计算机网络原理【四】之网络层

ゝ一纸荒年。 2022-12-30 12:54 233阅读 0赞

> 感谢内容提供者：[金牛区吴迪软件开发工作室][Link 1]  
> 接上一篇：[计算机网络原理【三】之 传输层][Link 2]

### 文章目录 ###

*  第四章：网络层
 *   *  一、网络层服务
     *   *  1.核心任务
         *  2.主要功能
         *   *  a.转发
             *  b.路由选择
             *  c.建立连接
     *  二、数据报网络与虚电路网络
     *   *  1.数据报网络
         *  2.虚电路网络
         *  数据报网络与虚电路网络的区别
     *  三、网络互连与网络互连设备
     *   *  1.异构网络互连
         *  2.路由器
     *  四、网络层拥塞控制
     *   *  1.网络拥塞
         *  2.网络层拥塞控制措施
         *   *   *  a.流量感知路由
                 *  b.准入控制
                 *  c.流量调节
                 *   *  1）路由器如何感知发生了拥塞？
                     *  2）路由器感知到拥塞时，如何通知其上游结点，并且使上游结点降低发送速率？
                 *  d.负载脱落
     *  五、Internet网络层
     *   *  1.IPv4协议
         *   *   *  a.IP数据报格式
                 *  b.IP数据报分片
         *  2.IPv4编地址
         *  3.动态主机配置协议
         *  4.网络地址转换
         *  5.ICMP
         *  6.IPv6
     *  六、路由算法与路由协议
     *   *  1.路由选择算法的分类
         *  2.链路状态路由选择算法
         *  3.距离向量路由选择算法
         *  4.层次化路由选择
         *  5.Internet路由选择协议
         *   *   *  a.RIP
                 *  b.OSPF
                 *  c.BGP
                 *  d.三种协议的区别

# 第四章：网络层 #

![在这里插入图片描述][20210311223224265.png]

## 一、网络层服务 ##

### 1.核心任务 ###

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzYwNjE1OA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70]

### 2.主要功能 ###

#### a.转发 ####

![在这里插入图片描述][20210311223318255.png]

#### b.路由选择 ####

![在这里插入图片描述][20210311223333919.png]

#### c.建立连接 ####

![在这里插入图片描述][20210311223351199.png]

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzYwNjE1OA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 1]

## 二、数据报网络与虚电路网络 ##

### 1.数据报网络 ###

![在这里插入图片描述][20210304101328709.png]  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzYwNjE1OA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 2]

### 2.虚电路网络 ###

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzYwNjE1OA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 3]  
![在这里插入图片描述][20210304101450743.png]

> 虚电路号  
> ![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzYwNjE1OA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 4]

### 数据报网络与虚电路网络的区别 ###

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzYwNjE1OA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 5]

## 三、网络互连与网络互连设备 ##

### 1.异构网络互连 ###

![在这里插入图片描述][20210304103937235.png]  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzYwNjE1OA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 6]  
![在这里插入图片描述][20210304104118110.png]

### 2.路由器 ###

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzYwNjE1OA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 7]  
![·][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzYwNjE1OA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 8]  
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![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzYwNjE1OA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 10]  
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![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzYwNjE1OA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 12]  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzYwNjE1OA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 13]  
![在这里插入图片描述][20210304104841127.png]  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzYwNjE1OA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 14]  
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## 四、网络层拥塞控制 ##

### 1.网络拥塞 ###

![在这里插入图片描述][20210304111504317.png]

> 评判标准：  
> ![在这里插入图片描述][20210304111531420.png]

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzYwNjE1OA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 16]  
![在这里插入图片描述][20210304111714840.png]  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzYwNjE1OA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 17]

### 2.网络层拥塞控制措施 ###

##### a.流量感知路由 #####

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzYwNjE1OA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 18]  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzYwNjE1OA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 19]

##### b.准入控制 #####

![在这里插入图片描述][2021030411464160.png]

##### c.流量调节 #####

![在这里插入图片描述][20210304114745988.png]

###### 1）路由器如何感知发生了拥塞？ ######

通过路由器输出端口的排队时延【计时器的时间】

###### 2）路由器感知到拥塞时，如何通知其上游结点，并且使上游结点降低发送速率？ ######

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzYwNjE1OA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 20]

##### d.负载脱落 #####

![在这里插入图片描述][20210304115202679.png]

## 五、Internet网络层 ##

### 1.IPv4协议 ###

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzYwNjE1OA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 21]

##### a.IP数据报格式 #####

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzYwNjE1OA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 22]  
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![在这里插入图片描述][20210304120152794.png]  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzYwNjE1OA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 24]  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzYwNjE1OA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 25]  
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![在这里插入图片描述][20210304121007723.png]

##### b.IP数据报分片 #####

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzYwNjE1OA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 27]  
![在这里插入图片描述][20210304121251206.png]  
![在这里插入图片描述][2021030412114144.png]

### 2.IPv4编地址 ###

![在这里插入图片描述][20210304134201487.png]  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzYwNjE1OA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 28]  
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![在这里插入图片描述][20210304135313149.png]  
![在这里插入图片描述][20210304135349439.png]  
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![在这里插入图片描述][20210304205113665.png]  
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### 3.动态主机配置协议 ###

![在这里插入图片描述][20210304232750359.png]  
![在这里插入图片描述][20210304232826812.png]  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzYwNjE1OA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 40]  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzYwNjE1OA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 41]

### 4.网络地址转换 ###

![在这里插入图片描述][20210304233204981.png]  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzYwNjE1OA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 42]  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzYwNjE1OA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 43]

### 5.ICMP ###

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzYwNjE1OA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 44]  
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> ICMP报文分类  
> ![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzYwNjE1OA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 46]

### 6.IPv6 ###

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzYwNjE1OA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 47]  
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![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzYwNjE1OA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 51]

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzYwNjE1OA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 52]  
![在这里插入图片描述][2021030423520797.png]

## 六、路由算法与路由协议 ##

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzYwNjE1OA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 53]

### 1.路由选择算法的分类 ###

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzYwNjE1OA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 54]  
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![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzYwNjE1OA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 58]  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzYwNjE1OA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 59]

### 2.链路状态路由选择算法 ###

![在这里插入图片描述][20210305120315260.png]  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzYwNjE1OA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 60]  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzYwNjE1OA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 61]

### 3.距离向量路由选择算法 ###

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzYwNjE1OA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 62]  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzYwNjE1OA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 63]

### 4.层次化路由选择 ###

![在这里插入图片描述][20210305135253200.png]  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzYwNjE1OA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 64]  
![在这里插入图片描述][20210305135406931.png]  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzYwNjE1OA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 65]

### 5.Internet路由选择协议 ###

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzYwNjE1OA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 66]  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzYwNjE1OA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 67]

##### a.RIP #####

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzYwNjE1OA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 68]  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzYwNjE1OA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 69]

##### b.OSPF #####

![在这里插入图片描述][20210305140535989.png]  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzYwNjE1OA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 70]

##### c.BGP #####

![在这里插入图片描述][20210305141113437.png]  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzYwNjE1OA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 71]

##### d.三种协议的区别 #####

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzYwNjE1OA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 72]

下一篇：[计算机网络原理【五】之 数据链路层与局域网][Link 3]

[Link 1]: http://wdstudio.top/
[Link 2]: https://wudi98.blog.csdn.net/article/details/114267478
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[20210305141113437.png]: https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20210305141113437.png
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[Link 3]: https://wudi98.blog.csdn.net/article/details/114267510