把一个库开源，你该做些什么

系统管理员 2022-09-22 04:59 127阅读 0赞

把一个库[\[1\]][1]开源非常简单，仅需几秒钟。你所需要做的就是把公共仓库(public repository) 托管 (hosted) 在网上([GitHub][]、 [Bitbucket][] 等)么？不是的！事实上，如果你想把你的项目公开，并加以悉心维护的话[\[2\]][2]，那对每个人都是件好事情。来看看我们该怎么做

### README的编写 ###

README文件在你的项目中占据首要地位。你的项目必须包含它！这个文件必须包含库的名字和一个关于它(简短的)描述。把描述这一章节当作是电梯游说 (elevator pitch，在乘电梯的30秒内清晰准确地向客户解释清楚解决方案)。

然后是编写使用章节。尽可能详细地用文字、代码片段、截图或者GIF格式的图片，来描述如何使用你的库。这个就是你项目的文档, 你的库很多时候也同样如此, 这将会是你唯一提供的文档。

先写使用指南这部分并不是一个随意的选择。README文件应该能吸引读者(blow your reader’s mind)，这样他们就会使用你的库并为它做出贡献(或许不会)。

第三小节必须写安装方法。这个小节以\*用户\*的角度说明怎样快速安装你的库。如果有多种安装方式，首先介绍你认为最好的方式，然后才是(介绍)其他的。

你可以添加一个依赖章节，例如，依赖X的Y版本(Depends on X version Y) 。这个章节是可选的，可以不写。

第四个必须编写的小节是贡献。尽管它可以使用一个CONTRIBUTING 文件代替。说明怎样折腾你的库(how to hack your library)，怎样报告bugs，或者怎样提交特性请求(submit feature requests)。这方面介绍一定要详细。说明规则，让收到的请求合并中避免评论每一行[\[3\]][3]，指引贡献者使用恰当的工具(Point contributors to the right tools )，比如linters 或者 compilers。

你还必须添加一个测试章节。说明怎样安装测试套件，怎样运行功能测试(functional tests)，以及需要安装的工具。

如果你使用第三方的东西，或者打算列出贡献者(当然这个也可以写在作者章节)，那就添加一个信用(Credits)章节。这个章节是可选的，可以不写。

最后还要记住，添加一个许可证章节!

