4.5 计算机网络之网络层路由选择协议（自治系统AS、RIP、OSPF、BGP）

逃离我推掉我的手 2022-12-29 06:48 162阅读 0赞

### 文章目录 ###

*   *  [1.前言][1.]
     *  [2.路由选择协议的引入][2.]
     *  [3.路由信息协议---RIP协议][3._---RIP]
     *   *  [（1）概述][1]
         *  [（2）RIP协议和谁交换？交换什么？多久交换一次？][2_RIP]
         *  [（3）距离向量算法][3]
         *  [（4）RIP协议的报文格式][4_RIP]
         *  [（5）RIP协议好消息传得快，坏消息传的慢][5_RIP]
     *  [4.开放最短路径优先协议---OSPF协议][4._---OSPF]
     *   *  [（1）OSPF协议概述及其特点][1_OSPF]
         *  [（2）链路状态路由算法][2]
         *  [（3）OSPF的区域][3_OSPF]
         *  [（4）OSPF的分组][4_OSPF]
     *  [5.什么称为用UDP传送？什么称为用IP数据报传送?][5._UDP_IP]
     *  [6.边界网关协议---BGP协议][6._---BGP]
     *   *  [（1）和谁交换？交换什么？多久交换？][1 1]
         *  [（2）交换信息的过程][2 1]
         *  [（3）BGP协议报文格式][3_BGP]
         *  [（4）BGP-4的四种报文][4_BGP-4]
         *  [（5）BGP协议特点][5_BGP]
     *  [7.RIP、OSPF、BGP协议比较][7.RIP_OSPF_BGP]

--------------------

## 1.前言 ##

*  在看本篇文章之前，建议先看一下这篇文章 [路由算法与路由协议概述（静态路由和动态路由—距离-向量路由算法—链路状态路由算法、层次路由）][-]

## 2.路由选择协议的引入 ##

*  为了解决自治系统内部和外部之间的通信问题而创建的协议  
    ![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzkxNDYwNA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70]

## 3.路由信息协议—RIP协议 ##

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzkxNDYwNA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 1]

### （1）概述 ###

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzkxNDYwNA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 2]

### （2）RIP协议和谁交换？交换什么？多久交换一次？ ###

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzkxNDYwNA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 3]

### （3）距离向量算法 ###

*  RIP协议的路由表更新是基于距离向量算法实现的
 *  它的具体过程：  
    ![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzkxNDYwNA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 4]  
    来点题目练习一下：

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzkxNDYwNA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 5]  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzkxNDYwNA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 6]

### （4）RIP协议的报文格式 ###

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzkxNDYwNA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 7]

### （5）RIP协议好消息传得快，坏消息传的慢 ###

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzkxNDYwNA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 8]

*  图解为什么好消息传得快，坏消息传的慢

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzkxNDYwNA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 9]  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzkxNDYwNA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 10]  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzkxNDYwNA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 11]  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzkxNDYwNA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 12]

## 4.开放最短路径优先协议—OSPF协议 ##

### （1）OSPF协议概述及其特点 ###

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzkxNDYwNA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 13]  
特点：  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzkxNDYwNA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 14]

### （2）链路状态路由算法 ###

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzkxNDYwNA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 15]

### （3）OSPF的区域 ###

*  为使OSPF能够用于规模很大的网络，OSPF将一个自治系统再划分为若干更小的范围，称为区域。
 *  划分区域的好处是，将利用洪泛法交换链路状态信息的范围局限于每个区域而非整个自治系统，减少了整个网络上的通信量。
 *  在一个区域内部的路由器只知道本区域的完整网络拓扑，而不知道其他区域的网络拓扑情况。
 *  这些区域也有层次之分。处在上层的域称为`主干区域`，`负责连通其他下层的区域，并且还连接其他自治域。`  
    ![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzkxNDYwNA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 16]

### （4）OSPF的分组 ###

*  类型一至类型五提到的OSPF分组在上面的链路状态路由算法中已经提到  
    ![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzkxNDYwNA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 17]

## 5.什么称为用UDP传送？什么称为用IP数据报传送? ##

*  用UDP传送是指将该信息作为UDP报文的数据部分
 *  直接使用IP数据报传送是指将该信息直接作为IP 数据报的数据部分
 *  RIP报文是作为UDP数据报的数据部分。
 *  OSPF协议直接使用IP数据报进行传递

## 6.边界网关协议—BGP协议 ##

### （1）和谁交换？交换什么？多久交换？ ###

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzkxNDYwNA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 18]

### （2）交换信息的过程 ###

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzkxNDYwNA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 19]![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzkxNDYwNA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 20]![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzkxNDYwNA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 21]

### （3）BGP协议报文格式 ###

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzkxNDYwNA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 22]

### （4）BGP-4的四种报文 ###

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzkxNDYwNA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 23]

### （5）BGP协议特点 ###

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzkxNDYwNA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 24]

## 7.RIP、OSPF、BGP协议比较 ##

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzkxNDYwNA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 25]  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzkxNDYwNA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 26]

[1.]: https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_43914604/article/details/105313629#1_3
[2.]: https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_43914604/article/details/105313629#2_5
[3._---RIP]: https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_43914604/article/details/105313629#3RIP_8
[1]: https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_43914604/article/details/105313629#1_10
[2_RIP]: https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_43914604/article/details/105313629#2RIP_12
[3]: https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_43914604/article/details/105313629#3_15
[4_RIP]: https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_43914604/article/details/105313629#4RIP_23
[5_RIP]: https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_43914604/article/details/105313629#5RIP_25
[4._---OSPF]: https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_43914604/article/details/105313629#4OSPF_33
[1_OSPF]: https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_43914604/article/details/105313629#1OSPF_34
[2]: https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_43914604/article/details/105313629#2_38
[3_OSPF]: https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_43914604/article/details/105313629#3OSPF_40
[4_OSPF]: https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_43914604/article/details/105313629#4OSPF_46
[5._UDP_IP]: https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_43914604/article/details/105313629#5UDPIP_49
[6._---BGP]: https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_43914604/article/details/105313629#6BGP_55
[1 1]: https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_43914604/article/details/105313629#1_56
[2 1]: https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_43914604/article/details/105313629#2_58
[3_BGP]: https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_43914604/article/details/105313629#3BGP_60
[4_BGP-4]: https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_43914604/article/details/105313629#4BGP4_62
[5_BGP]: https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_43914604/article/details/105313629#5BGP_65
[7.RIP_OSPF_BGP]: https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_43914604/article/details/105313629#7RIPOSPFBGP_68
[-]: https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_43914604/article/details/105084158
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