python的turtle画图软件包的使用

素颜马尾好姑娘i 2022-09-21 14:30 222阅读 0赞

## 24.5.3. Methods of RawTurtle/Turtle and corresponding functions ##

Most of the examples in this section refer to a Turtle instance called `turtle`.

### 24.5.3.1. Turtle motion ###

`turtle.` `forward` ( *distance* )  `turtle.` `fd` ( *distance* )

Move the turtle forward by the specified *distance*, in the direction the turtle is headed.

>>>

>>> turtle.position()
    (0.00,0.00)
    >>> turtle.forward(25)
    >>> turtle.position()
    (25.00,0.00)
    >>> turtle.forward(-75)
    >>> turtle.position()
    (-50.00,0.00)

`turtle.` `back` ( *distance* )  `turtle.` `bk` ( *distance* )  `turtle.` `backward` ( *distance* )

Move the turtle backward by *distance*, opposite to the direction the turtle is headed. Do not change the turtle’s heading.

>>>

>>> turtle.position()
    (0.00,0.00)
    >>> turtle.backward(30)
    >>> turtle.position()
    (-30.00,0.00)

`turtle.` `right` ( *angle* )  `turtle.` `rt` ( *angle* )

Turn turtle right by *angle* units. (Units are by default degrees, but can be set via the [`degrees()`][degrees] and [`radians()`][radians] functions.) Angle orientation depends on the turtle mode, see [`mode()`][mode].

>>>

>>> turtle.heading()
    22.0
    >>> turtle.right(45)
    >>> turtle.heading()
    337.0

`turtle.` `left` ( *angle* )  `turtle.` `lt` ( *angle* )

Turn turtle left by *angle* units. (Units are by default degrees, but can be set via the [`degrees()`][degrees] and [`radians()`][radians] functions.) Angle orientation depends on the turtle mode, see [`mode()`][mode].

>>>

>>> turtle.heading()
    22.0
    >>> turtle.left(45)
    >>> turtle.heading()
    67.0

`turtle.` `goto` ( *x*,  *y=None* )  `turtle.` `setpos` ( *x*,  *y=None* )  `turtle.` `setposition` ( *x*,  *y=None* )

If *y* is `None`, *x* must be a pair of coordinates or a [`Vec2D`][Vec2D] (e.g. as returned by [`pos()`][pos]).

Move turtle to an absolute position. If the pen is down, draw line. Do not change the turtle’s orientation.

>>>

>>> tp = turtle.pos()
    >>> tp
    (0.00,0.00)
    >>> turtle.setpos(60,30)
    >>> turtle.pos()
    (60.00,30.00)
    >>> turtle.setpos((20,80))
    >>> turtle.pos()
    (20.00,80.00)
    >>> turtle.setpos(tp)
    >>> turtle.pos()
    (0.00,0.00)

`turtle.` `setx` ( *x* )

Set the turtle’s first coordinate to *x*, leave second coordinate unchanged.

>>>

>>> turtle.position()
    (0.00,240.00)
    >>> turtle.setx(10)
    >>> turtle.position()
    (10.00,240.00)

`turtle.` `sety` ( *y* )

Set the turtle’s second coordinate to *y*, leave first coordinate unchanged.

>>>

>>> turtle.position()
    (0.00,40.00)
    >>> turtle.sety(-10)
    >>> turtle.position()
    (0.00,-10.00)

`turtle.` `setheading` ( *to\_angle* )  `turtle.` `seth` ( *to\_angle* )

Set the orientation of the turtle to *to\_angle*. Here are some common directions in degrees:

<table style="margin-bottom:10px; border-top-width:0px; border-right-width:0px; border-bottom-width:0px; border-left-width:0px; border-top-style:solid; border-right-style:solid; border-bottom-style:solid; border-left-style:solid; border-top-color:rgb(221,204,238); border-right-color:rgb(221,204,238); border-bottom-color:rgb(221,204,238); border-left-color:rgb(221,204,238); border-collapse:collapse">     
 <thead> 
  <tr> 
   <th style="text-align:center; padding-right:5px; background-color:rgb(238,221,238); padding-top:2px; padding-bottom:2px; padding-left:5px; border-left-width:0px; border-left-style:initial; border-left-color:initial; border-top-width:1px; border-top-style:solid; border-top-color:rgb(204,170,204)"> standard mode</th> 
   <th style="text-align:center; padding-right:5px; background-color:rgb(238,221,238); padding-top:2px; padding-bottom:2px; padding-left:5px; border-left-width:0px; border-left-style:initial; border-left-color:initial; border-top-width:1px; border-top-style:solid; border-top-color:rgb(204,170,204)"> logo mode</th> 
  </tr> 
 </thead> 
 <tbody> 
  <tr> 
   <td style="text-align:left; padding-top:2px; padding-right:5px; padding-bottom:2px; padding-left:5px; border-left-width:0px; border-left-style:initial; border-left-color:initial; background-color:rgb(238,238,255)"> 0 - east</td> 
   <td style="text-align:left; padding-top:2px; padding-right:5px; padding-bottom:2px; padding-left:5px; border-left-width:0px; border-left-style:initial; border-left-color:initial; background-color:rgb(238,238,255)"> 0 - north</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td style="text-align:left; padding-top:2px; padding-right:5px; padding-bottom:2px; padding-left:5px; border-left-width:0px; border-left-style:initial; border-left-color:initial; background-color:rgb(238,238,255)"> 90 - north</td> 
   <td style="text-align:left; padding-top:2px; padding-right:5px; padding-bottom:2px; padding-left:5px; border-left-width:0px; border-left-style:initial; border-left-color:initial; background-color:rgb(238,238,255)"> 90 - east</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td style="text-align:left; padding-top:2px; padding-right:5px; padding-bottom:2px; padding-left:5px; border-left-width:0px; border-left-style:initial; border-left-color:initial; background-color:rgb(238,238,255)"> 180 - west</td> 
   <td style="text-align:left; padding-top:2px; padding-right:5px; padding-bottom:2px; padding-left:5px; border-left-width:0px; border-left-style:initial; border-left-color:initial; background-color:rgb(238,238,255)"> 180 - south</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td style="text-align:left; padding-top:2px; padding-right:5px; padding-bottom:2px; padding-left:5px; border-left-width:0px; border-left-style:initial; border-left-color:initial; background-color:rgb(238,238,255)"> 270 - south</td> 
   <td style="text-align:left; padding-top:2px; padding-right:5px; padding-bottom:2px; padding-left:5px; border-left-width:0px; border-left-style:initial; border-left-color:initial; background-color:rgb(238,238,255)"> 270 - west</td> 
  </tr> 
 </tbody> 
</table>

>>>

>>> turtle.setheading(90)
    >>> turtle.heading()
    90.0

`turtle.` `home` ( )

Move turtle to the origin – coordinates (0,0) – and set its heading to its start-orientation (which depends on the mode, see [`mode()`][mode]).

>>>

>>> turtle.heading()
    90.0
    >>> turtle.position()
    (0.00,-10.00)
    >>> turtle.home()
    >>> turtle.position()
    (0.00,0.00)
    >>> turtle.heading()
    0.0

`turtle.` `circle` ( *radius*,  *extent=None*,  *steps=None* )

Draw a circle with given *radius*. The center is *radius* units left of the turtle; *extent* – an angle – determines which part of the circle is drawn. If *extent* is not given, draw the entire circle. If *extent* is not a full circle, one endpoint of the arc is the current pen position. Draw the arc in counterclockwise direction if *radius* is positive, otherwise in clockwise direction. Finally the direction of the turtle is changed by the amount of *extent*.

As the circle is approximated by an inscribed regular polygon, *steps* determines the number of steps to use. If not given, it will be calculated automatically. May be used to draw regular polygons.

>>>

>>> turtle.home()
    >>> turtle.position()
    (0.00,0.00)
    >>> turtle.heading()
    0.0
    >>> turtle.circle(50)
    >>> turtle.position()
    (-0.00,0.00)
    >>> turtle.heading()
    0.0
    >>> turtle.circle(120, 180)  # draw a semicircle
    >>> turtle.position()
    (0.00,240.00)
    >>> turtle.heading()
    180.0

`turtle.` `dot` ( *size=None*,  *\*color* )

Draw a circular dot with diameter *size*, using *color*. If *size* is not given, the maximum of pensize+4 and 2\*pensize is used.

