}
    		}
    
    		// If +2/3 prevotes for *anything* for future round:
    		switch {
    		case cs.Round < vote.Round && prevotes.HasTwoThirdsAny():
    			//如果有别的投票数大于这个投票数，就跳过这一轮
    			cs.enterNewRound(height, vote.Round)
    
    		// 当前round
    		case cs.Round == vote.Round && cstypes.RoundStepPrevote <= cs.Step: // current round
    			// 判断是否有大于2/3的投票
    			blockID, ok := prevotes.TwoThirdsMajority()
    			// 提案完成并且有大于2/3的prevotes
    			if ok && (cs.isProposalComplete() || len(blockID.Hash) == 0) {
    				cs.enterPrecommit(height, vote.Round)
    			} else if prevotes.HasTwoThirdsAny() {
    				cs.enterPrevoteWait(height, vote.Round)
    			}
    
    		case cs.Proposal != nil && 0 <= cs.Proposal.POLRound && cs.Proposal.POLRound == vote.Round:
    			// If the proposal is now complete, enter prevote of cs.Round.
    			if cs.isProposalComplete() {
    				cs.enterPrevote(height, cs.Round)
    			}
    		}
    
    	...
    	...

## enterPrevoteWait ##

func (cs *State) enterPrevoteWait(height int64, round int32) {
    	logger := cs.Logger.With("height", height, "round", round)
    
    	if cs.Height != height || round < cs.Round || (cs.Round == round && cstypes.RoundStepPrevoteWait <= cs.Step) {
    		logger.Debug(
    			"entering prevote wait step with invalid args",
    			"current", fmt.Sprintf("%v/%v/%v", cs.Height, cs.Round, cs.Step),
    		)
    		return
    	}
    
    	// 开始投票
    	if !cs.Votes.Prevotes(round).HasTwoThirdsAny() {
    		panic(fmt.Sprintf(
    			"entering prevote wait step (%v/%v), but prevotes does not have any +2/3 votes",
    			height, round,
    		))
    	}
    
    	logger.Debug("entering prevote wait step", "current", fmt.Sprintf("%v/%v/%v", cs.Height, cs.Round, cs.Step))
    
    	defer func() {
    		// Done enterPrevoteWait:
    		cs.updateRoundStep(round, cstypes.RoundStepPrevoteWait)
    		cs.newStep()
    	}()
    
    	// 等待最多的prevote，然后进入到enterPrecommit;
    	cs.scheduleTimeout(cs.config.Prevote(round), height, round, cstypes.RoundStepPrevoteWait)
    }

## finalizeCommit ##

进入到enterprecommit后，经过一系列判断最后会进入到finalizeCommit，具体可以参考源代码，这里就不再重复了。进入到finalizeCommit后，会把区块发送给ABCI APP并收到ABCI的返回值，然后结束共识。

func (cs *State) finalizeCommit(height int64) {
    	
    	...
    	...
    	// 保存区块
    	if cs.blockStore.Height() < block.Height {
    		// NOTE: the seenCommit is local justification to commit this block,
    		// but may differ from the LastCommit included in the next block
    		precommits := cs.Votes.Precommits(cs.CommitRound)
    		seenCommit := precommits.MakeCommit()
    		cs.blockStore.SaveBlock(block, blockParts, seenCommit)
    	} else {
    		// Happens during replay if we already saved the block but didn't commit
    		logger.Debug("calling finalizeCommit on already stored block", "height", block.Height)
    	}
    
    	fail.Fail() // XXX
    
    	// Write EndHeightMessage{} for this height, implying that the blockstore
    	// has saved the block.
    	//
    	// If we crash before writing this EndHeightMessage{}, we will recover by
    	// running ApplyBlock during the ABCI handshake when we restart.  If we
    	// didn't save the block to the blockstore before writing
    	// EndHeightMessage{}, we'd have to change WAL replay -- currently it
    	// complains about replaying for heights where an #ENDHEIGHT entry already
    	// exists.
    	//
    	// Either way, the State should not be resumed until we
    	// successfully call ApplyBlock (ie. later here, or in Handshake after
    	// restart).
    	endMsg := EndHeightMessage{height}
    	if err := cs.wal.WriteSync(endMsg); err != nil { // NOTE: fsync
    		panic(fmt.Sprintf(
    			"failed to write %v msg to consensus WAL due to %v; check your file system and restart the node",
    			endMsg, err,
    		))
    	}
    
    	fail.Fail() // XXX
    
    	// Create a copy of the state for staging and an event cache for txs.
    	stateCopy := cs.state.Copy()
    
    	// Execute and commit the block, update and save the state, and update the mempool.
    	// NOTE The block.AppHash wont reflect these txs until the next block.
    	var (
    		err          error
    		retainHeight int64
    	)
    
