全国软考中级软件设计师学习笔记-计算机组成原理部分

男娘i 2022-11-03 11:58 362阅读 0赞

**计算机组成原理**

1.进制计算

1.1十进制转其他进制：展开计算

1.2其他进制转十进制：短除法再逆序书写

1.3二进制／八进制／十六进制换算：八进制三个一组、十六进制四个一组

注意：在十六进制中A代表10，B代表11 以此类推F代表15

2.原码、反码、补码和移码

2.1 分别介绍以1 -1 和1-1的四种编码

![watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3NpbmF0XzIzMTMzNzgz_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70][]

2.2 原反补码的取值范围及解释补码多表示一个原因

![watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3NpbmF0XzIzMTMzNzgz_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 1][]![20210228171936827.jpeg][]![20210228171941780.jpeg][]

补码能够多表示一个的原因是：在补码里+0和-0的补码相同，都是0000 0000

3. 浮点数计算

对阶->尾数计算->结果格式化

4. 计算机CPU结构

![watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3NpbmF0XzIzMTMzNzgz_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 2][]![2021022817200210.jpeg][]

5.Flynn分类法

计算机体系结构分类方法

![watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3NpbmF0XzIzMTMzNzgz_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 3][]![watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3NpbmF0XzIzMTMzNzgz_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 4][]![watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3NpbmF0XzIzMTMzNzgz_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 5][]

6. CISC与RISC

CISC(Complex Instruction Set Computers，复杂指令集计算集)和RISC(Reduced Instruction Set Computers)是两大类主流的CPU指令集类型，其中CISC以Intel，AMD的X86 CPU为代表，而RISC以ARM，IBM Power为代表。

![watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3NpbmF0XzIzMTMzNzgz_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 6][]![20210228172050106.jpeg][]

7. 流水线

7.1 流水线概念

![watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3NpbmF0XzIzMTMzNzgz_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 7][]![20210228172103578.jpeg][]

流水线包括三个部分

取指– 分析– 执行

![watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3NpbmF0XzIzMTMzNzgz_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 8][]![20210228172114480.jpeg][]

7.2 流水线周期及执行时间

![watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3NpbmF0XzIzMTMzNzgz_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 9][]![20210228172122504.jpeg][]

例题

![watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3NpbmF0XzIzMTMzNzgz_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 10][]![20210228172135622.jpeg][]

流水线周期是最长的执行时间2ns

100条指令的理论执行完成时间= 2+2+1+(100-1)x 2 = 5+99x2= 203ns

100条执行的实际执行完成时间= (3+100-1)x2 = 102x2 = 204ns

注意：80%是指理论时间

7.3 流水线吞吐率

![watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3NpbmF0XzIzMTMzNzgz_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 11][]![20210228172149303.jpeg][]

其最大吞吐率(忽略流水线准备时间)

![watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3NpbmF0XzIzMTMzNzgz_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 12][]

7.4 流水线加速比

![watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3NpbmF0XzIzMTMzNzgz_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 13][]![20210228172212103.jpeg][]

依旧对于本节例题

![watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3NpbmF0XzIzMTMzNzgz_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 14][]

S = （2+2+1）x 100 ／203  = 500 ／203

7.5 流水线效率

![watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3NpbmF0XzIzMTMzNzgz_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 15][]![20210228172236987.jpeg][]

其计算公式如下：

![watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3NpbmF0XzIzMTMzNzgz_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 16][]

例题

![watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3NpbmF0XzIzMTMzNzgz_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 17][]![watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3NpbmF0XzIzMTMzNzgz_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 18][]

E = （1+1+1+3）x 4 / (15 x 4) = 6 / 15 = 0.4

注意：1）对于相同时间片段的流水线其效率会较高

2）流水线上处理的任务越多，效率越高

3）处理相同数量任务，流水线片段越少，效率越高

8. 计算机层次化存储结构

![watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3NpbmF0XzIzMTMzNzgz_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 19][]![watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3NpbmF0XzIzMTMzNzgz_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 20][]

9. Cache

9.1 基本概念

![watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3NpbmF0XzIzMTMzNzgz_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 21][]![20210228172325468.jpeg][]![20210228172334792.jpeg][]

当CPU同时使用Cache和主存时，计算公式

![watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3NpbmF0XzIzMTMzNzgz_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 22][]![20210228172341761.jpeg][]

9.2 局部性原理

包括：时间局部性和空间局部性

工作集理论：工作集是进程运行时被频繁访问的页面集合

10. 主存

10.1 主存的分类

主存分为随机存储器与只读存储器

![watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3NpbmF0XzIzMTMzNzgz_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 23][]![20210228172356507.jpeg][]

注意：1）随机存取存储器断电后内容被清除，而只读存储器可以保留

2）常见内存是随机存取存储器

10.2 主存编址

![watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3NpbmF0XzIzMTMzNzgz_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 24][]![20210228172406996.jpeg][]![watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3NpbmF0XzIzMTMzNzgz_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 25][]

例题

![watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3NpbmF0XzIzMTMzNzgz_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 26][]

1.  1）先使用内存地址做减法：C7FFFH +1 – AC000H = 1C000H

注意：H代表十六进制

2）换算成十进制后再换算成K单位，除2^10：16^4 + 12\*16^3 / 2^10 = 2^16 + 12\*2^12 / 2^10 = 2^6 + 12\*2^2 = 64 + 48 = 112