>>>

>>> turtle.home()
    >>> turtle.dot()
    >>> turtle.fd(50); turtle.dot(20, "blue"); turtle.fd(50)
    >>> turtle.position()
    (100.00,-0.00)
    >>> turtle.heading()
    0.0

`turtle.` `stamp` ( )

Stamp a copy of the turtle shape onto the canvas at the current turtle position. Return a stamp\_id for that stamp, which can be used to delete it by calling`clearstamp(stamp_id)`.

>>>

>>> turtle.color("blue")
    >>> turtle.stamp()
    11
    >>> turtle.fd(50)

`turtle.` `clearstamp` ( *stampid* )

Delete stamp with given *stampid*.

>>>

>>> turtle.position()
    (150.00,-0.00)
    >>> turtle.color("blue")
    >>> astamp = turtle.stamp()
    >>> turtle.fd(50)
    >>> turtle.position()
    (200.00,-0.00)
    >>> turtle.clearstamp(astamp)
    >>> turtle.position()
    (200.00,-0.00)

`turtle.` `clearstamps` ( *n=None* )

Delete all or first/last *n* of turtle’s stamps. If *n* is None, delete all stamps, if *n* > 0 delete first *n* stamps, else if *n* < 0 delete last *n* stamps.

>>>

>>> for i in range(8):
    ...     turtle.stamp(); turtle.fd(30)
    13
    14
    15
    16
    17
    18
    19
    20
    >>> turtle.clearstamps(2)
    >>> turtle.clearstamps(-2)
    >>> turtle.clearstamps()

`turtle.` `undo` ( )

Undo (repeatedly) the last turtle action(s). Number of available undo actions is determined by the size of the undobuffer.

>>>

>>> for i in range(4):
    ...     turtle.fd(50); turtle.lt(80)
    ...
    >>> for i in range(8):
    ...     turtle.undo()

`turtle.` `speed` ( *speed=None* )

Set the turtle’s speed to an integer value in the range 0..10. If no argument is given, return current speed.

If input is a number greater than 10 or smaller than 0.5, speed is set to 0. Speedstrings are mapped to speedvalues as follows:

*  “fastest”: 0
 *  “fast”: 10
 *  “normal”: 6
 *  “slow”: 3
 *  “slowest”: 1

Speeds from 1 to 10 enforce increasingly faster animation of line drawing and turtle turning.

Attention: *speed* = 0 means that *no* animation takes place. forward/back makes turtle jump and likewise left/right make the turtle turn instantly.

>>>

>>> turtle.speed()
    3
    >>> turtle.speed('normal')
    >>> turtle.speed()
    6
    >>> turtle.speed(9)
    >>> turtle.speed()
    9

### 24.5.3.2. Tell Turtle’s state ###

`turtle.` `position` ( )  `turtle.` `pos` ( )

Return the turtle’s current location (x,y) (as a [`Vec2D`][Vec2D] vector).

>>>

>>> turtle.pos()
    (440.00,-0.00)

`turtle.` `towards` ( *x*,  *y=None* )

Return the angle between the line from turtle position to position specified by (x,y), the vector or the other turtle. This depends on the turtle’s start orientation which depends on the mode - “standard”/”world” or “logo”).

>>>

>>> turtle.goto(10, 10)
    >>> turtle.towards(0,0)
    225.0

`turtle.` `xcor` ( )

Return the turtle’s x coordinate.

>>>

>>> turtle.home()
    >>> turtle.left(50)
    >>> turtle.forward(100)
    >>> turtle.pos()
    (64.28,76.60)
    >>> print turtle.xcor()
    64.2787609687

`turtle.` `ycor` ( )

Return the turtle’s y coordinate.

>>>

>>> turtle.home()
    >>> turtle.left(60)
    >>> turtle.forward(100)
    >>> print turtle.pos()
    (50.00,86.60)
    >>> print turtle.ycor()
    86.6025403784

`turtle.` `heading` ( )

Return the turtle’s current heading (value depends on the turtle mode, see [`mode()`][mode]).

>>>

>>> turtle.home()
    >>> turtle.left(67)
    >>> turtle.heading()
    67.0

`turtle.` `distance` ( *x*,  *y=None* )

Return the distance from the turtle to (x,y), the given vector, or the given other turtle, in turtle step units.

>>>

>>> turtle.home()
    >>> turtle.distance(30,40)
    50.0
    >>> turtle.distance((30,40))
    50.0
    >>> joe = Turtle()
    >>> joe.forward(77)
    >>> turtle.distance(joe)
    77.0

### 24.5.3.3. Settings for measurement ###

`turtle.` `degrees` ( *fullcircle=360.0* )

Set angle measurement units, i.e. set number of “degrees” for a full circle. Default value is 360 degrees.

>>>

>>> turtle.home()
    >>> turtle.left(90)
    >>> turtle.heading()
    90.0
    
    Change angle measurement unit to grad (also known as gon,
    grade, or gradian and equals 1/100-th of the right angle.)
    >>> turtle.degrees(400.0)
    >>> turtle.heading()
    100.0
    >>> turtle.degrees(360)
    >>> turtle.heading()
    90.0

`turtle.` `radians` ( )

Set the angle measurement units to radians. Equivalent to `degrees(2*math.pi)`.

>>>

>>> turtle.home()
    >>> turtle.left(90)
    >>> turtle.heading()
    90.0
    >>> turtle.radians()
    >>> turtle.heading()
    1.5707963267948966

### 24.5.3.4. Pen control ###

#### 24.5.3.4.1. Drawing state ####

`turtle.` `pendown` ( )  `turtle.` `pd` ( )  `turtle.` `down` ( )

Pull the pen down – drawing when moving.

`turtle.` `penup` ( )  `turtle.` `pu` ( )  `turtle.` `up` ( )

Pull the pen up – no drawing when moving.

`turtle.` `pensize` ( *width=None* )  `turtle.` `width` ( *width=None* )

Set the line thickness to *width* or return it. If resizemode is set to “auto” and turtleshape is a polygon, that polygon is drawn with the same line thickness. If no argument is given, the current pensize is returned.

>>>

>>> turtle.pensize()
    1
    >>> turtle.pensize(10)   # from here on lines of width 10 are drawn

`turtle.` `pen` ( *pen=None*,  *\*\*pendict* )

Return or set the pen’s attributes in a “pen-dictionary” with the following key/value pairs:

*  “shown”: True/False
 *  “pendown”: True/False
 *  “pencolor”: color-string or color-tuple
 *  “fillcolor”: color-string or color-tuple
 *  “pensize”: positive number
 *  “speed”: number in range 0..10
 *  “resizemode”: “auto” or “user” or “noresize”
 *  “stretchfactor”: (positive number, positive number)
 *  “outline”: positive number
 *  “tilt”: number

This dictionary can be used as argument for a subsequent call to [`pen()`][pen] to restore the former pen-state. Moreover one or more of these attributes can be provided as keyword-arguments. This can be used to set several pen attributes in one statement.

>>>

>>> turtle.pen(fillcolor="black", pencolor="red", pensize=10)
    >>> sorted(turtle.pen().items())
    [('fillcolor', 'black'), ('outline', 1), ('pencolor', 'red'),
     ('pendown', True), ('pensize', 10), ('resizemode', 'noresize'),
     ('shown', True), ('speed', 9), ('stretchfactor', (1, 1)), ('tilt', 0)]
    >>> penstate=turtle.pen()
    >>> turtle.color("yellow", "")
    >>> turtle.penup()
    >>> sorted(turtle.pen().items())
    [('fillcolor', ''), ('outline', 1), ('pencolor', 'yellow'),
     ('pendown', False), ('pensize', 10), ('resizemode', 'noresize'),
     ('shown', True), ('speed', 9), ('stretchfactor', (1, 1)), ('tilt', 0)]
    >>> turtle.pen(penstate, fillcolor="green")
    >>> sorted(turtle.pen().items())
    [('fillcolor', 'green'), ('outline', 1), ('pencolor', 'red'),
     ('pendown', True), ('pensize', 10), ('resizemode', 'noresize'),
     ('shown', True), ('speed', 9), ('stretchfactor', (1, 1)), ('tilt', 0)]

`turtle.` `isdown` ( )

Return `True` if pen is down, `False` if it’s up.

>>>

>>> turtle.penup()
    >>> turtle.isdown()
    False
    >>> turtle.pendown()
    >>> turtle.isdown()
    True

#### 24.5.3.4.2. Color control ####

`turtle.` `pencolor` ( *\*args* )

Return or set the pencolor.

Four input formats are allowed:

`pencolor()`

Return the current pencolor as color specification string or as a tuple (see example). May be used as input to another color/pencolor/fillcolor call.

`pencolor(colorstring)`

Set pencolor to  *colorstring*, which is a Tk color specification string, such as  `"red"`,  `"yellow"`, or  `"#33cc8c"`.