模板如下(Markdown 语法)：

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      <span style="border:0px; margin:0px; padding:0px; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; font-size:inherit!important; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important">x</span> 
      <span style="border:0px; margin:0px; padding:0px; font-size:inherit!important; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(0,111,224)!important"> </span> 
      <span style="border:0px; margin:0px; padding:0px; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; font-size:inherit!important; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:bold!important">is</span> 
      <span style="border:0px; margin:0px; padding:0px; font-size:inherit!important; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(0,111,224)!important"> </span> 
      <span style="border:0px; margin:0px; padding:0px; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; font-size:inherit!important; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important">a</span> 
      <span style="border:0px; margin:0px; padding:0px; font-size:inherit!important; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(0,111,224)!important"> </span> 
      <span style="border:0px; margin:0px; padding:0px; font-size:inherit!important; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:teal!important">better </span> 
      <span style="border:0px; margin:0px; padding:0px; font-size:inherit!important; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:teal!important">way </span> 
      <span style="border:0px; margin:0px; padding:0px; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; font-size:inherit!important; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:bold!important">to</span> 
      <span style="border:0px; margin:0px; padding:0px; font-size:inherit!important; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(0,111,224)!important"> </span> 
      <span style="border:0px; margin:0px; padding:0px; font-size:inherit!important; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:teal!important">achieve </span> 
      <span style="border:0px; margin:0px; padding:0px; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; font-size:inherit!important; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:bold!important">this</span> 
      <span style="border:0px; margin:0px; padding:0px; font-size:inherit!important; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(0,111,224)!important"> </span> 
      <span style="border:0px; margin:0px; padding:0px; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; font-size:inherit!important; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:bold!important">and</span> 
      <span style="border:0px; margin:0px; padding:0px; font-size:inherit!important; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(0,111,224)!important"> </span> 
      <span style="border:0px; margin:0px; padding:0px; font-size:inherit!important; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(0,45,122)!important">that</span> 
      <span style="border:0px; margin:0px; padding:0px; font-size:inherit!important; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(51,51,51)!important">,</span> 
      <span style="border:0px; margin:0px; padding:0px; font-size:inherit!important; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(0,111,224)!important"> </span> 
      <span style="border:0px; margin:0px; padding:0px; font-size:inherit!important; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:teal!important">by </span> 
      <span style="border:0px; margin:0px; padding:0px; font-size:inherit!important; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:teal!important">leveraging </span> 
      <span style="border:0px; margin:0px; padding:0px; font-size:inherit!important; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:teal!important">the </span> 
      <span style="border:0px; margin:0px; padding:0px; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; font-size:inherit!important; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:bold!important">new</span> 
      <span style="border:0px; margin:0px; padding:0px; font-size:inherit!important; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(0,111,224)!important"> </span> 
      <span style="border:0px; margin:0px; padding:0px; font-size:inherit!important; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(0,45,122)!important">API</span> 
      <span style="border:0px; margin:0px; padding:0px; font-size:inherit!important; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(51,51,51)!important">,</span> 
     </div> 
     <div style="border:none; margin:0px; padding:0px 5px; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; font-size:inherit!important; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; background:none"> 
      <span style="border:0px; margin:0px; padding:0px; font-size:inherit!important; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(0,45,122)!important">blablabla</span> 
      <span style="border:0px; margin:0px; padding:0px; font-size:inherit!important; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(51,51,51)!important">.</span> 
     </div> 
     <div style="border:none; margin:0px; padding:0px 5px; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; font-size:inherit!important; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; background:none"> 
      <span style="border:0px; margin:0px; padding:0px; font-size:inherit!important; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(0,45,122)!important">project</span> 
      <span style="border:0px; margin:0px; padding:0px; font-size:inherit!important; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(0,111,224)!important">-</span> 
      <span style="border:0px; margin:0px; padding:0px; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; font-size:inherit!important; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important">x</span>用更好的方式实现某某功能，通过使用高效的新 
      <span style="border:0px; margin:0px; padding:0px; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; font-size:inherit!important; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important">API</span>，此处省略 
      <span style="border:0px; margin:0px; padding:0px; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; font-size:inherit!important; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important">N</span>个字。 
     </div> 
     <div style="border:none; margin:0px; padding:0px 5px; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; font-size:inherit!important; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; background:none">
       &nbsp; 
     </div> 
     <div style="border:none; margin:0px; padding:0px 5px; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; font-size:inherit!important; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; background:none"> 
      <span style="border:0px; margin:0px; padding:0px; font-size:inherit!important; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(184,92,0)!important">## Usage(使用)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &lt;-------- 二级标题</span> 
     </div> 
     <div style="border:none; margin:0px; padding:0px 5px; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; font-size:inherit!important; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; background:none"> 
      <span style="border:0px; margin:0px; padding:0px; font-size:inherit!important; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(51,51,51)!important">.</span> 
      <span style="border:0px; margin:0px; padding:0px; font-size:inherit!important; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(51,51,51)!important">.</span> 
