机场污染物与我们佩戴的口罩是否有效?

曾经终败给现在 2022-11-17 14:55 171阅读 0赞

# 污染物 #

\[1\]\[3\]\[5\]中提到的污染物有:

<table style="width:500px;"> 
 <tbody> 
  <tr> 
   <td>污染物</td> 
   <td>备注</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>硫氧化物</td> 
   <td></td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>一氧化碳</td> 
   <td></td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>铅</td> 
   <td></td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>氮氧化物和挥发性有机化合物（VOCs）</td> 
   <td></td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>UFP(ultrafine particulate)</td> 
   <td></td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>氧化亚氮</td> 
   <td></td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>制冷剂</td> 
   <td></td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>甲烷</td> 
   <td></td> 
  </tr> 
 </tbody> 
</table>

根据\[14\]来看下**主要成分是哪些**

飞机发动机地排气主要含有一氧化碳、二氧化碳、碳氢化合物、氮氧 化物和炭粒、灰分等粒子物质.

另外,排气中还含有强刺激性地有机酸以及碳和硫地化合物.

根据\[1\]

Well first of all, research shows that people who live near airports experience higher levels of respiratory and cardiac problems compared to the population at large.

In a recent joint study by Columbia University and the University of California, scientists measured carbon monoxide levels at the 12 largest airports scattered throughout California, and then tracked rates of heart and lung disease among the six million nearby residents. They found that the incidence of asthma and respiratory diseases like COPD was, on average, 17 percent higher among those living within 6.2 miles of an airport compared to the population at large.  Cardiac problems were nine percent more common among that same population, with the elderly and very young particularly at risk.(在距离机场6.2英里以内的人群中，哮喘和呼吸系统疾病（如慢性阻塞性肺病）的发病率平均比一般人群高出17%。在同一人群中，心脏问题的发生率高出9%，尤其是老年人和非常年轻的人)

In other words, you can live near an airport but not be in direct line of flight paths, and that makes a difference. Those right under flight paths living five miles away might suffer more exposure than those just two miles away who are away from the major flight paths.(不要在直飞航向上)

**What can you do if you live close to the airport, under a flight path? Get a high-quality air filter, invest in a white-noise machine, and institute a regular program of full-body detoxification.(买一个空气净化器)**

**根据\[2\]**

**And the level of pollution at LAX was equivalent to the emissions generated by nearly 500 vehicles stalled in freeway traffic every day.  
(洛杉矶交通局的污染水平相当于每天近500辆在高速公路上抛锚的汽车所产生的排放量。)**

\[6\]中提到:

Third, a significant portion of taxi time is avoidable as it is a direct consequence of an inefficient queueing system.(太长的滑行时间是低效的和本来可以避免的)

\[7\]中提出截然相反的观点:

驾驶员在一开始缓慢行驶的途中也可以更好的感受飞机的行驶状况，这样也是可以减少意外事故的发生

(所以飞机滑行时间这个暂时不讨论吧,毕竟不好改变)

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# 口罩类型 #

根据\[8\]中提到:

Surgery masks are often made in different thicknesses and are designed only to protect you against contact and liquid. (我们戴的**蓝色****外科手术口罩几乎没有任何作用,只能用来防止液体接触**)

常见口罩类型\[9\]

<table style="width:500px;"> 
 <tbody> 
  <tr> 
   <td></td> 
   <td>型号</td> 
   <td>备注</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td colspan="1">KN系列</td> 
   <td>KN100</td> 
   <td>对于0.075微米以上的非油性颗粒物过滤效率大于99.97%</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>KN95</td> 
   <td>对于0.075微米以上的非油性颗粒物过滤效率大于95%</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>KN90</td> 
   <td>对于0.075微米以上的非油性颗粒物过滤效率大于90%</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td colspan="1">KP系列</td> 
   <td>KP100</td> 
   <td> <p>对于0.185微米以上的油性颗粒物过滤效率大于99.97%</p> </td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>KP95</td> 
   <td>对于0.185微米以上的油性颗粒物过滤效率大于95%</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>KP90</td> 
   <td>对于0.185微米以上的油性颗粒物过滤效率大于90%</td> 
  </tr> 
 </tbody> 
</table>