    	// 与ABCI APP交互， 返回区块的状态副本，当前高度
    	stateCopy, retainHeight, err = cs.blockExec.ApplyBlock(
    		stateCopy,
    		types.BlockID{
    			Hash:          block.Hash(),
    			PartSetHeader: blockParts.Header(),
    		},
    		block,
    	)
    	if err != nil {
    		logger.Error("failed to apply block", "err", err)
    		return
    	}
    
    	fail.Fail() // XXX
    
    	// Prune old heights, if requested by ABCI app.
    	if retainHeight > 0 {
    		pruned, err := cs.pruneBlocks(retainHeight)
    		if err != nil {
    			logger.Error("failed to prune blocks", "retain_height", retainHeight, "err", err)
    		} else {
    			logger.Debug("pruned blocks", "pruned", pruned, "retain_height", retainHeight)
    		}
    	}
    
    	// must be called before we update state
    	cs.recordMetrics(height, block)
    
    	// 更新state
    	cs.updateToState(stateCopy)
    
    	fail.Fail() // XXX
    
    	...
    	...

# 补充 #

## Tendermint 为什么不会分叉 ##

如果小于1/3节点是拜占庭节点（如果大于等于1/3，那么共识就没法达成了）。当validator commit了区块B，那么表示有大于2/3的节点在R轮投了precommit，这表示至少有大于1/3节点（大于1/3节点哪儿来的呢，就是大于2/3减去小于1/3，为什么是这么算呢，有人说不是有大于2/3的节点投了precommit那么这些人不都是诚实节点吗，当然不是了，拜占庭节点的意思它工作随性，有时候正确有时候失败，假设这个时候所有的拜占庭节点正确的工作了，所以都算在在+2/3节点内，所以这么算了）被lock在了R‘>R。如果这个时候有针对同一区块高度的投票，那么由于这+1/3节点被lock在了R’轮，所以不会有+2/3的节点投prevote，也就不会在同一高度达成一个新的共识区块，所以就不会分叉。参考的文章地址：https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/84962224

## Tendermint 的不足之处 ##

Tendermint 是使用一种确定的循环协议方案来选出提议者的；该协议不具备随机性。提议者是根据投票权和验证者被选次数的堆排序算法选出的。攻击者只能通过添加或删除权益来干预协议，但这种干预不能立即生效，因为验证者在系统中移除或者添加权益所需的时间很长。尽管如此，攻击者就可以有更长的时间提前计划好如何操纵提议者的选择。

我们上边还提到，Tendermint 允许 Validator 可以被跳过（就是轮到一个 Validator 出块的时候但是此 Validator 没出块）。Validator 在移到下一轮投票之前等待一小段时间来接收提议者（此轮出块的验证者）提出的整个区块。这种对超时的依赖让 Tendermint 成为一个弱同步协议，而不是一个异步协议。在系统效率上虽然较 PoW 共识机制有很大的提高，但仍有待改善。同时，Tendermint 虽然依靠额外协议管理方法来与寡头垄断验证者进行对抗。但还是无法有效阻止「卡尔特形式」的发生。参考文章的地址：https://www.528btc.com/college/51031.html

# 最后 #

至此，Tendermint consensus源码就分析完了。博主也在学习阶段，如果有错误之处，希望路过的大佬能够指点指点。最后推荐一位大佬的公众号，欢迎关注哦：**区块链技术栈**

另外这个GitHub上还有很多区块链学习资料：[https://github.com/mindcarver/blockchain\_guide][https_github.com_mindcarver_blockchain_guide]

参考文章：  
https://www.jianshu.com/p/130b054b5552  
https://www.odaily.com/post/5134145  
https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/84962224

**标签：**[Tendermint][],[分析][Link 1],[err][],[height][],[Round][],[共识][Link 2],[cs][],[round][],[block][]

[Validators _ Tendermint Core]: https://docs.tendermint.com/master/nodes/validators.html
[Tendermint --- _ -]: https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/84962067
[Tendermint_-Odaily]: https://www.odaily.com/post/5134145
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[https_github.com_mindcarver_blockchain_guide]: https://github.com/mindcarver/blockchain_guide
[Tendermint]: https://www.icode9.com/tags-Tendermint-0.html
[Link 1]: https://www.icode9.com/tags-%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90-0.html
[err]: https://www.icode9.com/tags-err-0.html
[height]: https://www.icode9.com/tags-height-0.html
[Round]: https://www.icode9.com/tags-Round-0.html
[Link 2]: https://www.icode9.com/tags-%E5%85%B1%E8%AF%86-0.html
[cs]: https://www.icode9.com/tags-cs-0.html
[round]: https://www.icode9.com/tags-round-0.html
[block]: https://www.icode9.com/tags-block-0.html