如何在Ubuntu 18.04上安装R

浅浅的花香味﹌ 2022-11-27 04:24 192阅读 0赞

*A previous version of this tutorial was written by [Melissa Anderson][].*

*本教程的先前版本由[Melissa Anderson][]编写。*

### 介绍 **(**Introduction**)** ###

R is an open-source programming language that specializes in statistical computing and graphics. Supported by the R Foundation for Statistical Computing, it is widely used for developing statistical software and performing data analysis. An increasingly popular and extensible language with an active community, R offers many user-generated packages for specific areas of study, which makes it applicable to many fields.

R是一种开源编程语言，专门研究统计计算和图形。 在R统计计算基金会的支持下，它广泛用于开发统计软件和执行数据分析。 R具有活跃的社区，是一种日益流行和可扩展的语言，它为特定的研究领域提供了许多用户生成的软件包，这使其可应用于许多领域。

In this tutorial, we will install R and show how to add packages from the official [Comprehensive R Archive Network (CRAN)][Comprehensive R Archive Network _CRAN].

在本教程中，我们将安装R并演示如何从官方的[Integrated R存档网络(CRAN)][Comprehensive R Archive Network _CRAN]添加软件包。

## 先决条件 **(**Prerequisites**)** ##

To follow along with this tutorial, you will need an Ubuntu 18.04 server with:

要继续学习本教程，您将需要具有以下功能的Ubuntu 18.04服务器：

*  *at least* 1GB of RAM
    
    *至少* 1GB的RAM
 *  a non-root user with `sudo` privileges
    
    具有`sudo`特权的非root用户

To learn how to achieve this setup, follow our [manual initial server setup guide][] or run our [automated script][].

要了解如何实现此设置，请遵循我们的[手动初始服务器设置指南][manual initial server setup guide]或运行我们的[自动化脚本][automated script] 。

Once these prerequisites are in place, you’re ready to begin.

一旦满足这些先决条件，就可以开始了。

## 第1步-安装R **(**Step 1 — Installing R**)** ##

Because R is a fast-moving project, the latest stable version isn’t always available from Ubuntu’s repositories, so we’ll start by adding the external repository maintained by CRAN.

因为R是一个快速发展的项目，所以Ubuntu的存储库中并不总是提供最新的稳定版本，因此我们将从添加CRAN维护的外部存储库开始。

**Note:** CRAN maintains the repositories within their network, but not all external repositories are reliable. Be sure to install only from trusted sources.

**注意：** CRAN在其网络内维护存储库，但并非所有外部存储库都是可靠的。 确保仅从受信任的来源进行安装。

Let’s first add the relevant GPG key.

首先添加相关的GPG密钥。

*  sudo apt-key adv --keyserver keyserver.ubuntu.com --recv-keys E298A3A825C0D65DFD57CBB651716619E084DAB9
    
    sudo apt-key adv --keyserver keyserver.ubuntu.com --recv-keys E298A3A825C0D65DFD57CBB651716619E084DAB9

When we run the command, we’ll receive the following output:

运行命令时，将收到以下输出：

Output Executing: /tmp/apt-key-gpghome.4BZzh1TALq/gpg.1.sh --keyserver keyserver.ubuntu.com --recv-keys E298A3A825C0D65DFD57CBB651716619E084DAB9
    gpg: key 51716619E084DAB9: public key "Michael Rutter <marutter@gmail.com>" imported
    gpg: Total number processed: 1
    gpg:               imported: 1

Once we have the trusted key, we can add the repository.

一旦有了可信密钥，就可以添加存储库。

Note that if you’re not using 18.04, you can find the relevant repository from the [R Project Ubuntu list][], named for each release. Ubuntu 18.04 is named Bionic Beaver, and the most recent version of R is 4.0, hence the naming convention of `ubuntu bionic-cran40`.