`pencolor((r, g, b))`

Set pencolor to the RGB color represented by the tuple of  *r*,  *g*, and  *b*. Each of  *r*,  *g*, and  *b* must be in the range 0..colormode, where colormode is either 1.0 or 255 (see  [`colormode()`][colormode]).

`pencolor(r, g, b)`

> Set pencolor to the RGB color represented by  *r*,  *g*, and  *b*. Each of  *r*,  *g*, and  *b* must be in the range 0..colormode.

If turtleshape is a polygon, the outline of that polygon is drawn with the newly set pencolor.

>>>

>>> colormode()
    1.0
    >>> turtle.pencolor()
    'red'
    >>> turtle.pencolor("brown")
    >>> turtle.pencolor()
    'brown'
    >>> tup = (0.2, 0.8, 0.55)
    >>> turtle.pencolor(tup)
    >>> turtle.pencolor()
    (0.2, 0.8, 0.5490196078431373)
    >>> colormode(255)
    >>> turtle.pencolor()
    (51, 204, 140)
    >>> turtle.pencolor('#32c18f')
    >>> turtle.pencolor()
    (50, 193, 143)

`turtle.` `fillcolor` ( *\*args* )

Return or set the fillcolor.

Four input formats are allowed:

`fillcolor()`

Return the current fillcolor as color specification string, possibly in tuple format (see example). May be used as input to another color/pencolor/fillcolor call.

`fillcolor(colorstring)`

Set fillcolor to  *colorstring*, which is a Tk color specification string, such as  `"red"`,  `"yellow"`, or  `"#33cc8c"`.

`fillcolor((r, g, b))`

Set fillcolor to the RGB color represented by the tuple of  *r*,  *g*, and  *b*. Each of  *r*,  *g*, and  *b* must be in the range 0..colormode, where colormode is either 1.0 or 255 (see  [`colormode()`][colormode]).

`fillcolor(r, g, b)`

> Set fillcolor to the RGB color represented by  *r*,  *g*, and  *b*. Each of  *r*,  *g*, and  *b* must be in the range 0..colormode.

If turtleshape is a polygon, the interior of that polygon is drawn with the newly set fillcolor.

>>>

>>> turtle.fillcolor("violet")
    >>> turtle.fillcolor()
    'violet'
    >>> col = turtle.pencolor()
    >>> col
    (50, 193, 143)
    >>> turtle.fillcolor(col)
    >>> turtle.fillcolor()
    (50, 193, 143)
    >>> turtle.fillcolor('#ffffff')
    >>> turtle.fillcolor()
    (255, 255, 255)

`turtle.` `color` ( *\*args* )

Return or set pencolor and fillcolor.

Several input formats are allowed. They use 0 to 3 arguments as follows:

`color()`

Return the current pencolor and the current fillcolor as a pair of color specification strings or tuples as returned by  [`pencolor()`][pencolor] and  [`fillcolor()`][fillcolor].

`color(colorstring)`,  `color((r,g,b))`,  `color(r,g,b)`

Inputs as in  [`pencolor()`][pencolor], set both, fillcolor and pencolor, to the given value.

`color(colorstring1, colorstring2)`,  `color((r1,g1,b1), (r2,g2,b2))`

> Equivalent to  `pencolor(colorstring1)` and  `fillcolor(colorstring2)` and analogously if the other input format is used.

If turtleshape is a polygon, outline and interior of that polygon is drawn with the newly set colors.

>>>

>>> turtle.color("red", "green")
    >>> turtle.color()
    ('red', 'green')
    >>> color("#285078", "#a0c8f0")
    >>> color()
    ((40, 80, 120), (160, 200, 240))

See also: Screen method [`colormode()`][colormode].

#### 24.5.3.4.3. Filling ####

`turtle.` `fill` ( *flag* )

Call `fill(True)` before drawing the shape you want to fill, and `fill(False)` when done. When used without argument: return fillstate (`True` if filling, `False` else).

>>>

>>> turtle.fill(True)
    >>> for _ in range(3):
    ...    turtle.forward(100)
    ...    turtle.left(120)
    ...
    >>> turtle.fill(False)

`turtle.` `begin_fill` ( )

Call just before drawing a shape to be filled. Equivalent to `fill(True)`.

`turtle.` `end_fill` ( )

Fill the shape drawn after the last call to [`begin_fill()`][begin_fill]. Equivalent to `fill(False)`.

>>>

>>> turtle.color("black", "red")
    >>> turtle.begin_fill()
    >>> turtle.circle(80)
    >>> turtle.end_fill()

#### 24.5.3.4.4. More drawing control ####

`turtle.` `reset` ( )

Delete the turtle’s drawings from the screen, re-center the turtle and set variables to the default values.

>>>

>>> turtle.goto(0,-22)
    >>> turtle.left(100)
    >>> turtle.position()
    (0.00,-22.00)
    >>> turtle.heading()
    100.0
    >>> turtle.reset()
    >>> turtle.position()
    (0.00,0.00)
    >>> turtle.heading()
    0.0

`turtle.` `clear` ( )

Delete the turtle’s drawings from the screen. Do not move turtle. State and position of the turtle as well as drawings of other turtles are not affected.

`turtle.` `write` ( *arg*,  *move=False*,  *align="left"*,  *font=("Arial"*,  *8*,  *"normal")* )

Write text - the string representation of *arg* - at the current turtle position according to *align* (“left”, “center” or right”) and with the given font. If *move* is true, the pen is moved to the bottom-right corner of the text. By default, *move* is `False`.

>>>

>>> turtle.write("Home = ", True, align="center")
    >>> turtle.write((0,0), True)

### 24.5.3.5. Turtle state ###

#### 24.5.3.5.1. Visibility ####

`turtle.` `hideturtle` ( )  `turtle.` `ht` ( )

Make the turtle invisible. It’s a good idea to do this while you’re in the middle of doing some complex drawing, because hiding the turtle speeds up the drawing observably.

>>>

>>> turtle.hideturtle()

`turtle.` `showturtle` ( )  `turtle.` `st` ( )

Make the turtle visible.

>>>

>>> turtle.showturtle()

`turtle.` `isvisible` ( )

Return `True` if the Turtle is shown, `False` if it’s hidden.

>>>

>>> turtle.hideturtle()
    >>> turtle.isvisible()
    False
    >>> turtle.showturtle()
    >>> turtle.isvisible()
    True

#### 24.5.3.5.2. Appearance ####

`turtle.` `shape` ( *name=None* )

Set turtle shape to shape with given *name* or, if name is not given, return name of current shape. Shape with *name* must exist in the TurtleScreen’s shape dictionary. Initially there are the following polygon shapes: “arrow”, “turtle”, “circle”, “square”, “triangle”, “classic”. To learn about how to deal with shapes see Screen method [`register_shape()`][register_shape].

>>>

>>> turtle.shape()
    'classic'
    >>> turtle.shape("turtle")
    >>> turtle.shape()
    'turtle'

`turtle.` `resizemode` ( *rmode=None* )

Set resizemode to one of the values: “auto”, “user”, “noresize”. If *rmode* is not given, return current resizemode. Different resizemodes have the following effects:

*  “auto”: adapts the appearance of the turtle corresponding to the value of pensize.
 *  “user”: adapts the appearance of the turtle according to the values of stretchfactor and outlinewidth (outline), which are set by [`shapesize()`][shapesize].
 *  “noresize”: no adaption of the turtle’s appearance takes place.

resizemode(“user”) is called by [`shapesize()`][shapesize] when used with arguments.

>>>

>>> turtle.resizemode()
    'noresize'
    >>> turtle.resizemode("auto")
    >>> turtle.resizemode()
    'auto'

`turtle.` `shapesize` ( *stretch\_wid=None*,  *stretch\_len=None*,  *outline=None* )  `turtle.` `turtlesize` ( *stretch\_wid=None*,  *stretch\_len=None*,  *outline=None* )

Return or set the pen’s attributes x/y-stretchfactors and/or outline. Set resizemode to “user”. If and only if resizemode is set to “user”, the turtle will be displayed stretched according to its stretchfactors: *stretch\_wid* is stretchfactor perpendicular to its orientation, *stretch\_len* is stretchfactor in direction of its orientation,*outline* determines the width of the shapes’s outline.

