如何在Ubuntu 20.04上安装MariaDB [快速入门]

忘是亡心i 2022-11-27 04:25 240阅读 0赞

*A previous version of this tutorial was written by [Brian Boucheron][]*

*本教程的先前版本由[Brian Boucheron][]撰写*

### 介绍 **(**Introduction**)** ###

[MariaDB][] is an open-source relational database management system, commonly used as an alternative for MySQL as the database portion of the popular [LAMP][] (Linux, Apache, MySQL, PHP/Python/Perl) stack. It is intended to be a drop-in replacement for MySQL.

[MariaDB][]是一个开放源代码的关系数据库管理系统，通常用作MySQL的替代方案，作为流行的[LAMP][] (Linux，Apache，MySQL，PHP / Python / Perl)堆栈的数据库部分。 它旨在替代MySQL。

This quickstart tutorial describes how to install MariaDB on an Ubuntu 20.04 server and set it up with a safe initial configuration. It will also cover how to set up an additional administrative account for password access.

本快速入门教程介绍了如何在Ubuntu 20.04服务器上安装MariaDB并使用安全的初始配置进行设置。 它还将介绍如何设置其他管理帐户来访问密码。

## 先决条件 **(**Prerequisites**)** ##

To follow this tutorial, you will need a server running Ubuntu 20.04. This server should have a non-root administrative user and a firewall configured with UFW. Set this up by following [our initial server setup guide for Ubuntu 20.04][].

要遵循本教程，您将需要一台运行Ubuntu 20.04的服务器。 此服务器应具有非root用户管理权限，并应使用UFW配置防火墙。 请遵循[我们针对Ubuntu 20.04的初始服务器设置指南进行设置][our initial server setup guide for Ubuntu 20.04] 。

## 第1步-安装MariaDB **(**Step 1 — Installing MariaDB**)** ##

Before you install MariaDB, update the package index on your server with `apt`:

在安装MariaDB之前，请使用`apt`更新服务器上的软件包索引：

*  sudo apt update
    
    sudo apt更新

Then install the package:

然后安装软件包：

*  sudo apt install mariadb-server
    
    sudo apt安装mariadb-server

When installed from the default repositories, MariaDB will start running automatically. To test this, check its status.

从默认存储库安装后，MariaDB将自动开始运行。 要对此进行测试，请检查其状态。

*  sudo systemctl status mariadb
    
    sudo systemctl状态mariadb

You’ll receive output that is similar to the following:

您将收到类似于以下内容的输出：

Output ● mariadb.service - MariaDB 10.3.22 database server
         Loaded: loaded (/lib/systemd/system/mariadb.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled)
         Active: active (running) since Tue 2020-05-12 13:38:18 UTC; 3min 55s ago
           Docs: man:mysqld(8)
                 https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/systemd/
       Main PID: 25914 (mysqld)
         Status: "Taking your SQL requests now..."
          Tasks: 31 (limit: 2345)
         Memory: 65.6M
         CGroup: /system.slice/mariadb.service
                 └─25914 /usr/sbin/mysqld
    . . .

If MariaDB isn’t running, you can start it with the command `sudo systemctl start mariadb`.

如果MariaDB未运行，则可以使用命令`sudo systemctl start mariadb`启动它。

## 第2步-配置MariaDB **(**Step 2 — Configuring MariaDB**)** ##

Run the security script that came installed with MariaDB. This will take you through a series of prompts where you can make some changes to your MariaDB installation’s security options:

运行随MariaDB一起安装的安全脚本。 这将引导您完成一系列提示，您可以在其中对MariaDB安装的安全性选项进行一些更改：

*  sudo mysql\_secure\_installation
    
    须藤mysql\_secure\_installation

The first prompt will ask you to enter the current database **root** password. Since you have not set one up yet, press `ENTER` to indicate “none”.

第一个提示将要求您输入当前的数据库**根**密码。 由于尚未设置，请按`ENTER`表示“无”。

Output . . .
    Enter current password for root (enter for none):

The next prompt asks you whether you’d like to set up a database **root** password. On Ubuntu, the **root** account for MariaDB is tied closely to automated system maintenance, so we should not change the configured authentication methods for that account. Type `N` and then press `ENTER`.

下一个提示询问您是否要设置数据库**根**密码。 在Ubuntu上，MariaDB的**根**帐户与自动系统维护紧密相关，因此我们不应更改该帐户的已配置身份验证方法。 键入`N` ，然后按`ENTER` 。

Output . . .
    
    Set root password? [Y/n] N

From there, you can press `Y` and then `ENTER` to accept the defaults for all the subsequent questions. This will remove some anonymous users and the test database, disable remote **root** logins, and then load these new rules.