请注意，如果您不使用18.04，则可以从[R Project Ubuntu列表][R Project Ubuntu list] (为每个版本命名)中找到相关的存储库。 Ubuntu 18.04名为Bionic Beaver，R的最新版本是4.0，因此是`ubuntu bionic-cran40`的命名约定。

*  sudo add-apt-repository 'deb https://cloud.r-project.org/bin/linux/ubuntu bionic-cran40/'
    
    sudo add-apt-repository'deb https://cloud.r-project.org/bin/linux/ubuntu bionic-cran40 /'

Among the output that displays, you should identify lines similar to the following:

在显示的输出中，您应该标识类似于以下内容的行：

Output ...
    Get:4 https://cloud.r-project.org/bin/linux/ubuntu bionic-cran40/ InRelease [3626 B]                          
    ...                    
    Get:22 https://cloud.r-project.org/bin/linux/ubuntu bionic-cran40/ Packages [20.4 kB]
    ...

Now, we’ll need to run `update` after this in order to include package manifests from the new repository.

现在，我们需要在此之后运行`update` ，以便包括来自新存储库的软件包清单。

*  sudo apt update
    
    sudo apt更新

Among the output should be a line similar to the following:

在输出中应该有一条类似于以下内容的行：

Output ...
    Hit:1 https://cloud.r-project.org/bin/linux/ubuntu bionic-cran40/ InRelease
    ...

If the line above appears in the output from the `update` command, we’ve successfully added the repository. We can be sure we won’t accidentally install an older version.

如果上面的行出现在`update`命令的输出中，则说明我们已经成功添加了存储库。 我们可以确定不会意外安装旧版本。

At this point, we’re ready to install R with the following command.

至此，我们准备使用以下命令安装R。

*  sudo apt install r-base
    
    sudo apt安装r-base

If prompted to confirm installation, press `y` to continue.

如果提示您确认安装，请按`y`继续。

As of the time of writing, the latest stable version of R from CRAN is 4.0.1, which is displayed when you start R.

截至撰写本文时，CRAN的R的最新稳定版本是4.0.1，在您启动R时会显示该版本。

Since we’re planning to install an example package for every user on the system, we’ll start R as root so that the libraries will be available to all users automatically. Alternatively, if you run the `R` command without `sudo`, a personal library can be set up for your user.

由于我们计划为系统上的每个用户安装一个示例程序包，因此我们将以root身份启动R，以便所有用户可以自动使用这些库。 另外，如果您在不使用`sudo`情况下运行`R`命令，则可以为您的用户设置一个个人库。

*  sudo -i R
    
    须藤-i R

Output 
    R version 4.0.0 (2020-04-24) -- "Arbor Day"
    Copyright (C) 2020 The R Foundation for Statistical Computing
    Platform: x86_64-pc-linux-gnu (64-bit)
    ...
    Type 'demo()' for some demos, 'help()' for on-line help, or
    'help.start()' for an HTML browser interface to help.
    Type 'q()' to quit R.
    
    >

This confirms that we’ve successfully installed R and entered its interactive shell.

这确认我们已经成功安装了R并进入了它的交互式外壳。

## 步骤2 —从CRAN安装R软件包 **(**Step 2 — Installing R Packages from CRAN**)** ##

Part of R’s strength is its available abundance of add-on packages. For demonstration purposes, we’ll install [`txtplot`][txtplot], a library that outputs ASCII graphs that include scatterplot, line plot, density plot, acf and bar charts:

R的部分优势在于其丰富的附加软件包。 为了演示起见，我们将安装[`txtplot`][txtplot] ，该库输出ASCII图，包括散点图，折线图，密度图，acf和条形图：

*  install.packages('txtplot')
    
    install.packages('txtplot')

**Note:** The following output shows where the package will be installed.

**注意：**以下输出显示了软件包的安装位置。

Output ...
    Installing package into ‘/usr/local/lib/R/site-library’
    (as ‘lib’ is unspecified)
    . . .

This site-wide path is available because we ran R as root. This is the correct location to make the package available to all users.

该站点范围的路径可用，因为我们以root身份运行R。 这是使软件包对所有用户可用的正确位置。

When the installation is complete, we can load `txtplot`:

安装完成后，我们可以加载`txtplot` ：

*  library('txtplot')
    
    库('txtplot')

If there are no error messages, the library has successfully loaded. Let’s put it in action now with an example which demonstrates a basic plotting function with axis labels. The example data, supplied by R’s `datasets` package, contains [the speed of cars and the distance required to stop based on data from the 1920s][]:

如果没有错误消息，则说明库已成功加载。 现在，通过一个示例来将其付诸实践，该示例演示带有轴标签的基本绘图功能。 由R的`datasets`软件包提供的示例数据包含[汽车的速度和基于1920年代的数据所需的停车距离][the speed of cars and the distance required to stop based on data from the 1920s] ：