>>>

>>> turtle.shapesize()
    (1, 1, 1)
    >>> turtle.resizemode("user")
    >>> turtle.shapesize(5, 5, 12)
    >>> turtle.shapesize()
    (5, 5, 12)
    >>> turtle.shapesize(outline=8)
    >>> turtle.shapesize()
    (5, 5, 8)

`turtle.` `tilt` ( *angle* )

Rotate the turtleshape by *angle* from its current tilt-angle, but do *not* change the turtle’s heading (direction of movement).

>>>

>>> turtle.reset()
    >>> turtle.shape("circle")
    >>> turtle.shapesize(5,2)
    >>> turtle.tilt(30)
    >>> turtle.fd(50)
    >>> turtle.tilt(30)
    >>> turtle.fd(50)

`turtle.` `settiltangle` ( *angle* )

Rotate the turtleshape to point in the direction specified by *angle*, regardless of its current tilt-angle. *Do not* change the turtle’s heading (direction of movement).

>>>

>>> turtle.reset()
    >>> turtle.shape("circle")
    >>> turtle.shapesize(5,2)
    >>> turtle.settiltangle(45)
    >>> turtle.fd(50)
    >>> turtle.settiltangle(-45)
    >>> turtle.fd(50)

`turtle.` `tiltangle` ( )

Return the current tilt-angle, i.e. the angle between the orientation of the turtleshape and the heading of the turtle (its direction of movement).

>>>

>>> turtle.reset()
    >>> turtle.shape("circle")
    >>> turtle.shapesize(5,2)
    >>> turtle.tilt(45)
    >>> turtle.tiltangle()
    45.0

### 24.5.3.6. Using events ###

`turtle.` `onclick` ( *fun*,  *btn=1*,  *add=None* )

<table style="margin-bottom:10px; border-top-width:0px; border-right-width:0px; border-bottom-width:0px; border-left-width:0px; border-top-style:solid; border-right-style:solid; border-bottom-style:solid; border-left-style:solid; border-top-color:rgb(221,204,238); border-right-color:rgb(221,204,238); border-bottom-color:rgb(221,204,238); border-left-color:rgb(221,204,238); border-collapse:collapse">     
 <tbody> 
  <tr> 
   <th style="text-align:left; padding-right:5px; background-color:rgb(238,221,238); padding-top:2px; padding-bottom:2px; padding-left:5px; border-left-width:0px!important; border-left-style:initial; border-left-color:initial; border-top-width:1px; border-right-width:0px!important; border-bottom-width:0px!important; border-style:initial!important; border-color:initial!important; border-top-style:solid; border-top-color:rgb(204,170,204)"> Parameters:</th> 
   <td style="text-align:left; padding-top:2px; padding-right:5px; padding-bottom:2px; padding-left:5px; border-left-width:0px!important; border-left-style:initial; border-left-color:initial; background-color:rgb(238,238,255); border-top-width:0px!important; border-right-width:0px!important; border-bottom-width:0px!important; border-style:initial!important; border-color:initial!important"> 
    <ul style="margin-bottom:0px; margin-top:0px; padding-left:1em; margin-right:0px; margin-left:0px"> 
     <li style="text-align:justify; line-height:20px"><strong>fun</strong>&nbsp;– a function with two arguments which will be called with the coordinates of the clicked point on the canvas</li> 
     <li style="text-align:justify; line-height:20px"><strong>num</strong>&nbsp;– number of the mouse-button, defaults to 1 (left mouse button)</li> 
     <li style="text-align:justify; line-height:20px"><strong>add</strong>&nbsp;–&nbsp;<code style="background-color:rgb(236,240,243); padding-top:0px; padding-right:1px; padding-bottom:0px; padding-left:1px; font-size:0.95em"><span>True</span></code>&nbsp;or&nbsp;<code style="background-color:rgb(236,240,243); padding-top:0px; padding-right:1px; padding-bottom:0px; padding-left:1px; font-size:0.95em"><span>False</span></code>&nbsp;– if&nbsp;<code style="background-color:rgb(236,240,243); padding-top:0px; padding-right:1px; padding-bottom:0px; padding-left:1px; font-size:0.95em"><span>True</span></code>, a new binding will be added, otherwise it will replace a former binding</li> 
    </ul> </td> 
  </tr> 
 </tbody> 
</table>

Bind *fun* to mouse-click events on this turtle. If *fun* is `None`, existing bindings are removed. Example for the anonymous turtle, i.e. the procedural way:

>>>

>>> def turn(x, y):
    ...     left(180)
    ...
    >>> onclick(turn)  # Now clicking into the turtle will turn it.
    >>> onclick(None)  # event-binding will be removed

`turtle.` `onrelease` ( *fun*,  *btn=1*,  *add=None* )

<table style="margin-bottom:10px; border-top-width:0px; border-right-width:0px; border-bottom-width:0px; border-left-width:0px; border-top-style:solid; border-right-style:solid; border-bottom-style:solid; border-left-style:solid; border-top-color:rgb(221,204,238); border-right-color:rgb(221,204,238); border-bottom-color:rgb(221,204,238); border-left-color:rgb(221,204,238); border-collapse:collapse">     
 <tbody> 
  <tr> 
   <th style="text-align:left; padding-right:5px; background-color:rgb(238,221,238); padding-top:2px; padding-bottom:2px; padding-left:5px; border-left-width:0px!important; border-left-style:initial; border-left-color:initial; border-top-width:1px; border-right-width:0px!important; border-bottom-width:0px!important; border-style:initial!important; border-color:initial!important; border-top-style:solid; border-top-color:rgb(204,170,204)"> Parameters:</th> 
   <td style="text-align:left; padding-top:2px; padding-right:5px; padding-bottom:2px; padding-left:5px; border-left-width:0px!important; border-left-style:initial; border-left-color:initial; background-color:rgb(238,238,255); border-top-width:0px!important; border-right-width:0px!important; border-bottom-width:0px!important; border-style:initial!important; border-color:initial!important"> 
    <ul style="margin-bottom:0px; margin-top:0px; padding-left:1em; margin-right:0px; margin-left:0px"> 
     <li style="text-align:justify; line-height:20px"><strong>fun</strong>&nbsp;– a function with two arguments which will be called with the coordinates of the clicked point on the canvas</li> 
     <li style="text-align:justify; line-height:20px"><strong>num</strong>&nbsp;– number of the mouse-button, defaults to 1 (left mouse button)</li> 
     <li style="text-align:justify; line-height:20px"><strong>add</strong>&nbsp;–&nbsp;<code style="background-color:rgb(236,240,243); padding-top:0px; padding-right:1px; padding-bottom:0px; padding-left:1px; font-size:0.95em"><span>True</span></code>&nbsp;or&nbsp;<code style="background-color:rgb(236,240,243); padding-top:0px; padding-right:1px; padding-bottom:0px; padding-left:1px; font-size:0.95em"><span>False</span></code>&nbsp;– if&nbsp;<code style="background-color:rgb(236,240,243); padding-top:0px; padding-right:1px; padding-bottom:0px; padding-left:1px; font-size:0.95em"><span>True</span></code>, a new binding will be added, otherwise it will replace a former binding</li> 
    </ul> </td> 
  </tr> 
 </tbody> 
</table>

Bind *fun* to mouse-button-release events on this turtle. If *fun* is `None`, existing bindings are removed.

>>>

>>> class MyTurtle(Turtle):
    ...     def glow(self,x,y):
    ...         self.fillcolor("red")
    ...     def unglow(self,x,y):
    ...         self.fillcolor("")
    ...
    >>> turtle = MyTurtle()
    >>> turtle.onclick(turtle.glow)     # clicking on turtle turns fillcolor red,
    >>> turtle.onrelease(turtle.unglow) # releasing turns it to transparent.