**那么从这些口罩中是不是选一个最好的就行了呢?**

**不是的.**

**注意防护对象是颗粒物**

**非颗粒物无法防护.**

根据\[10\],**如果想要防护前面列出的一些污染物,唯一的办法就是防毒面具(或者带活性炭的口罩),用活性炭之类的材料来进行过滤.**

### 活性炭是不是万能的? ###

①活性炭处理的污染对象

<table style="width:664px;"> 
 <tbody> 
  <tr> 
   <td style="width:101px;"></td> 
   <td style="width:562px;">活性炭是否有效</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td style="width:101px;">一氧化碳</td> 
   <td style="width:562px;">活性炭为非极件吸附剂，它倾向于吸附非极性物质，而CO为弱极性分子。<br><span style="color:#f33b45;"><strong>因此活性炭对于一氧化碳的吸附能力不是很强</strong></span>，基本只能有较弱的物理吸附作用。[16]</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td style="width:101px;">二氧化碳</td> 
   <td style="width:562px;">略</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td style="width:101px;">碳氢化合物</td> 
   <td style="width:562px;"><strong><span style="color:#f33b45;">根据[12]活性炭对于甲烷在常压情况下,并没有很好的吸附效果.</span></strong></td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td style="width:101px;">氮氧 化物</td> 
   <td style="width:562px;">根据[17]活性炭对于氮氧化物的吸收率大概在50%左右</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td style="width:101px;">炭粒</td> 
   <td style="width:562px;">可以普通口罩防护</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td style="width:101px;">硫化物</td> 
   <td style="width:562px;">根据[13]活性炭可以吸附部分硫化物</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td style="width:101px;">灰分</td> 
   <td style="width:562px;"> <p><em>灰分</em>一定是某种物质中的固体部分而不是气体或液体部分[15]</p> <p></p> <p>可以普通口罩防护</p> </td> 
  </tr> 
 </tbody> 
</table>

根据上述一系列的出处

**活性炭对于CO以及碳氢化合物的吸收能力较差.**

**对于氮氧化物和硫化物可以吸收一定比例**

②过滤污染的能力:

根据\[11\],不同的活性炭产品规格,对于污染有不同的吸附能力,所以活性炭也不能保证吸附污染100%

# **最终结论** #

<table> 
 <tbody> 
  <tr> 
   <td style="width:209px;">活动区域</td> 
   <td style="width:209px;">措施</td> 
   <td style="width:381px;">效果</td> 
   <td style="width:173px;">备注</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td colspan="1" style="width:209px;">机场室外</td> 
   <td style="width:209px;">医用外科口罩</td> 
   <td style="width:381px;"> <p><strong><span style="color:#f33b45;">除非是外科手术、与病人近距离交谈时佩戴</span></strong>,</p> <p>否则除了防止液体传播,几乎没用.</p> </td> 
   <td style="width:173px;"><strong>新冠医护人员并<span style="color:#f33b45;">不佩戴</span>手术口罩</strong><img alt="" height="295" src="https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/img_convert/07bb9cfe595330eaffb57e737df2a23e.png" width="208"></td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td style="width:209px;"><strong>KP95口罩</strong></td> 
   <td style="width:381px;"><strong><span style="color:#f33b45;">只能做到防雾霾颗粒、油性污染,不能防气体污染.</span></strong></td> 
   <td style="width:173px;"></td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td style="width:209px;"><strong>防毒面具(或者带活性炭的口罩)</strong></td> 
   <td style="width:381px;"> <p><strong><span style="color:#f33b45;">活性炭口罩/防毒面罩的吸附效果也有限,</span></strong></p> <p><strong><span style="color:#f33b45;">根据本文文中论述:</span></strong></p> <p><strong><span style="color:#f33b45;">①活性炭对于CO以及碳氢化合物的吸收能力较差.</span></strong></p> <p><strong><span style="color:#f33b45;">②活性炭对于氮氧化物和硫化物可以吸收一定比例</span></strong></p> </td> 
   <td style="width:173px;"></td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td style="width:209px;">机场室内</td> 
   <td style="width:209px;">(室内)空气净化器</td> 
   <td style="width:381px;">基于活性炭滤芯,效果同上</td> 
   <td style="width:173px;"></td> 
  </tr> 
 </tbody> 
</table>