在此处，您可以按`Y` ，然后按`ENTER`以接受所有后续问题的默认设置。 这将删除一些匿名用户和测试数据库，禁用远程**root**登录，然后加载这些新规则。

## 步骤3 —(可选)创建使用密码身份验证的管理用户 **(**Step 3 — (Optional) Creating an Administrative User that Employs Password Authentication**)** ##

On Ubuntu systems running MariaDB 10.3, the **root** MariaDB user is set to authenticate using the `unix_socket` plugin by default rather than with a password. Because the server uses the **root** account for tasks like log rotation and starting and stopping the server, it is best not to change the **root** account’s authentication details. Instead, the package maintainers recommend creating a separate administrative account for password-based access.

在运行MariaDB 10.3的Ubuntu系统上，默认情况下，将**root** MariaDB用户设置为使用`unix_socket`插件而不是使用密码进行身份验证。 由于服务器使用**root**帐户执行日志轮换以及启动和停止服务器等任务，因此最好不要更改**root**帐户的身份验证详细信息。 相反，软件包维护者建议为基于密码的访问创建一个单独的管理帐户。

To this end, open up the MariaDB prompt from your terminal:

为此，请从终端打开MariaDB提示符：

*  sudo mariadb
    
    苏多·玛丽亚德

Then create a new user with **root** privileges and password-based access. Be sure to change the username and password to match your preferences:

然后创建一个具有**root**用户特权和基于密码的访问权限的新用户。 确保更改用户名和密码以匹配您的首选项：

*  GRANT ALL ON \*.\* TO 'admin'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'password' WITH GRANT OPTION;
    
    授予所有权限\*。\*至' admin '@'localhost'由' password '标识，并带有GRANT选项；

Flush the privileges to ensure that they are saved and available in the current session:

刷新特权以确保它们已保存并在当前会话中可用：

*  FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
    
    冲洗特权;

Following this, exit the MariaDB shell:

之后，退出MariaDB shell：

*  exit
    
    出口

You can test out this new user with the `mysqladmin` tool, a client that lets you run administrative commands. The following `mysqladmin` command connects to MariaDB as the **admin** user and returns the version number after prompting for the user’s password:

您可以使用`mysqladmin`工具(可以运行管理命令的客户端)测试该新用户。 以下`mysqladmin`命令以**admin**用户身份连接到MariaDB，并在提示用户输入密码后返回版本号：

*  mysqladmin -u admin -p version
    
    mysqladmin -u admin -p版本

You will receive output similar to this:

您将收到类似于以下的输出：

Output mysqladmin  Ver 9.1 Distrib 10.3.22-MariaDB, for debian-linux-gnu on x86_64
    Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others.
    
    Server version      10.3.22-MariaDB-1ubuntu1
    Protocol version    10
    Connection      Localhost via UNIX socket
    UNIX socket     /var/run/mysqld/mysqld.sock
    Uptime:         4 min 49 sec
    
    Threads: 7  Questions: 467  Slow queries: 0  Opens: 177  Flush tables: 1  Open tables: 31  Queries per second avg: 1.615

## 结论 **(**Conclusion**)** ##

In this guide you installed the MariaDB relational database management system, and secured it using the `mysql_secure_installation` script that it came installed with. You also had the option to create a new administrative user that uses password authentication.

在本指南中，您安装了MariaDB关系数据库管理系统，并使用安装时附带的`mysql_secure_installation`脚本对其进行了保护。 您还可以选择创建一个使用密码身份验证的新管理用户。

Now that you have a running and secure MariaDB server, here some examples of next steps that you can take to work with the server:

既然您已经有一个运行中且安全的MariaDB服务器，那么下面是您可以使用该服务器的一些后续步骤示例：

*  [Learn how to import and export databases][]
    
    [了解如何导入和导出数据库][Learn how to import and export databases]
 *  [Practice running SQL queries][]
    
    [练习运行SQL查询][Practice running SQL queries]
 *  [Incorporate MariaDB into a larger application stack][]
    
    [将MariaDB集成到更大的应用程序堆栈中][Incorporate MariaDB into a larger application stack]

> 翻译自: [https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/how-to-install-mariadb-on-ubuntu-20-04-quickstart][https_www.digitalocean.com_community_tutorials_how-to-install-mariadb-on-ubuntu-20-04-quickstart]

[Brian Boucheron]: https://www.digitalocean.com/community/users/bboucheron
[MariaDB]: https://mariadb.org/
[LAMP]: https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/how-to-install-linux-apache-mysql-php-lamp-stack-on-ubuntu-20-04
[our initial server setup guide for Ubuntu 20.04]: https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/initial-server-setup-with-ubuntu-20-04
[Learn how to import and export databases]: https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/how-to-import-and-export-databases-in-mysql-or-mariadb
[Practice running SQL queries]: https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/introduction-to-queries-mysql
[Incorporate MariaDB into a larger application stack]: https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/how-to-install-linux-nginx-mysql-php-lemp-stack-ubuntu-18-04
[https_www.digitalocean.com_community_tutorials_how-to-install-mariadb-on-ubuntu-20-04-quickstart]: https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/how-to-install-mariadb-on-ubuntu-20-04-quickstart