2. 利用第一问答案112K个地址单元

112K \* 16 / (16K \* 28) = 4

11. 磁盘

磁盘结构包括磁道和扇区

![watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3NpbmF0XzIzMTMzNzgz_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 27][]![20210228172439152.jpeg][]![20210228172445564.jpeg][]

其存取时间如下：包括寻道时间和平均定位时间

![watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3NpbmF0XzIzMTMzNzgz_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 28][]![20210228172451407.jpeg][]![20210228172454952.jpeg][]

例题

![watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3NpbmF0XzIzMTMzNzgz_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 29][]![watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3NpbmF0XzIzMTMzNzgz_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 30][]![watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3NpbmF0XzIzMTMzNzgz_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 31][]

1.  从R0开始旋转读取后到达R1，但是因为是单缓冲区，此时R0还没有被处理，不能读取R1数据。当R0被处理后，此时磁头在R2，若要顺序处理R1，则需要等待再转回到R1。

由题可知，每个扇区读取时间为3ms，则从R0开始读取处理完成，将磁头转到下一个扇区，所需要时间为：33+3 = 36 ms

十个扇区完成此操作：36 \* 10 = 360 ms

第十一个扇区读取和处理：360 + 3 + 3 =366 ms

![watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3NpbmF0XzIzMTMzNzgz_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 32][]![20210228172519364.jpeg][]

1.  当优化存储分布后，使得每个扇区数据被读取和处理后，磁头正好到达下一个扇区。

(3 + 3) \* 11 = 66 ms

![20210228172529856.jpeg][]

12. 计算机总线

根据总线所处的位置不同，总线通常被分成三种类型，分别是：

![watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3NpbmF0XzIzMTMzNzgz_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 33][]![20210228172546357.jpeg][]

13. 串联和并联系统可靠性分析

13.1串联系统

![20210228172559145.jpeg][]

设每个可靠度为R1,R2...Rn，则：

![2021022817260877.jpeg][]

**近似**故障率为：

![20210228172616229.jpeg][]

13.2 并联系统

![watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3NpbmF0XzIzMTMzNzgz_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 34][]![20210228172624394.jpeg][]

设每个可靠度为R1,R2...Rn，则：

![20210228172635253.jpeg][]

例题：混合系统

![watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3NpbmF0XzIzMTMzNzgz_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 35][]![20210228172641630.jpeg][]

整体是一个串联系统，对于局部是并联系统，则依据计算公式：

![20210228172651754.jpeg][]

14. 校验码

14.1 码距

一个编码系统的码距是整个编码系统中任意(所有)两个码子的最小距离

![watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3NpbmF0XzIzMTMzNzgz_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 36][]![20210228172702751.jpeg][]

14.2 码距与检错和纠错关系

![2021022817271211.png][]![2021022817271211.jpeg][]

14.3 循环校验码CRC

可以进行检错但是不能够纠错的方法

模2除法：模2除法是指在做除法运算的过程中不计其进位的除法

![20210228172720937.jpeg][]

1 ）相同位数做除法，商1

2 ）余数是异或运算的结果

例题

![20210228172731128.jpeg][]

1）首先根据多项式，可以得出除数应为：11011

2）给原始报文末尾补多项式位数-1个0，即4个0

3）模2除法，异或运算

4）将最后的余数替换补0的数，就得到原始报文的CRC编码

计算过程如下所示：

![watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3NpbmF0XzIzMTMzNzgz_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 37][]![20210228172739179.jpeg][]

14.4 海明校验码

例题：求信息1011的海明码

1）根据公式2^k >= n + k +1 计算出k位校验码由n=4 则k=3

分别在2^0=1 2^1=2 2^2=4 位置放置校验位

2 ）将数据位对应的Hm中的m分别用二进制表示

<table> 
 <tbody> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="vertical-align:top;width:103.6pt;"> H3的3 </td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:top;width:103.6pt;"> 0 </td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:top;width:103.65pt;"> 1 </td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:top;width:103.65pt;"> 1 </td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="vertical-align:top;width:103.6pt;"> H5的5 </td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:top;width:103.6pt;"> 1 </td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:top;width:103.65pt;"> 0 </td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:top;width:103.65pt;"> 1 </td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="vertical-align:top;width:103.6pt;"> H6的6 </td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:top;width:103.6pt;"> 1 </td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:top;width:103.65pt;"> 1 </td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:top;width:103.65pt;"> 0 </td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="vertical-align:top;width:103.6pt;"> H7的7 </td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:top;width:103.6pt;"> 1 </td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:top;width:103.65pt;"> 1 </td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:top;width:103.65pt;"> 1 </td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="vertical-align:top;width:103.6pt;"> 将每列数值为1的元素做异或运算 </td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:top;width:103.6pt;"> P3 = 0 </td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:top;width:103.65pt;"> P2 = 0 </td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:top;width:103.65pt;"> P1 = 1 </td> 
 </tr> 
 </tbody> 
</table>

则最后海明码为：

3）若收到的信息为：1011101

S1 = H1 ⊕ H3 ⊕ H5 ⊕ H7 = 1 ⊕ 1 ⊕ 1 ⊕ 1 = 0

S2 = H2 ⊕ H3 ⊕ H6 ⊕ H7 = 0 ⊕ 1 ⊕ 0 ⊕ 1 = 0

S3 = H4 ⊕ H5 ⊕ H6 ⊕ H7 = 1 ⊕ 1 ⊕ 0 ⊕ 1 = 1 (错误)

说明由P3（H4）确定的那位结果出错了，H4取反即可得到正确的数据

参考链接：https://blog.csdn.net/weixin\_42426249/article/details/89428080

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