      <span style="border:0px; margin:0px; padding:0px; font-size:inherit!important; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(51,51,51)!important">.</span> 
     </div> 
     <div style="border:none; margin:0px; padding:0px 5px; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; font-size:inherit!important; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; background:none">
       &nbsp; 
     </div> 
     <div style="border:none; margin:0px; padding:0px 5px; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; font-size:inherit!important; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; background:none"> 
      <span style="border:0px; margin:0px; padding:0px; font-size:inherit!important; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(184,92,0)!important">## Installation(安装)</span> 
     </div> 
     <div style="border:none; margin:0px; padding:0px 5px; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; font-size:inherit!important; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; background:none"> 
      <span style="border:0px; margin:0px; padding:0px; font-size:inherit!important; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(51,51,51)!important">.</span> 
      <span style="border:0px; margin:0px; padding:0px; font-size:inherit!important; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(51,51,51)!important">.</span> 
      <span style="border:0px; margin:0px; padding:0px; font-size:inherit!important; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(51,51,51)!important">.</span> 
     </div> 
     <div style="border:none; margin:0px; padding:0px 5px; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; font-size:inherit!important; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; background:none">
       &nbsp; 
     </div> 
     <div style="border:none; margin:0px; padding:0px 5px; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; font-size:inherit!important; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; background:none"> 
      <span style="border:0px; margin:0px; padding:0px; font-size:inherit!important; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(184,92,0)!important">## Requirements(依赖)</span> 
     </div> 
     <div style="border:none; margin:0px; padding:0px 5px; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; font-size:inherit!important; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; background:none"> 
      <span style="border:0px; margin:0px; padding:0px; font-size:inherit!important; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(51,51,51)!important">.</span> 
      <span style="border:0px; margin:0px; padding:0px; font-size:inherit!important; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(51,51,51)!important">.</span> 
      <span style="border:0px; margin:0px; padding:0px; font-size:inherit!important; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(51,51,51)!important">.</span> 
     </div> 
     <div style="border:none; margin:0px; padding:0px 5px; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; font-size:inherit!important; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; background:none">
       &nbsp; 
     </div> 
     <div style="border:none; margin:0px; padding:0px 5px; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; font-size:inherit!important; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; background:none"> 
      <span style="border:0px; margin:0px; padding:0px; font-size:inherit!important; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(184,92,0)!important">## Contributing(贡献)</span> 
     </div> 
     <div style="border:none; margin:0px; padding:0px 5px; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; font-size:inherit!important; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; background:none">
       &nbsp; 
     </div> 
     <div style="border:none; margin:0px; padding:0px 5px; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; font-size:inherit!important; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; background:none"> 
      <span style="border:0px; margin:0px; padding:0px; font-size:inherit!important; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:teal!important">See </span> 
      <span style="border:0px; margin:0px; padding:0px; font-size:inherit!important; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:teal!important">CONTRIBUTING </span> 
      <span style="border:0px; margin:0px; padding:0px; font-size:inherit!important; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(0,45,122)!important">file</span> 
      <span style="border:0px; margin:0px; padding:0px; font-size:inherit!important; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(51,51,51)!important">.</span> 
     </div> 
     <div style="border:none; margin:0px; padding:0px 5px; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; font-size:inherit!important; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; background:none">
       查看 
      <span style="border:0px; margin:0px; padding:0px; font-size:inherit!important; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(0,111,224)!important"> </span> 
      <span style="border:0px; margin:0px; padding:0px; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; font-size:inherit!important; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important">CONTRIBUTING</span> 
      <span style="border:0px; margin:0px; padding:0px; font-size:inherit!important; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(0,111,224)!important"> </span>文件。 
     </div> 
     <div style="border:none; margin:0px; padding:0px 5px; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; font-size:inherit!important; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; background:none">
       &nbsp; 
     </div> 
     <div style="border:none; margin:0px; padding:0px 5px; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; font-size:inherit!important; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; background:none"> 
      <span style="border:0px; margin:0px; padding:0px; font-size:inherit!important; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(184,92,0)!important">## Running the Tests(执行测试)</span> 
     </div> 
     <div style="border:none; margin:0px; padding:0px 5px; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; font-size:inherit!important; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; background:none"> 
      <span style="border:0px; margin:0px; padding:0px; font-size:inherit!important; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(51,51,51)!important">.</span> 
      <span style="border:0px; margin:0px; padding:0px; font-size:inherit!important; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(51,51,51)!important">.</span> 
      <span style="border:0px; margin:0px; padding:0px; font-size:inherit!important; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(51,51,51)!important">.</span> 
     </div> 
     <div style="border:none; margin:0px; padding:0px 5px; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; font-size:inherit!important; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; background:none">
       &nbsp; 
     </div> 
     <div style="border:none; margin:0px; padding:0px 5px; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; font-size:inherit!important; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; background:none"> 
      <span style="border:0px; margin:0px; padding:0px; font-size:inherit!important; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(184,92,0)!important">## Credits(信用)</span> 
     </div> 
     <div style="border:none; margin:0px; padding:0px 5px; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; font-size:inherit!important; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; background:none"> 