最后补充一点，去医院时不要佩戴有呼吸阀的口罩。（上海的医生说的）

**Reference:**

\[1\][Living Near an Airport Could Be a Matter Of Life And Death - Camfil USA Air Filter][]

\[2\][https://www.jonbarron.org/detoxing-full-body-detox/safe-distance-airport][https_www.jonbarron.org_detoxing-full-body-detox_safe-distance-airport]

\[3\][上海的航空航运污染情况及其应对][Link 1]

\[4\][Airport pollution linked to acute health effects among people with asthma in Los Angeles][]

\[5\][Airport Carbon Emissions Reduction Airports][]

\[6\][AIRPORTS, AIR POLLUTION, AND CONTEMPORANEOUS HEALTH Wolfram Schlenker W. Reed Walker][AIRPORTS_ AIR POLLUTION_ AND CONTEMPORANEOUS HEALTH Wolfram Schlenker W. Reed Walker]  
\[7\][飞机起飞前要滑行很久，这是在浪费时间吗？其实是为你好][Link 2]

\[8\][N95 vs P95 vs R95: Which Air Pollution Face Masks You Should Choose][N95 vs P95 vs R95_ Which Air Pollution Face Masks You Should Choose]

\[9\][kp95与kn95口罩的区别是什么？][kp95_kn95]

\[10\][3M哪类防毒面具或者防毒口罩能防碳氧化合物和氮氧化合物,还有硫化合物？][3M]

\[11\][活性炭吸附能打到百分之几][Link 3]

\[12\][活性炭能在常压下吸附甲烷吗？！！！][Link 4]

\[13\][活性炭吸附柴油中的硫化物好吗][Link 5]

\[14\][民航培训机场污染与环境保护][Link 6]

\[15\][灰分][Link 7]

\[16\][活性炭能吸附一氧化碳吗？][Link 8]

\[17\][活性炭对氮氧化物的吸附-韩研网络部 ][-]

[Living Near an Airport Could Be a Matter Of Life And Death - Camfil USA Air Filter]: https://catalog.camfil.us/living-near-an-airport-could-be-a-matter-of-life-and-death.html
[https_www.jonbarron.org_detoxing-full-body-detox_safe-distance-airport]: https://www.jonbarron.org/detoxing-full-body-detox/safe-distance-airport
[Link 1]: http://www.istis.sh.cn/list/list.aspx?id=10908
[Airport pollution linked to acute health effects among people with asthma in Los Angeles]: https://envhealthcenters.usc.edu/2019/02/ultrafine-particle-pollution-lax.html
[Airport Carbon Emissions Reduction Airports]: https://www.faa.gov/airports/environmental/air_quality/carbon_emissions_reduction/
[AIRPORTS_ AIR POLLUTION_ AND CONTEMPORANEOUS HEALTH Wolfram Schlenker W. Reed Walker]: https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w17684/w17684.pdf
[Link 2]: https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1637957186821650555&wfr=spider&for=pc
[N95 vs P95 vs R95_ Which Air Pollution Face Masks You Should Choose]: https://beebom.com/n95-vs-p95-vs-r95-air-pollution-face-masks/
[kp95_kn95]: https://www.tianqing123.cn/kepu/380462.html
[3M]: https://www.zhihu.com/question/54583467/answer/329801933
[Link 3]: http://www.sxlchxt.com/qyxw/62.html
[Link 4]: http://muchong.com/t-5560225-1-authorid-2022712
[Link 5]: https://iask.sina.com.cn/b/4Q75E6VzVsmL.html
[Link 6]: https://wenku.baidu.com/view/b9589422bf23482fb4daa58da0116c175f0e1ea9.html
[Link 7]: https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E7%81%B0%E5%88%86/7067583?fr=aladdin
[Link 8]: https://zhidao.baidu.com/question/1696496358376664788.html
[-]: http://www.hyhxt.net/hangye/hy573.html