C++程序设计【一】之 C++ 语言简介

末蓝、 2022-12-30 12:54 121阅读 0赞

> 感谢内容提供者：[金牛区吴迪软件开发工作室][Link 1]

### 文章目录 ###

*  第一章：C++ 语言简介
 *   *  一、C++ 语言的发展简史
     *  二、C++ 语言的特点
     *   *  1.与C语言相比，C++语言的优点
         *  2.基本的输入 / 输出
         *  3.头文件和命名空间
         *  4.强制类型转换运算符
         *  5.函数参数的默认值
         *  6.引用和函数参数的传递
         *  7.const 与指针共同使用
         *  8.内联函数
         *  9.函数的重载
         *  10.指针和动态内存分配
         *  11.用string对象处理字符串
     *  三、C++ 语言的程序结构

# 第一章：C++ 语言简介 #

## 一、C++ 语言的发展简史 ##

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzYwNjE1OA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70]

## 二、C++ 语言的特点 ##

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzYwNjE1OA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 1]

### 1.与C语言相比，C++语言的优点 ###

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzYwNjE1OA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 2]

### 2.基本的输入 / 输出 ###

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzYwNjE1OA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 3]  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzYwNjE1OA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 4]

> 额外记住的知识点：  
> a 对应的 ASC码 97  
> A 对应的 ASC码 65

### 3.头文件和命名空间 ###

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzYwNjE1OA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 5]  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzYwNjE1OA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 6]

### 4.强制类型转换运算符 ###

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzYwNjE1OA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 7]  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzYwNjE1OA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 8]

### 5.函数参数的默认值 ###

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzYwNjE1OA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 9]

### 6.引用和函数参数的传递 ###

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzYwNjE1OA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 10]

#include <iostream>
    
    using namespace std;
    int main() { 
        int oneInt = 1;
        int &ref = oneInt;  // ref是oneInt的引用，ref等价于oneInt
        const int &refc = oneInt;   // 定义常引用
        ref = 2;    // 修改ref也相当于修改了oneInt和refc;
        cout << "oneInt=" << oneInt << "," << "ref=" << ref << endl;    // 输出oneInt=2,ref=2
        cout << "refc=" << refc << endl;    // 输出refc=2
        ref = 4;    // 修改ref也相当于修改了oneInt和refc;
        cout << "oneInt=" << oneInt << "," << "ref=" << ref << endl;    // 输出oneInt=4,ref=4
        cout << "refc=" << refc << endl;    // 输出refc=4
    
        oneInt = 3; // 修改oneInt也相当于修改了ref和refc
        cout << "oneInt=" << oneInt << "," << "ref=" << ref << endl;  // 输出oneInt=3,ref=3
        cout << "refc=" << refc << endl;    // 输出refc=3
    
        int &ref2 = ref;    // ref2和ref都是oneInt的引用
        cout << "ref2=" << ref2 << endl;    // 输出ref2=3
    
        // refc = 5; // 错误，不能使用const定义的常引用对所引用的变量进行更改
        return 0;
    }

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzYwNjE1OA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 11]

#include <iostream>
    
    using namespace std;
    void SwapValue(int a, int b) { 
        int tmp;
        tmp = a;
        a = b;
        b = tmp;
        cout << "在SwapValue()函数中：\t\ta=" << a << ",b=" << b << endl;
    }
    void SwapRef(int & a, int & b) {     // a、b值互换
        int tmp;
        tmp = a;
        a = b;
        b = tmp;
        cout << "在SwapRef()函数中：\t\ta=" << a << ",b=" << b << endl;
    }
    int main() { 
        int a = 10, b = 20;
        cout << "数据交换前：\t\ta=" << a << ",b=" << b << endl;
        SwapValue(a, b);
        cout << "调用SwapValue后：：\t\ta=" << a << ",b=" << b << endl;
    
        SwapRef(a, b);
        cout << "调用SwapRef后：：\t\ta=" << a << ",b=" << b << endl;
        return 0;
    }

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzYwNjE1OA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 12]

### 7.const 与指针共同使用 ###

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzYwNjE1OA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 13]  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzYwNjE1OA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 14]  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzYwNjE1OA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 15]

> 简单易懂的规则：  
> 例子：const char \* const p = “ABC”;  
> \*号左侧的const修饰所指的数据  
> \*号右侧的const修饰指针  
> 俩侧都有就是全都修饰。相当于全是常量不可变

### 8.内联函数 ###

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzYwNjE1OA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 16]  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzYwNjE1OA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 17]

### 9.函数的重载 ###

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzYwNjE1OA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 18]

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzYwNjE1OA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 19]  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzYwNjE1OA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 20]  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzYwNjE1OA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 21]

### 10.指针和动态内存分配 ###

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzYwNjE1OA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 22]  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzYwNjE1OA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 23]  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzYwNjE1OA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 24]

### 11.用string对象处理字符串 ###

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzYwNjE1OA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 25]  
**求数组长度:**

#include <iostream>
    #include <string>
    using namespace std;
    
    int main() { 
        string citys[] = { "a", "bb", "ccc", "dddd"};
        cout << "cityArr: " << sizeof(citys) / sizeof(string) << endl; // 求数组长度
        return 0;
    }

## 三、C++ 语言的程序结构 ##

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzYwNjE1OA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 26]

下一篇：[C++程序设计【二】之面向对象的基本概念][C]

[Link 1]: http://wdstudio.top/
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[C]: https://wudi98.blog.csdn.net/article/details/111700805