      <span style="border:0px; margin:0px; padding:0px; font-size:inherit!important; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(51,51,51)!important">.</span> 
      <span style="border:0px; margin:0px; padding:0px; font-size:inherit!important; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(51,51,51)!important">.</span> 
      <span style="border:0px; margin:0px; padding:0px; font-size:inherit!important; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(51,51,51)!important">.</span> 
     </div> 
     <div style="border:none; margin:0px; padding:0px 5px; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; font-size:inherit!important; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; background:none">
       &nbsp; 
     </div> 
     <div style="border:none; margin:0px; padding:0px 5px; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; font-size:inherit!important; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; background:none"> 
      <span style="border:0px; margin:0px; padding:0px; font-size:inherit!important; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(184,92,0)!important">## License(许可证)</span> 
     </div> 
     <div style="border:none; margin:0px; padding:0px 5px; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; font-size:inherit!important; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; background:none">
       &nbsp; 
     </div> 
     <div style="border:none; margin:0px; padding:0px 5px; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; font-size:inherit!important; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; background:none"> 
      <span style="border:0px; margin:0px; padding:0px; font-size:inherit!important; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(0,45,122)!important">project</span> 
      <span style="border:0px; margin:0px; padding:0px; font-size:inherit!important; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(0,111,224)!important">-</span> 
      <span style="border:0px; margin:0px; padding:0px; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; font-size:inherit!important; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important">x</span> 
      <span style="border:0px; margin:0px; padding:0px; font-size:inherit!important; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(0,111,224)!important"> </span> 
      <span style="border:0px; margin:0px; padding:0px; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; font-size:inherit!important; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:bold!important">is</span> 
      <span style="border:0px; margin:0px; padding:0px; font-size:inherit!important; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(0,111,224)!important"> </span> 
      <span style="border:0px; margin:0px; padding:0px; font-size:inherit!important; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:teal!important">released </span> 
      <span style="border:0px; margin:0px; padding:0px; font-size:inherit!important; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:teal!important">under </span> 
      <span style="border:0px; margin:0px; padding:0px; font-size:inherit!important; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:teal!important">the </span> 
      <span style="border:0px; margin:0px; padding:0px; font-size:inherit!important; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:teal!important">MIT </span> 
      <span style="border:0px; margin:0px; padding:0px; font-size:inherit!important; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(0,45,122)!important">License</span> 
      <span style="border:0px; margin:0px; padding:0px; font-size:inherit!important; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(51,51,51)!important">.</span> 
      <span style="border:0px; margin:0px; padding:0px; font-size:inherit!important; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(0,111,224)!important"> </span> 
      <span style="border:0px; margin:0px; padding:0px; font-size:inherit!important; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:teal!important">See </span> 
      <span style="border:0px; margin:0px; padding:0px; font-size:inherit!important; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:teal!important">the </span> 
      <span style="border:0px; margin:0px; padding:0px; font-size:inherit!important; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:teal!important">bundled </span> 
      <span style="border:0px; margin:0px; padding:0px; font-size:inherit!important; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:teal!important">LICENSE </span> 
      <span style="border:0px; margin:0px; padding:0px; font-size:inherit!important; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:teal!important">file </span> 
      <span style="border:0px; margin:0px; padding:0px; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; font-size:inherit!important; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:bold!important">for</span> 
      <span style="border:0px; margin:0px; padding:0px; font-size:inherit!important; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(0,111,224)!important"> </span> 
     </div> 
     <div style="border:none; margin:0px; padding:0px 5px; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; font-size:inherit!important; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; background:none"> 
      <span style="border:0px; margin:0px; padding:0px; font-size:inherit!important; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(0,45,122)!important">details</span> 
      <span style="border:0px; margin:0px; padding:0px; font-size:inherit!important; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(51,51,51)!important">.</span> 
     </div> 
     <div style="border:none; margin:0px; padding:0px 5px; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; font-size:inherit!important; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; background:none"> 
      <span style="border:0px; margin:0px; padding:0px; font-size:inherit!important; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(0,45,122)!important">project</span> 
      <span style="border:0px; margin:0px; padding:0px; font-size:inherit!important; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(0,111,224)!important">-</span> 
      <span style="border:0px; margin:0px; padding:0px; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; font-size:inherit!important; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important">x</span> 
      <span style="border:0px; margin:0px; padding:0px; font-size:inherit!important; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(0,111,224)!important"> </span>依据 
      <span style="border:0px; margin:0px; padding:0px; font-size:inherit!important; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(0,111,224)!important"> </span> 
      <span style="border:0px; margin:0px; padding:0px; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; font-size:inherit!important; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important">MIT</span>许可证发布。详细请看捆绑的 
      <span style="border:0px; margin:0px; padding:0px; font-size:inherit!important; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(0,111,224)!important"> </span> 
      <span style="border:0px; margin:0px; padding:0px; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; font-size:inherit!important; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important">LICENSE</span> 
      <span style="border:0px; margin:0px; padding:0px; font-size:inherit!important; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(0,111,224)!important"> </span>文件。 
     </div> 
    </div> </td> 
  </tr> 
 </tbody> 
</table>