`turtle.` `ondrag` ( *fun*,  *btn=1*,  *add=None* )

<table style="margin-bottom:10px; border-top-width:0px; border-right-width:0px; border-bottom-width:0px; border-left-width:0px; border-top-style:solid; border-right-style:solid; border-bottom-style:solid; border-left-style:solid; border-top-color:rgb(221,204,238); border-right-color:rgb(221,204,238); border-bottom-color:rgb(221,204,238); border-left-color:rgb(221,204,238); border-collapse:collapse">     
 <tbody> 
  <tr> 
   <th style="text-align:left; padding-right:5px; background-color:rgb(238,221,238); padding-top:2px; padding-bottom:2px; padding-left:5px; border-left-width:0px!important; border-left-style:initial; border-left-color:initial; border-top-width:1px; border-right-width:0px!important; border-bottom-width:0px!important; border-style:initial!important; border-color:initial!important; border-top-style:solid; border-top-color:rgb(204,170,204)"> Parameters:</th> 
   <td style="text-align:left; padding-top:2px; padding-right:5px; padding-bottom:2px; padding-left:5px; border-left-width:0px!important; border-left-style:initial; border-left-color:initial; background-color:rgb(238,238,255); border-top-width:0px!important; border-right-width:0px!important; border-bottom-width:0px!important; border-style:initial!important; border-color:initial!important"> 
    <ul style="margin-bottom:0px; margin-top:0px; padding-left:1em; margin-right:0px; margin-left:0px"> 
     <li style="text-align:justify; line-height:20px"><strong>fun</strong>&nbsp;– a function with two arguments which will be called with the coordinates of the clicked point on the canvas</li> 
     <li style="text-align:justify; line-height:20px"><strong>num</strong>&nbsp;– number of the mouse-button, defaults to 1 (left mouse button)</li> 
     <li style="text-align:justify; line-height:20px"><strong>add</strong>&nbsp;–&nbsp;<code style="background-color:rgb(236,240,243); padding-top:0px; padding-right:1px; padding-bottom:0px; padding-left:1px; font-size:0.95em"><span>True</span></code>&nbsp;or&nbsp;<code style="background-color:rgb(236,240,243); padding-top:0px; padding-right:1px; padding-bottom:0px; padding-left:1px; font-size:0.95em"><span>False</span></code>&nbsp;– if&nbsp;<code style="background-color:rgb(236,240,243); padding-top:0px; padding-right:1px; padding-bottom:0px; padding-left:1px; font-size:0.95em"><span>True</span></code>, a new binding will be added, otherwise it will replace a former binding</li> 
    </ul> </td> 
  </tr> 
 </tbody> 
</table>

Bind *fun* to mouse-move events on this turtle. If *fun* is `None`, existing bindings are removed.

Remark: Every sequence of mouse-move-events on a turtle is preceded by a mouse-click event on that turtle.

>>>

>>> turtle.ondrag(turtle.goto)

Subsequently, clicking and dragging the Turtle will move it across the screen thereby producing handdrawings (if pen is down).

`turtle.` `mainloop` ( )  `turtle.` `done` ( )

Starts event loop - calling Tkinter’s mainloop function. Must be the last statement in a turtle graphics program.

>>>

>>> turtle.mainloop()

### 24.5.3.7. Special Turtle methods ###

`turtle.` `begin_poly` ( )

Start recording the vertices of a polygon. Current turtle position is first vertex of polygon.

`turtle.` `end_poly` ( )

Stop recording the vertices of a polygon. Current turtle position is last vertex of polygon. This will be connected with the first vertex.

`turtle.` `get_poly` ( )

Return the last recorded polygon.

>>>

>>> turtle.home()
    >>> turtle.begin_poly()
    >>> turtle.fd(100)
    >>> turtle.left(20)
    >>> turtle.fd(30)
    >>> turtle.left(60)
    >>> turtle.fd(50)
    >>> turtle.end_poly()
    >>> p = turtle.get_poly()
    >>> register_shape("myFavouriteShape", p)

`turtle.` `clone` ( )

Create and return a clone of the turtle with same position, heading and turtle properties.

>>>

>>> mick = Turtle()
    >>> joe = mick.clone()

`turtle.` `getturtle` ( )  `turtle.` `getpen` ( )

Return the Turtle object itself. Only reasonable use: as a function to return the “anonymous turtle”:

>>>

>>> pet = getturtle()
    >>> pet.fd(50)
    >>> pet
    <turtle.Turtle object at 0x...>

`turtle.` `getscreen` ( )

Return the [`TurtleScreen`][TurtleScreen] object the turtle is drawing on. TurtleScreen methods can then be called for that object.

>>>

>>> ts = turtle.getscreen()
    >>> ts
    <turtle._Screen object at 0x...>
    >>> ts.bgcolor("pink")

`turtle.` `setundobuffer` ( *size* )

Set or disable undobuffer. If *size* is an integer an empty undobuffer of given size is installed. *size* gives the maximum number of turtle actions that can be undone by the [`undo()`][undo] method/function. If *size* is `None`, the undobuffer is disabled.

>>>

>>> turtle.setundobuffer(42)

`turtle.` `undobufferentries` ( )

Return number of entries in the undobuffer.

>>>

>>> while undobufferentries():
    ...     undo()

`turtle.` `tracer` ( *flag=None*,  *delay=None* )

A replica of the corresponding TurtleScreen method.

*Deprecated since version 2.6.*

`turtle.` `window_width` ( )  `turtle.` `window_height` ( )

Both are replicas of the corresponding TurtleScreen methods.

*Deprecated since version 2.6.*

### 24.5.3.8. Excursus about the use of compound shapes ###

To use compound turtle shapes, which consist of several polygons of different color, you must use the helper class [`Shape`][Shape] explicitly as described below:

1.  Create an empty Shape object of type “compound”.
2.  Add as many components to this object as desired, using the `addcomponent()` method.
    
    For example:
    
    >>>
    
        >>> s = Shape("compound")
        >>> poly1 = ((0,0),(10,-5),(0,10),(-10,-5))
        >>> s.addcomponent(poly1, "red", "blue")
        >>> poly2 = ((0,0),(10,-5),(-10,-5))
        >>> s.addcomponent(poly2, "blue", "red")
3.  Now add the Shape to the Screen’s shapelist and use it:
    
    >>>
    
        >>> register_shape("myshape", s)
        >>> shape("myshape")

Note

The [`Shape`][Shape] class is used internally by the [`register_shape()`][register_shape] method in different ways. The application programmer has to deal with the Shape class *only*when using compound shapes like shown above!

## 24.5.4. Methods of TurtleScreen/Screen and corresponding functions ##

Most of the examples in this section refer to a TurtleScreen instance called `screen`.

### 24.5.4.1. Window control ###

`turtle.` `bgcolor` ( *\*args* )

Set or return background color of the TurtleScreen.

>>>

>>> screen.bgcolor("orange")
    >>> screen.bgcolor()
    'orange'
    >>> screen.bgcolor("#800080")
    >>> screen.bgcolor()
    (128, 0, 128)

`turtle.` `bgpic` ( *picname=None* )

Set background image or return name of current backgroundimage. If *picname* is a filename, set the corresponding image as background. If *picname* is `"nopic"`, delete background image, if present. If *picname* is `None`, return the filename of the current backgroundimage.

>>>

>>> screen.bgpic()
    'nopic'
    >>> screen.bgpic("landscape.gif")
    >>> screen.bgpic()
    "landscape.gif"

`turtle.` `clear` ( ) `turtle.` `clearscreen` ( )

Delete all drawings and all turtles from the TurtleScreen. Reset the now empty TurtleScreen to its initial state: white background, no background image, no event bindings and tracing on.

Note

This TurtleScreen method is available as a global function only under the name `clearscreen`. The global function `clear` is another one derived from the Turtle method `clear`.

`turtle.` `reset` ( ) `turtle.` `resetscreen` ( )

Reset all Turtles on the Screen to their initial state.

Note

This TurtleScreen method is available as a global function only under the name `resetscreen`. The global function `reset` is another one derived from the Turtle method `reset`.

`turtle.` `screensize` ( *canvwidth=None*,  *canvheight=None*,  *bg=None* )

If no arguments are given, return current (canvaswidth, canvasheight). Else resize the canvas the turtles are drawing on. Do not alter the drawing window. To observe hidden parts of the canvas, use the scrollbars. With this method, one can make visible those parts of a drawing which were outside the canvas before.

>>>

>>> screen.screensize()
    (400, 300)
    >>> screen.screensize(2000,1500)
    >>> screen.screensize()
    (2000, 1500)

e.g. to search for an erroneously escaped turtle ;-)

`turtle.` `setworldcoordinates` ( *llx*,  *lly*,  *urx*,  *ury* )

Set up user-defined coordinate system and switch to mode “world” if necessary. This performs a `screen.reset()`. If mode “world” is already active, all drawings are redrawn according to the new coordinates.

**ATTENTION**: in user-defined coordinate systems angles may appear distorted.

>>>

>>> screen.reset()
    >>> screen.setworldcoordinates(-50,-7.5,50,7.5)
    >>> for _ in range(72):
    ...     left(10)
    ...
    >>> for _ in range(8):
    ...     left(45); fd(2)   # a regular octagon

### 24.5.4.2. Animation control ###

`turtle.` `delay` ( *delay=None* )

Set or return the drawing *delay* in milliseconds. (This is approximately the time interval between two consecutive canvas updates.) The longer the drawing delay, the slower the animation.

