【英语学习】【化学】几个与氮有关的化学词汇 (3)

比眉伴天荒 2023-06-30 12:52 26阅读 0赞

### 文章目录 ###

*  ammonia: 氨气
 *  ammonium: 氨盐; 氨离子
 *  amine: 胺
 *  nucleobase：核碱基
 *  glycosylamine: 糖胺
 *   *  glycosyl group: 糖基团
 *  nucleoside：核苷
 *  nucleotide: 核苷酸

# ammonia: 氨气 #

**Ammonia** is a compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with the formula NH3. It is a colorless gas with a characteristic pungent smell.  
![在这里插入图片描述][2020011715243617.png]

# ammonium: 氨盐; 氨离子 #

The **ammonium** cation is a positively charged polyatomic ion with the chemical formula NH4\+. It is formed by the protonation of ammonia (NH3).  
![在这里插入图片描述][2020011715214072.png]  
**Ammonium** is also a general name for positively charged or protonated substuted amines and quaternary ammonium cations (NR4\+), where one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by organic groups (indicated by R).

# amine: 胺 #

**注：** alkyl group: (=alkane+yl) 烷基；aryl group: (=aromatic+yl) 芳基  
In organic chemistry, **amines** are *compounds* and *functional groups* that contain a basic nitrogen atom with a lone pair.

Amines are formally derivatives of ammonia, wherein one or more hydrogen atoms have been replaced by a substituent such as an alkyl or aryl group (these may respectively be called alkylamines and arylamines; amines in which both types of substituent are attached to one nitrogen atom may be called alkylarylamines).  
![在这里插入图片描述][20200117152928516.png]  
**注：** amino group: 胺基团；carbonyl group：羰(tang)基团  
Inorganic derivatives of ammonia are also called **amines**, such as *monochloramine* (Cl-NH2). The substituent -NH2 is called an **amino group**.  
![在这里插入图片描述][20200117155739751.png]  
**注：** amide: 酰胺；sulfonamide: 磺胺；phosphoramide: 磷酰胺  
Compounds with a nitrogen atom attached to a *carbonyl group* (C=O), thus having the structure R-CO-NR’R", are called *amides* and have different chemical properties from *amines*.  
![在这里插入图片描述][20200117160104172.png]

# nucleobase：核碱基 #

**Nucleobases**, also known as *nitrogenous bases* or often simply *bases*, are nitrogen-containing biological compounds that form nucleosides, which in turn are components of nucleotides, with all of these monomers constituting the basic building blocks of nucleic acids.

注：nucleoside: 核苷； nucleotide：核苷酸；nucleic acid：核酸

# glycosylamine: 糖胺 #

\*\*注：\*\*glycosyl group: 糖基团； amino group: 胺基团

**Glycosylamines** are a class of biochemical compounds consisting of a *glycosyl group* attached to an *amino group*, -NR2. Glycosyl group can be derived from carbohydrates. The glycosyl group and amino group are connected with a β-N-glycosidic bond, forming a cyclic hemiaminal ether bond (α-aminoether).  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxXzQzNDAxODA4_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70]

## glycosyl group: 糖基团 ##

A **glycosyl group** is a univalent free radical or substituent structure obtained by removing the hemiacetal hydroxyl group from the cyclic form of a monosaccharide and, by extension, of a lower oligosaccharide.  
![在这里插入图片描述][20200117151333993.png]

# nucleoside：核苷 #

词源：*nucleic-* (“nucleus”) + *-ose* (“sugar”) + -ide  
Pentose sugar+ purine/pyrimidine base= nucleoside

**Nucleosides** are *glycosylamines* that can be thought of as *nucleotides* without a phosphate group. A nucleoside consists simply of a nucleobase (also termed a nitrogenous base) and five-carbon sugar *ribose* whereas a nucleotide is composed of a nucleobase, a five-carbon sugar, and one or more phosphate groups.  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxXzQzNDAxODA4_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 1] ![在这里插入图片描述][20200117145102380.png]

nucleoside          nucleotide

注：glycosylamine: 糖胺; ribose: 核糖

# nucleotide: 核苷酸 #

词源：Latin *nucleus* (*nucleo-*) + *-ide*, with -t- for the sake of euphony.  
Sugar+ nitrogenous base+ phosphate bond =nucleotide

**Nucleotides** are molecules consisting of a *nucleoside* and a phosphate group. They are the basic building blocks of DNA and RNA.  
![在这里插入图片描述][20200117145102380.png]

[2020011715243617.png]: https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/2020011715243617.png
[2020011715214072.png]: https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/2020011715214072.png
[20200117152928516.png]: https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20200117152928516.png
[20200117155739751.png]: https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20200117155739751.png
[20200117160104172.png]: https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20200117160104172.png
[watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxXzQzNDAxODA4_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70]: https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20200117150459748.png?x-oss-process=image/watermark,type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk,shadow_10,text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxXzQzNDAxODA4,size_16,color_FFFFFF,t_70
[20200117151333993.png]: https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20200117151333993.png
[watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxXzQzNDAxODA4_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 1]: https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20200117145427583.png?x-oss-process=image/watermark,type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk,shadow_10,text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxXzQzNDAxODA4,size_16,color_FFFFFF,t_70
[20200117145102380.png]: https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20200117145102380.png