正如你所看到的, 我在模板里介绍了两个文件: LICENSE(许可证)和CONTRIBUTING(贡献指南)。贡献这一小节的内容用一个文件CONTRIBUTING代替了。LICENSE(许可证)这个文件里包含了你项目选择的许可证，但你应该选用哪个许可证呢？

### 许可证 ###

我不想把所有的许可证都一一对比，你可以访问[tl;drLegal][tl_drLegal]这个网站，它用易懂的话(simple words)向你介绍实用的(useful)开源许可证相关信息。

我倾向于使用 [MIT许可证][MIT]，因为它非常自由(liberal)。我这里的建议是参考下你的社区，选择最恰当的一个。比如说，在Symfony2 (一个PHP框架)社区，大多数相关的项目或者bundles 都是以MIT许可证发布的。而Java 的项目经常以Apache许可证2.0(Apache License 2.0)发布的。

根据最近的报道(reports)，[大多数 GitHub上的项目没有一个开源许可证][GitHub 1]。这是不好的(bad)！你必须得有许可证，即使是[啤酒软件许可证][Link 1]([Beerware license][])。

正如[Hacker News][]所提到的，[精心(carefully)选择你的许可证][carefully]。并且，[不要用你自己做的许可证或者仅仅声明这个项目属于公共领域 (Public domain，简单来说作品已属于全人类)。公共领域在国际上的确不是准确定义的概念，意味着不同国家会有不同的理解][_Public domain]。

即使你现在有一个文档完善的库和一个许可证，还是没有“征服世界”(dominate the world)[\[4\]][4]。下面，我给出一个概览，介绍在开源项目中我认为重要的东西。

### 写自动化测试(Write Tests & Automate) ###

我们可以通过开源项目写优美的代码，因为这里没有截止期限，也没有“客户”。记住，你项目展示了你能够做什么。作为一个开发者，你的库就是你的名片。

写大量的测试！如果没有提供一个测试套件，怎么去期望别人能为你的库做出贡献呢？因此, 写测试, 和使用 [Travis CI][]。 添加一个 .travis.yml 文件，描述怎么样运行你的测试。这也是另一种方式写如何运行测试的文档。

在你的README文件里也添加一个[状态图片][Link 2](status image)。

留意一下(Take a look at)在线工具，例如PHP和JavaScript使用[Scrutinizer][] , 或者 [Puppet Linter][]。尽量使其自动化。

### 标准化(Be Standard) ###

在你的库中使用恰当的工具(right tools)是非常重要的。再看一下你的社区，然后选择大家常用(tend to use)的工具。在用PHP写的程序里，大家都用 [Composer][] 作为管理依赖关系的工具(dependency manager)。不要浪费时间去用PEAR或者其他工具，就用Composer。如果是一个Node.js库，在[npm][]上注册它。Ruby 的开发者，请把你的库作为[gem][]发布(distribute your library as a gem)。C\#的开发者，请使用[NuGet][]。

另一个例子，在Symfony2里，在Resources/doc 里添加文档是一个好的做法(good practice)。这是个惯例。不要重复出现你的文档，而是在你的README文件里添加一个快速跳到文档的链接。

### 管理问题(Issues)和版本发布(Releases) ###

[GitHub][]，[CodePlex][]，或者其他你喜欢的，他们都提供了追踪问题(issue tracker)的工具，请使用它！

如果你使用GitHub，不要浪费时间在Wiki上。我从来没有发现一个适当的工作流程(decent workflow)。用README文件作为你的文档，或者万一(in case)文档量很大(extensive documentation)的时候使用[Read The Docs][]来做托管。使用 GitHub Issues 来管理里程碑，并用标签对问题进行分类。

还有，尝试尽快回复所有的问题…但[be careful, and manage your time][be careful_ and manage your time]。对人友好，花时间帮助新来的人。非常值得去学习[如何维护一个成功的开源项目][Link 3]。

另一个建议是，定期地打上版本标签来进行发布(to release often by tagging versions periodically)。谈起版本, 请关注(follow) [Semantic Versioning Specification][]。

然后，用CHANGELOG(更改日志)这个文件来帮助用户识别出你做出的更改。如果你不向后兼容，写一个UPGRADE(升级)文件介绍说明如何升级。

### 你需要反馈！ ###

我[开源大量项目][Link 4]最主要的原因是，可以从用户的反馈中学到很多东西。所以你需要反馈，我需要反馈，每个人都需要反馈！在Twitter，Hacker News等等上分享你的项目。让全世界都知道！人们必须知道你的项目并不是因为它很出色，令人难忘，而是因为人们可以评论它。