Optional argument:

>>>

>>> screen.delay()
    10
    >>> screen.delay(5)
    >>> screen.delay()
    5

`turtle.` `tracer` ( *n=None*,  *delay=None* )

Turn turtle animation on/off and set delay for update drawings. If *n* is given, only each n-th regular screen update is really performed. (Can be used to accelerate the drawing of complex graphics.) Second argument sets delay value (see [`delay()`][delay]).

>>>

>>> screen.tracer(8, 25)
    >>> dist = 2
    >>> for i in range(200):
    ...     fd(dist)
    ...     rt(90)
    ...     dist += 2

`turtle.` `update` ( )

Perform a TurtleScreen update. To be used when tracer is turned off.

See also the RawTurtle/Turtle method [`speed()`][speed].

### 24.5.4.3. Using screen events ###

`turtle.` `listen` ( *xdummy=None*,  *ydummy=None* )

Set focus on TurtleScreen (in order to collect key-events). Dummy arguments are provided in order to be able to pass [`listen()`][listen] to the onclick method.

`turtle.` `onkey` ( *fun*,  *key* )

Bind *fun* to key-release event of key. If *fun* is `None`, event bindings are removed. Remark: in order to be able to register key-events, TurtleScreen must have the focus. (See method [`listen()`][listen].)

>>>

>>> def f():
    ...     fd(50)
    ...     lt(60)
    ...
    >>> screen.onkey(f, "Up")
    >>> screen.listen()

`turtle.` `onclick` ( *fun*,  *btn=1*,  *add=None* ) `turtle.` `onscreenclick` ( *fun*,  *btn=1*,  *add=None* )

<table style="margin-bottom:10px; border-top-width:0px; border-right-width:0px; border-bottom-width:0px; border-left-width:0px; border-top-style:solid; border-right-style:solid; border-bottom-style:solid; border-left-style:solid; border-top-color:rgb(221,204,238); border-right-color:rgb(221,204,238); border-bottom-color:rgb(221,204,238); border-left-color:rgb(221,204,238); border-collapse:collapse">     
 <tbody> 
  <tr> 
   <th style="text-align:left; padding-right:5px; background-color:rgb(238,221,238); padding-top:2px; padding-bottom:2px; padding-left:5px; border-left-width:0px!important; border-left-style:initial; border-left-color:initial; border-top-width:1px; border-right-width:0px!important; border-bottom-width:0px!important; border-style:initial!important; border-color:initial!important; border-top-style:solid; border-top-color:rgb(204,170,204)"> Parameters:</th> 
   <td style="text-align:left; padding-top:2px; padding-right:5px; padding-bottom:2px; padding-left:5px; border-left-width:0px!important; border-left-style:initial; border-left-color:initial; background-color:rgb(238,238,255); border-top-width:0px!important; border-right-width:0px!important; border-bottom-width:0px!important; border-style:initial!important; border-color:initial!important"> 
    <ul style="margin-bottom:0px; margin-top:0px; padding-left:1em; margin-right:0px; margin-left:0px"> 
     <li style="text-align:justify; line-height:20px"><strong>fun</strong>&nbsp;– a function with two arguments which will be called with the coordinates of the clicked point on the canvas</li> 
     <li style="text-align:justify; line-height:20px"><strong>num</strong>&nbsp;– number of the mouse-button, defaults to 1 (left mouse button)</li> 
     <li style="text-align:justify; line-height:20px"><strong>add</strong>&nbsp;–&nbsp;<code style="background-color:rgb(236,240,243); padding-top:0px; padding-right:1px; padding-bottom:0px; padding-left:1px; font-size:0.95em"><span>True</span></code>&nbsp;or&nbsp;<code style="background-color:rgb(236,240,243); padding-top:0px; padding-right:1px; padding-bottom:0px; padding-left:1px; font-size:0.95em"><span>False</span></code>&nbsp;– if&nbsp;<code style="background-color:rgb(236,240,243); padding-top:0px; padding-right:1px; padding-bottom:0px; padding-left:1px; font-size:0.95em"><span>True</span></code>, a new binding will be added, otherwise it will replace a former binding</li> 
    </ul> </td> 
  </tr> 
 </tbody> 
</table>

Bind *fun* to mouse-click events on this screen. If *fun* is `None`, existing bindings are removed.

Example for a TurtleScreen instance named `screen` and a Turtle instance named turtle:

>>>

>>> screen.onclick(turtle.goto) # Subsequently clicking into the TurtleScreen will
    >>>                             # make the turtle move to the clicked point.
    >>> screen.onclick(None)        # remove event binding again

Note

This TurtleScreen method is available as a global function only under the name `onscreenclick`. The global function `onclick` is another one derived from the Turtle method `onclick`.

`turtle.` `ontimer` ( *fun*,  *t=0* )

Install a timer that calls *fun* after *t* milliseconds.

>>>

>>> running = True
    >>> def f():
    ...     if running:
    ...         fd(50)
    ...         lt(60)
    ...         screen.ontimer(f, 250)
    >>> f()   ### makes the turtle march around
    >>> running = False

### 24.5.4.4. Settings and special methods ###

`turtle.` `mode` ( *mode=None* )

Set turtle mode (“standard”, “logo” or “world”) and perform reset. If mode is not given, current mode is returned.

Mode “standard” is compatible with old [`turtle`][turtle]. Mode “logo” is compatible with most Logo turtle graphics. Mode “world” uses user-defined “world coordinates”.**Attention**: in this mode angles appear distorted if `x/y` unit-ratio doesn’t equal 1.

<table style="margin-bottom:10px; border-top-width:0px; border-right-width:0px; border-bottom-width:0px; border-left-width:0px; border-top-style:solid; border-right-style:solid; border-bottom-style:solid; border-left-style:solid; border-top-color:rgb(221,204,238); border-right-color:rgb(221,204,238); border-bottom-color:rgb(221,204,238); border-left-color:rgb(221,204,238); border-collapse:collapse">      
 <thead> 
  <tr> 
   <th style="text-align:center; padding-right:5px; background-color:rgb(238,221,238); padding-top:2px; padding-bottom:2px; padding-left:5px; border-left-width:0px; border-left-style:initial; border-left-color:initial; border-top-width:1px; border-top-style:solid; border-top-color:rgb(204,170,204)"> Mode</th> 
   <th style="text-align:center; padding-right:5px; background-color:rgb(238,221,238); padding-top:2px; padding-bottom:2px; padding-left:5px; border-left-width:0px; border-left-style:initial; border-left-color:initial; border-top-width:1px; border-top-style:solid; border-top-color:rgb(204,170,204)"> Initial turtle heading</th> 
   <th style="text-align:center; padding-right:5px; background-color:rgb(238,221,238); padding-top:2px; padding-bottom:2px; padding-left:5px; border-left-width:0px; border-left-style:initial; border-left-color:initial; border-top-width:1px; border-top-style:solid; border-top-color:rgb(204,170,204)"> positive angles</th> 
  </tr> 
 </thead> 
 <tbody> 
  <tr> 
   <td style="text-align:left; padding-top:2px; padding-right:5px; padding-bottom:2px; padding-left:5px; border-left-width:0px; border-left-style:initial; border-left-color:initial; background-color:rgb(238,238,255)"> “standard”</td> 
   <td style="text-align:left; padding-top:2px; padding-right:5px; padding-bottom:2px; padding-left:5px; border-left-width:0px; border-left-style:initial; border-left-color:initial; background-color:rgb(238,238,255)"> to the right (east)</td> 
   <td style="text-align:left; padding-top:2px; padding-right:5px; padding-bottom:2px; padding-left:5px; border-left-width:0px; border-left-style:initial; border-left-color:initial; background-color:rgb(238,238,255)"> counterclockwise</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td style="text-align:left; padding-top:2px; padding-right:5px; padding-bottom:2px; padding-left:5px; border-left-width:0px; border-left-style:initial; border-left-color:initial; background-color:rgb(238,238,255)"> “logo”</td> 
   <td style="text-align:left; padding-top:2px; padding-right:5px; padding-bottom:2px; padding-left:5px; border-left-width:0px; border-left-style:initial; border-left-color:initial; background-color:rgb(238,238,255)"> upward (north)</td> 
   <td style="text-align:left; padding-top:2px; padding-right:5px; padding-bottom:2px; padding-left:5px; border-left-width:0px; border-left-style:initial; border-left-color:initial; background-color:rgb(238,238,255)"> clockwise</td> 
  </tr> 
 </tbody> 
</table>

>>>

>>> mode("logo")   # resets turtle heading to north
    >>> mode()
    'logo'

`turtle.` `colormode` ( *cmode=None* )

Return the colormode or set it to 1.0 or 255. Subsequently *r*, *g*, *b* values of color triples have to be in the range 0..*cmode*.

