python3+Scrapy爬虫入门

Love The Way You Lie 2023-02-19 05:24 56阅读 0赞

# 创建项目 #

> scrapy startproject douban

![在这里插入图片描述][20200619103551518.png]  
红框中是指出创建一个新爬虫。

# 创建爬虫 #

> cd douban  
> scrapy genspider girls https://www.douban.com/group/641424/

![在这里插入图片描述][20200619104258217.png]  
自此，我们的项目算是基本创建好了，其中“girls”是指爬虫的名称，“https://www.douban.com/group/641424/”爬虫的域名。不过为了方便我们项目启动，可以在项目中新建一个entrypoint.py文件，文件内容如下：

from scrapy.cmdline import execute
    
    execute(['scrapy', 'crawl', 'girls'])

项目架构图  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3ZpbmNlbnRfZHVhbg_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70]

# 创建Item #

创建一个新的Item方便我们保存所爬取的数据。  
下面我们就来创建保存数据Item:

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
    
    # Define here the models for your scraped items
    #
    # See documentation in:
    # https://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/items.html
    
    import scrapy
    
    
    class DoubanItem(scrapy.Item):
        # define the fields for your item here like:
        # name = scrapy.Field()
        pass
    
    class GirlItem(scrapy.Item):
        
        title = scrapy.Field() # 标题
        author = scrapy.Field() # 作者
        url = scrapy.Field() # url
        lastTime = scrapy.Field() # 最近回应时间
        detail_time = scrapy.Field() # 发帖时间
        detail_report = scrapy.Field() # 发帖内容
    
        def __str__(self):
           return '{"title": "%s", "author": "%s", "url": "%s", "lastTime": "%s", "detail_time": "%s", "detail_report": "%s"}\n' %(self['title'], self['author'], self['url'], self['lastTime'], self['detail_time'], self['detail_report'])

之所以要从写`__str__`方法，是因为要将它展示成我们想展示的样子。

上面DoubanItem是由scrapy自动生成出来的，我们暂时先不管它，如果你想直接用系统创建的那个Item也是可以的。我这里是自己新创建一个，看起来比较好管理。

# 爬取网页 #

首先修改setting.py，添加USER\_AGENT以及修改ROBOTSTXT\_OBEY

USER_AGENT = 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/74.0.3729.131 Safari/537.36'
    ROBOTSTXT_OBEY = False

字段`title author url lastTime`在第一层URL中可以爬取到，而`detail_time detail_report`则是要根据url继续下钻爬取。所以在`parse`方法中继续下钻调用`detail_parse`方法，在`detail_parse`方法中将item保存至文件中。

完整代码：

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
    import scrapy
    from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
    from items import GirlItem
    
    class GirlsSpider(scrapy.Spider):
        name = 'girls'
        allowed_domains = ['www.douban.com']
        start_urls = ['https://www.douban.com/group/641424/discussion?start=25']
    
        # 重写start_requests方法
        # def start_requests(self):
        # # 浏览器用户代理
        # headers={'User-Agent':'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/74.0.3729.131 Safari/537.36'}
        # return [scrapy.Request(url=self.start_urls[0], callback=self.parse, headers=headers)]
    
    
        def parse(self, response):
            
            html = response.text
            soup = BeautifulSoup(html, "lxml")
            # print("开始打印soup")
            # print(soup)
            table = soup.table
            tr_arr = table.find_all("tr")
    
            for tr in tr_arr:
                item = GirlItem()
    
                tds = tr.find_all('td')
                item['title'] = tds[0].get_text().replace('\n','').replace(' ', '')
                item['author'] = tds[1].get_text().replace('\n','').replace(' ', '')
                item['lastTime'] = tds[3].get_text().replace('\n','')
                try:
                    item['url'] = tds[0].find('a',href=True)['href']
                    # 根据内页地址爬取
                    yield scrapy.Request(item['url'], meta={ 'item': item}, callback=self.detail_parse)
    
                except:
                    item['url'] = ""
                
            #找到下一个链接，也就是翻页
            next_url = soup.find(name='div', attrs={ "class":"paginator"}).find(name='span', attrs={ "class":"next"}).find(name='link')['href']
            if next_url:
                print("开始下一页")
                yield scrapy.Request(next_url, callback=self.parse)
    
    
        def detail_parse(self, response):
            # 接收上级已爬取的数据
            item = response.meta['item']
            try:
                item['detail_time'] = response.xpath('//*[@id="topic-content"]/div[2]/h3/span[2]/text()').extract()[0]
            except BaseException as e:
                print(e)
                item['detail_time'] = ""
            try:
                item['detail_report'] = response.xpath('//*[@id="link-report"]').extract()[0].replace('\n','')
            except BaseException as e:
                print(e)
                item['detail_report'] = ""
                
            write_to_file('E:/douban-detail.txt', item)
            # return item
    
    def write_to_file (file_name, txt):
            # print("正在存储文件" + str(file_name))
            # w 如果没有这个文件将创建这个文件
            ''' 'r'：读 'w'：写 'a'：追加 'r+' == r+w（可读可写，文件若不存在就报错(IOError)） 'w+' == w+r（可读可写，文件若不存在就创建） 'a+' ==a+r（可追加可写，文件若不存在就创建） '''
            f = open(file_name, 'a', encoding='utf-8')
            f.write(str(txt))
            f.close()

# 运行项目 #

> python entrypoint.py

[20200619103551518.png]: https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20200619103551518.png
[20200619104258217.png]: https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20200619104258217.png
[watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3ZpbmNlbnRfZHVhbg_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70]: https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20200619104224548.png?x-oss-process=image/watermark,type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk,shadow_10,text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3ZpbmNlbnRfZHVhbg==,size_16,color_FFFFFF,t_70