使用 GitHub pages 为你的项目创建主页，如果你愿意还可以买个域名，还记得”征服世界”的计划吗？你要实现这个目标几乎需要到的，我们永远不知道。

雇人(Hire People)

一旦你”征服世界”，招收别人(enroll new people)[\[5\]][5]来帮助你非常重要这是非常棒的体验。这样会给你更多的时间来搞其他开源项目(也可以说是征服另一个世界的计划) :-)  
总而言之

让一个库开源不仅仅是发布源代码。你还需要再做一些事情来让别人更容易更愉快地使用它。为项目写文档展示了你的教学能力，这样就可以找到恰当的词来表达你的想法。当然，还说明了你在用心地做这件事。

不要忘记在你的库里面添加测试，如果你在工作中不方便，回家再做。还有别忘了许可证，别找借口！

开源项目真的非常酷，但是要避免[非我发明症][Link 5](Not Invented Here (NIH) Syndrome)。尽可能地做贡献，而不是再开创一个已有的开源项目，重复造轮子。

TL;DR  
你的库或者项目：

*  必须有一个README文件，内容包括名字，描述还有以下章节：使用方法，安装指南，贡献规范，如何测试和许可证；
 *  必须有一个显眼的许可证(MUST have a license that is visible)；
 *  必须能测试(MUST be tested);
 *  必须标准化或者符合你社区的惯例；

你：

*  需要反馈；
 *  必须待人友善；
 *  应该招人(enroll people)。

顺便说一下：如果你发现排版错误和错别字。请[派生(fork)和修改它][fork]。非常感谢！本文以[Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License][]许可证发表。

译注：  
1. I use “project” as a synonym of “library”,My blog post focuses on libraries as Open Source projects, rather than “projects” like products (applications). 原作者的开源项目主要是库，所以这篇文章对其他类型的开源项目同样适用。

2. 原文：add some love to your new shiny library you just made publicly available.

*  love = take care of
 *  shiny = well, shiny is… shiny, something which is cool, and beautiful

3. 原文：Explain the rules to avoid commenting every single line in Pull Requests you receive.

4. it’s a joke, 这是个玩笑。

5. 作者原话：enroll = hire (more or less), but it’s not because of the previous sentence. You don’t hire people “for real” (like a company would do I mean) 因此我把 enroll 译作“招收”

[1]: http://blog.jobbole.com/45198/#note-1
[GitHub]: https://github.com/
[Bitbucket]: https://bitbucket.org/
[2]: http://blog.jobbole.com/45198/#note-2
[3]: http://blog.jobbole.com/45198/#note-3
[tl_drLegal]: http://www.tldrlegal.com/
[MIT]: http://www.tldrlegal.com/license/mit-license
[GitHub 1]: http://www.theregister.co.uk/2013/04/18/github_licensing_study/
[Link 1]: http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%95%A4%E9%85%92%E8%BB%9F%E9%AB%94
[Beerware license]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beerware
[Hacker News]: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=5990836
[carefully]: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=5992270
[_Public domain]: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=5992428
[4]: http://blog.jobbole.com/45198/#note-4
[Travis CI]: http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/Travis_CI
[Link 2]: http://about.travis-ci.org/docs/user/status-images/
[Scrutinizer]: https://scrutinizer-ci.com/
[Puppet Linter]: http://www.puppetlinter.com/
[Composer]: http://getcomposer.org/
[npm]: https://npmjs.org/
[gem]: http://guides.rubygems.org/make-your-own-gem/
[NuGet]: http://nuget.org/
[CodePlex]: http://www.codeplex.com/
[Read The Docs]: https://readthedocs.org/
[be careful_ and manage your time]: http://williamdurand.fr/2013/02/20/burnout/
[Link 3]: https://medium.com/p/aaa2a5437d3a
[Semantic Versioning Specification]: http://semver.org/
[Link 4]: https://github.com/willdurand?tab=repositories
[5]: http://blog.jobbole.com/45198/#note-5
[Link 5]: http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E6%88%91%E6%89%80%E5%89%B5
[fork]: https://github.com/colin4124/colin4124.github.com/edit/master/_source/content/2013-08-06-on-open-sourcing-libraries-cn.md
[Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License]: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/