>>>

>>> screen.colormode(1)
    >>> turtle.pencolor(240, 160, 80)
    Traceback (most recent call last):
         ...
    TurtleGraphicsError: bad color sequence: (240, 160, 80)
    >>> screen.colormode()
    1.0
    >>> screen.colormode(255)
    >>> screen.colormode()
    255
    >>> turtle.pencolor(240,160,80)

`turtle.` `getcanvas` ( )

Return the Canvas of this TurtleScreen. Useful for insiders who know what to do with a Tkinter Canvas.

>>>

>>> cv = screen.getcanvas()
    >>> cv
    <turtle.ScrolledCanvas instance at 0x...>

`turtle.` `getshapes` ( )

Return a list of names of all currently available turtle shapes.

>>>

>>> screen.getshapes()
    ['arrow', 'blank', 'circle', ..., 'turtle']

`turtle.` `register_shape` ( *name*,  *shape=None* )  `turtle.` `addshape` ( *name*,  *shape=None* )

There are three different ways to call this function:

1.  *name* is the name of a gif-file and *shape* is `None`: Install the corresponding image shape.
    
    >>>
    
        >>> screen.register_shape("turtle.gif")
    
    Note
    
     
    
    Image shapes *do not* rotate when turning the turtle, so they do not display the heading of the turtle!
2.  *name* is an arbitrary string and *shape* is a tuple of pairs of coordinates: Install the corresponding polygon shape.
    
    >>>
    
        >>> screen.register_shape("triangle", ((5,-3), (0,5), (-5,-3)))
3.  *name* is an arbitrary string and shape is a (compound) [`Shape`][Shape] object: Install the corresponding compound shape.

Add a turtle shape to TurtleScreen’s shapelist. Only thusly registered shapes can be used by issuing the command `shape(shapename)`.

`turtle.` `turtles` ( )

Return the list of turtles on the screen.

>>>

>>> for turtle in screen.turtles():
    ...     turtle.color("red")

`turtle.` `window_height` ( )

Return the height of the turtle window.

>>>

>>> screen.window_height()
    480

`turtle.` `window_width` ( )

Return the width of the turtle window.

>>>

>>> screen.window_width()
    640

### 24.5.4.5. Methods specific to Screen, not inherited from TurtleScreen ###

`turtle.` `bye` ( )

Shut the turtlegraphics window.

`turtle.` `exitonclick` ( )

Bind bye() method to mouse clicks on the Screen.

If the value “using\_IDLE” in the configuration dictionary is `False` (default value), also enter mainloop. Remark: If IDLE with the `-n` switch (no subprocess) is used, this value should be set to `True` in `turtle.cfg`. In this case IDLE’s own mainloop is active also for the client script.

`turtle.` `setup` ( *width=\_CFG\["width"\], height=\_CFG\["height"\], startx=\_CFG\["leftright"\], starty=\_CFG\["topbottom"\]* )

Set the size and position of the main window. Default values of arguments are stored in the configuration dictionary and can be changed via a `turtle.cfg` file.

<table style="margin-bottom:10px; border-top-width:0px; border-right-width:0px; border-bottom-width:0px; border-left-width:0px; border-top-style:solid; border-right-style:solid; border-bottom-style:solid; border-left-style:solid; border-top-color:rgb(221,204,238); border-right-color:rgb(221,204,238); border-bottom-color:rgb(221,204,238); border-left-color:rgb(221,204,238); border-collapse:collapse">     
 <tbody> 
  <tr> 
   <th style="text-align:left; padding-right:5px; background-color:rgb(238,221,238); padding-top:2px; padding-bottom:2px; padding-left:5px; border-left-width:0px!important; border-left-style:initial; border-left-color:initial; border-top-width:1px; border-right-width:0px!important; border-bottom-width:0px!important; border-style:initial!important; border-color:initial!important; border-top-style:solid; border-top-color:rgb(204,170,204)"> Parameters:</th> 
   <td style="text-align:left; padding-top:2px; padding-right:5px; padding-bottom:2px; padding-left:5px; border-left-width:0px!important; border-left-style:initial; border-left-color:initial; background-color:rgb(238,238,255); border-top-width:0px!important; border-right-width:0px!important; border-bottom-width:0px!important; border-style:initial!important; border-color:initial!important"> 
    <ul style="margin-bottom:0px; margin-top:0px; padding-left:1em; margin-right:0px; margin-left:0px"> 
     <li style="text-align:justify; line-height:20px"><strong>width</strong>&nbsp;– if an integer, a size in pixels, if a float, a fraction of the screen; default is 50% of screen</li> 
     <li style="text-align:justify; line-height:20px"><strong>height</strong>&nbsp;– if an integer, the height in pixels, if a float, a fraction of the screen; default is 75% of screen</li> 
     <li style="text-align:justify; line-height:20px"><strong>startx</strong>&nbsp;– if positive, starting position in pixels from the left edge of the screen, if negative from the right edge, if None, center window horizontally</li> 
     <li style="text-align:justify; line-height:20px"><strong>starty</strong>&nbsp;– if positive, starting position in pixels from the top edge of the screen, if negative from the bottom edge, if None, center window vertically</li> 
    </ul> </td> 
  </tr> 
 </tbody> 
</table>

>>>

>>> screen.setup (width=200, height=200, startx=0, starty=0)
    >>>              # sets window to 200x200 pixels, in upper left of screen
    >>> screen.setup(width=.75, height=0.5, startx=None, starty=None)
    >>>              # sets window to 75% of screen by 50% of screen and centers

`turtle.` `title` ( *titlestring* )

Set title of turtle window to *titlestring*.

>>>

>>> screen.title("Welcome to the turtle zoo!")

## 24.5.5. The public classes of the module [`turtle`][turtle] ##

*class * `turtle.` `RawTurtle` ( *canvas* )  *class * `turtle.` `RawPen` ( *canvas* )

<table style="margin-bottom:10px; border-top-width:0px; border-right-width:0px; border-bottom-width:0px; border-left-width:0px; border-top-style:solid; border-right-style:solid; border-bottom-style:solid; border-left-style:solid; border-top-color:rgb(221,204,238); border-right-color:rgb(221,204,238); border-bottom-color:rgb(221,204,238); border-left-color:rgb(221,204,238); border-collapse:collapse">     
 <tbody> 
  <tr> 
   <th style="text-align:left; padding-right:5px; background-color:rgb(238,221,238); padding-top:2px; padding-bottom:2px; padding-left:5px; border-left-width:0px!important; border-left-style:initial; border-left-color:initial; border-top-width:1px; border-right-width:0px!important; border-bottom-width:0px!important; border-style:initial!important; border-color:initial!important; border-top-style:solid; border-top-color:rgb(204,170,204)"> Parameters:</th> 
   <td style="text-align:left; padding-top:2px; padding-right:5px; padding-bottom:2px; padding-left:5px; border-left-width:0px!important; border-left-style:initial; border-left-color:initial; background-color:rgb(238,238,255); border-top-width:0px!important; border-right-width:0px!important; border-bottom-width:0px!important; border-style:initial!important; border-color:initial!important"> <strong>canvas</strong>&nbsp;– a&nbsp;<code style="background-color:transparent; padding-top:0px; padding-right:1px; padding-bottom:0px; padding-left:1px; font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold"><span>Tkinter.Canvas</span></code>, a&nbsp;<a href="https://docs.python.org/2/library/turtle.html#turtle.ScrolledCanvas" title="turtle.ScrolledCanvas" style="color:rgb(53,95,124); text-decoration:none" rel="nofollow"><code style="background-color:transparent; padding-top:0px; padding-right:1px; padding-bottom:0px; padding-left:1px; font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold"><span>ScrolledCanvas</span></code></a>&nbsp;or a&nbsp;<a href="https://docs.python.org/2/library/turtle.html#turtle.TurtleScreen" title="turtle.TurtleScreen" style="color:rgb(53,95,124); text-decoration:none" rel="nofollow"><code style="background-color:transparent; padding-top:0px; padding-right:1px; padding-bottom:0px; padding-left:1px; font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold"><span>TurtleScreen</span></code></a></td> 
  </tr> 
 </tbody> 
</table>

Create a turtle. The turtle has all methods described above as “methods of Turtle/RawTurtle”.

*class * `turtle.` `Turtle`

Subclass of RawTurtle, has the same interface but draws on a default [`Screen`][Screen] object created automatically when needed for the first time.

*class * `turtle.` `TurtleScreen` ( *cv* )

Provides screen oriented methods like `setbg()` etc. that are described above.