*  txtplot(cars\[,1\], cars\[,2\], xlab = 'speed', ylab = 'distance')
    
    txtplot(汽车\[，1\]，汽车\[，2\]，xlab ='速度'，ylab ='距离')

Output       +----+-----------+------------+-----------+-----------+--+
      120 +                                                   *    +
          |                                                        |
    d 100 +                                                   *    +
    i     |                                    *                *  |
    s  80 +                          *         *                   +
    t     |                                       * *    *    *    |
    a  60 +                          *  *      *    *      *       +
    n     |                        *         * *  * *              |
    c  40 +                *       * *    *  *    * *              +
    e     |         *      *  * *  * *  *                          |
       20 +           *    *  * *       *                          +
          |  *      *    *                                         |
        0 +----+-----------+------------+-----------+-----------+--+
               5          10           15          20          25   
                                    speed

If you are interested to learn more about `txtplot`, use `help(txtplot)` from within the R interpreter.

如果您想了解有关`txtplot`更多信息，请在R解释器中使用`help(txtplot)` 。

Any precompiled package can be installed from CRAN with `install.packages()`. To learn more about what’s available, you can find a listing of official packages organized by name via the [Available CRAN Packages By Name list][].

可以使用`install.packages()`从CRAN安装任何预编译的软件包。 要了解更多有关可用软件包的信息，您可以通过“ [可用的CRAN按名称列出软件包”列表][Available CRAN Packages By Name list]找到按名称组织的正式软件包[列表][Available CRAN Packages By Name list] 。

To exit R, you can type `q()`. Unless you want to save the workspace image, you can press `n` when prompted.

要退出R，可以键入`q()` 。 除非要保存工作区图像，否则在出现提示时可以按`n` 。

## 结论 **(**Conclusion**)** ##

With R successfully installed on your server, you may be interested in this guide on [installing the RStudio Server][] to bring an IDE to the server-based deployment you just completed. You can also learn how to set up a [Shiny server][] to convert your R code into interactive web pages.

在服务器上成功安装R后，您可能会对本指南的[安装RStudio服务器][installing the RStudio Server]感兴趣，以将IDE带入刚刚完成的基于服务器的部署中。 您还可以学习如何设置[Shiny服务器，][Shiny server]以将R代码转换为交互式网页。

For more information on how to install R packages by leveraging different tools, you can read about how to [install directly from GitHub, BitBucket or other locations][install directly from GitHub_ BitBucket or other locations]. This will allow you to take advantage of the very latest work from the active community.

有关如何利用各种工具安装R软件包的更多信息，您可以阅读有关如何[直接从GitHub，BitBucket或其他位置][install directly from GitHub_ BitBucket or other locations]进行[安装的信息][install directly from GitHub_ BitBucket or other locations] 。 这将使您能够利用活跃社区中的最新作品。

> 翻译自: [https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/how-to-install-r-on-ubuntu-18-04][https_www.digitalocean.com_community_tutorials_how-to-install-r-on-ubuntu-18-04]

[Melissa Anderson]: https://www.digitalocean.com/community/users/melissaanderson
[Comprehensive R Archive Network _CRAN]: https://cloud.r-project.org/
[manual initial server setup guide]: https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/initial-server-setup-with-ubuntu-18-04
[automated script]: https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/automating-initial-server-setup-with-ubuntu-18-04
[R Project Ubuntu list]: https://cloud.r-project.org/bin/linux/ubuntu/
[txtplot]: https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/txtplot/index.html
[the speed of cars and the distance required to stop based on data from the 1920s]: https://stat.ethz.ch/R-manual/R-devel/library/datasets/html/cars.html
[Available CRAN Packages By Name list]: https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/available_packages_by_name.html
[installing the RStudio Server]: https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/how-to-set-up-rstudio-on-an-ubuntu-cloud-server
[Shiny server]: https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/how-to-set-up-shiny-server-on-ubuntu-16-04
[install directly from GitHub_ BitBucket or other locations]: https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/how-to-install-r-packages-using-devtools
[https_www.digitalocean.com_community_tutorials_how-to-install-r-on-ubuntu-18-04]: https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/how-to-install-r-on-ubuntu-18-04