*class * `turtle.` `Screen`

Subclass of TurtleScreen, with [four methods added][].

*class * `turtle.` `ScrolledCanvas` ( *master* )

Used by class Screen, which thus automatically provides a ScrolledCanvas as playground for the turtles.

*class * `turtle.` `Shape` ( *type\_*,  *data* )

Data structure modeling shapes. The pair `(type_, data)` must follow this specification:

<table style="margin-bottom:10px; border-top-width:0px; border-right-width:0px; border-bottom-width:0px; border-left-width:0px; border-top-style:solid; border-right-style:solid; border-bottom-style:solid; border-left-style:solid; border-top-color:rgb(221,204,238); border-right-color:rgb(221,204,238); border-bottom-color:rgb(221,204,238); border-left-color:rgb(221,204,238); border-collapse:collapse">     
 <thead> 
  <tr> 
   <th style="text-align:center; padding-right:5px; background-color:rgb(238,221,238); padding-top:2px; padding-bottom:2px; padding-left:5px; border-left-width:0px; border-left-style:initial; border-left-color:initial; border-top-width:1px; border-top-style:solid; border-top-color:rgb(204,170,204)"> <em>type_</em></th> 
   <th style="text-align:center; padding-right:5px; background-color:rgb(238,221,238); padding-top:2px; padding-bottom:2px; padding-left:5px; border-left-width:0px; border-left-style:initial; border-left-color:initial; border-top-width:1px; border-top-style:solid; border-top-color:rgb(204,170,204)"> <em>data</em></th> 
  </tr> 
 </thead> 
 <tbody> 
  <tr> 
   <td style="text-align:left; padding-top:2px; padding-right:5px; padding-bottom:2px; padding-left:5px; border-left-width:0px; border-left-style:initial; border-left-color:initial; background-color:rgb(238,238,255)"> “polygon”</td> 
   <td style="text-align:left; padding-top:2px; padding-right:5px; padding-bottom:2px; padding-left:5px; border-left-width:0px; border-left-style:initial; border-left-color:initial; background-color:rgb(238,238,255)"> a polygon-tuple, i.e. a tuple of pairs of coordinates</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td style="text-align:left; padding-top:2px; padding-right:5px; padding-bottom:2px; padding-left:5px; border-left-width:0px; border-left-style:initial; border-left-color:initial; background-color:rgb(238,238,255)"> “image”</td> 
   <td style="text-align:left; padding-top:2px; padding-right:5px; padding-bottom:2px; padding-left:5px; border-left-width:0px; border-left-style:initial; border-left-color:initial; background-color:rgb(238,238,255)"> an image (in this form only used internally!)</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td style="text-align:left; padding-top:2px; padding-right:5px; padding-bottom:2px; padding-left:5px; border-left-width:0px; border-left-style:initial; border-left-color:initial; background-color:rgb(238,238,255)"> “compound”</td> 
   <td style="text-align:left; padding-top:2px; padding-right:5px; padding-bottom:2px; padding-left:5px; border-left-width:0px; border-left-style:initial; border-left-color:initial; background-color:rgb(238,238,255)"> <code style="background-color:rgb(236,240,243); padding-top:0px; padding-right:1px; padding-bottom:0px; padding-left:1px; font-size:0.95em"><span>None</span></code>&nbsp;(a compound shape has to be constructed using the&nbsp;<a href="https://docs.python.org/2/library/turtle.html#turtle.Shape.addcomponent" title="turtle.Shape.addcomponent" style="color:rgb(53,95,124); text-decoration:none" rel="nofollow"><code style="background-color:transparent; padding-top:0px; padding-right:1px; padding-bottom:0px; padding-left:1px; font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold"><span>addcomponent()</span></code></a>method)</td> 
  </tr> 
 </tbody> 
</table>

`addcomponent` ( *poly*,  *fill*,  *outline=None* )

Example:

>>>

>>> poly = ((0,0),(10,-5),(0,10),(-10,-5))
    >>> s = Shape("compound")
    >>> s.addcomponent(poly, "red", "blue")
    >>> # ... add more components and then use register_shape()

See [Excursus about the use of compound shapes][].

*class * `turtle.` `Vec2D` ( *x*,  *y* )

A two-dimensional vector class, used as a helper class for implementing turtle graphics. May be useful for turtle graphics programs too. Derived from tuple, so a vector is a tuple!

Provides (for *a*, *b* vectors, *k* number):

*  `a + b` vector addition
 *  `a - b` vector subtraction
 *  `a * b` inner product
 *  `k * a` and `a * k` multiplication with scalar
 *  `abs(a)` absolute value of a
 *  `a.rotate(angle)` rotation

## 24.5.6. Help and configuration ##

### 24.5.6.1. How to use help ###

The public methods of the Screen and Turtle classes are documented extensively via docstrings. So these can be used as online-help via the Python help facilities:

*  When using IDLE, tooltips show the signatures and first lines of the docstrings of typed in function-/method calls.
 *  Calling [`help()`][help] on methods or functions displays the docstrings:
    
    >>>
    
        >>> help(Screen.bgcolor)
        Help on method bgcolor in module turtle:
        
        bgcolor(self, *args) unbound turtle.Screen method
            Set or return backgroundcolor of the TurtleScreen.
        
            Arguments (if given): a color string or three numbers
            in the range 0..colormode or a 3-tuple of such numbers.
        
        
              >>> screen.bgcolor("orange")
              >>> screen.bgcolor()
              "orange"
              >>> screen.bgcolor(0.5,0,0.5)
              >>> screen.bgcolor()
              "#800080"
        
        >>> help(Turtle.penup)
        Help on method penup in module turtle:
        
        penup(self) unbound turtle.Turtle method
            Pull the pen up -- no drawing when moving.
        
            Aliases: penup | pu | up
        
            No argument
        
            >>> turtle.penup()
 *  The docstrings of the functions which are derived from methods have a modified form:
    
    >>>
    
        >>> help(bgcolor)
        Help on function bgcolor in module turtle:
        
        bgcolor(*args)
            Set or return backgroundcolor of the TurtleScreen.
        
            Arguments (if given): a color string or three numbers
            in the range 0..colormode or a 3-tuple of such numbers.
        
            Example::
        
              >>> bgcolor("orange")
              >>> bgcolor()
              "orange"
              >>> bgcolor(0.5,0,0.5)
              >>> bgcolor()
              "#800080"
        
        >>> help(penup)
        Help on function penup in module turtle:
        
        penup()
            Pull the pen up -- no drawing when moving.
        
            Aliases: penup | pu | up
        
            No argument
        
            Example:
            >>> penup()

These modified docstrings are created automatically together with the function definitions that are derived from the methods at import time.

[degrees]: https://docs.python.org/2/library/turtle.html#turtle.degrees
[radians]: https://docs.python.org/2/library/turtle.html#turtle.radians
[mode]: https://docs.python.org/2/library/turtle.html#turtle.mode
[Vec2D]: https://docs.python.org/2/library/turtle.html#turtle.Vec2D
[pos]: https://docs.python.org/2/library/turtle.html#turtle.pos
[pen]: https://docs.python.org/2/library/turtle.html#turtle.pen
[colormode]: https://docs.python.org/2/library/turtle.html#turtle.colormode
[pencolor]: https://docs.python.org/2/library/turtle.html#turtle.pencolor
[fillcolor]: https://docs.python.org/2/library/turtle.html#turtle.fillcolor
[begin_fill]: https://docs.python.org/2/library/turtle.html#turtle.begin_fill
[register_shape]: https://docs.python.org/2/library/turtle.html#turtle.register_shape
[shapesize]: https://docs.python.org/2/library/turtle.html#turtle.shapesize
[TurtleScreen]: https://docs.python.org/2/library/turtle.html#turtle.TurtleScreen
[undo]: https://docs.python.org/2/library/turtle.html#turtle.undo
[Shape]: https://docs.python.org/2/library/turtle.html#turtle.Shape
[delay]: https://docs.python.org/2/library/turtle.html#turtle.delay
[speed]: https://docs.python.org/2/library/turtle.html#turtle.speed
[listen]: https://docs.python.org/2/library/turtle.html#turtle.listen
[turtle]: https://docs.python.org/2/library/turtle.html#module-turtle
[Screen]: https://docs.python.org/2/library/turtle.html#turtle.Screen
[four methods added]: https://docs.python.org/2/library/turtle.html#screenspecific
[Excursus about the use of compound shapes]: https://docs.python.org/2/library/turtle.html#compoundshapes
[help]: https://docs.python.org/2/library/functions.html#help