科研论文书写基本要求

约定不等于承诺〃 2023-07-20 05:34 24阅读 0赞

本文有的内容是期刊风格，所以会随着期刊变化而变化。有的内容不属于风格，比如易错的东西，摘要的功能等，所有期刊都一样。

### 文章目录 ###

*  一篇想被捞的论文的基本要求
 *  标题
 *  摘要
 *  公式 equations
 *  单位 units
 *  图 graphics
 *  交叉引用 cross references
 *   *  公式，图，表
     *  参考文献
 *  结论 conclusion
 *  其他
 *  常见错误 common mistakes

# 一篇想被捞的论文的基本要求 #

*  技术性论文必须要对他所研究的领域有一点贡献，而且必须引用相关的以前的工作。  
    Technical papers submitted for publication must advance the state of knowledge and must cite relevant  
    prior work.
 *  论文长度应该和其重要性或复杂性相称。比如，如果只是对以前某个工作进行简单扩展，那应该几页就好。  
    The length of a submitted paper should be commensurate with the importance, or appropriate to the complexity, of the work. For example, an obvious extension of previously published work might not be appropriate for publication or might be adequately treated in just a few pages。
 *  作者必须说服同行的审稿人和编辑一篇论文的科学和技术价值;当报告了不寻常或意外的结果时，证据的标准更高  
    Authors must convince both peer reviewers and the editors of the scientific and technical merit of a paper; the standards of proof are higher when extraordinary or unexpected results are reported
 *  由于科学进步需要复制，提交发表的论文必须提供足够的信息，以便读者进行类似的实验或计算，并使用所报告的结果。虽然不是所有的信息都需要公开，但一篇论文必须包含新的、可用的、完整描述的信息。例如，如果一篇论文的主要目的是介绍一种新的测量技术，那么就不需要报告样本的化学成分。如果结果没有得到足够的数据和关键de的支持，那么作者就会受到审稿人的质疑  
    Because replication is required for scientific progress, papers submitted for publication must provide sufficient information to allow readers to perform similar experiments or calculations and use the reported results.  
    Authors should expect to be challenged by reviewers if the results are not supported by adequate data and critical details
 *  描述正在进行的工作，或者宣布最新进展的话，就比较适合会议，不适合期刊  
    Papers that describe ongoing work or announce the latest technical achievement, which are suitable for presentation at a professional conference, may not be appropriate for publication.

# 标题 #

*  不用缩略词或简称abbreviations and acronyms  
    Do not use abbreviations in the title unless they are unavoidable (for example, “IEEE” in the title of this article).

# 摘要 #

*  简洁又全面, 应该是全文的一个缩影  
    The abstract must be a concise yet comprehensive reflection of what is in your article.It should be a microcosm  
    of the full article.
 *  不可以有缩略词，脚注和引用  
    In particular, the abstract must be self-contained, without abbreviations, footnotes, or references.
 *  150-250 words, 根据期刊要求略有不同

The abstract must be between 150–250 words.

*  必须是一整段  
    The abstract must be written as one paragraph, and should not contain displayed mathematical equations or tabular material.
 *  不可以包含数学公式和表格
 *  应该包含3-4个关键词，但是一定要注意避免关键词的多次重复使用  
    It is important to avoid overrepetition of such phrases as this can result in a page being rejected by search engines.
 *  读起来通顺，语法正确  
    Ensure that your abstract reads well and is grammatically correct.

Be sure that you adhere to these limits;otherwise, you will need to edit your abstract accordingly.

# 公式 equations #

*  给公式连续编号，编号用圆括号括起来，和右边缘齐平  
    ![在这里插入图片描述][20200331145250678.png]
 *  保证公式中的符号在公式前面已经定义了，或者在公式后面立刻跟上定义
 *  尽量避免使用已经在科学界中有明确意义的符号，非要用的话，可以把他写为斜体。  
    Italicize symbols (T might refer to temperature, but T is the unit tesla).
 *  引用公式时不要使用Eq.(1)或者equation (1),除非是在句首！！  
    Refer to “(1),” not “Eq. (1)” or “equation (1),” except at the beginning of a sentence: “Equation (1) is : : : .”  
    这一点很容易出错，因为我们平时看论文，很多论文就是用的Eq. (1) or equation (1)呀，于是我们也会模仿着写，但是真得仔细看看自己的目标期刊对这个有没有具体要求
 *  不要用\{eqnarray\}公式环境，它会造成一些难看的空间。而用\{align\} or \{IEEEeqnarray\}  
    Please don’t use the \{eqnarray\} equation environment. Use \{align\} or \{IEEEeqnarray\} instead. The  
    \{eqnarray\} environment leaves unsightly spaces around  
    relation symbols。
 *  不要在\{array\}环境内使用\\nonumber命令  
    不但不会阻止公式的编号，还可能造成其他影响  
    Do not use \\nonumber inside the \{array\} environment. It will not stop equation numbers inside \{array\}  
    (there won’t be any anyway) and it might stop a wanted equation number in the surrounding equation

# 单位 units #

墙裂推荐SI单位（国际单位制，[看这里][Link 1]）  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxXzM2NjA3ODk0_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70]

# 图 graphics #

*  宽度：要么单栏宽度（不要比单栏还窄，除非没办法），要么双栏宽度（即页面宽度）
 *  分辨率：照片，彩色图，灰阶图至少300dpi; 线图line art（包括tables）,至少600dpi
 *  矢量图格式：为了保证图片在不同电脑平台的保真度，支持.eps, .ps, .pdf三种矢量格式.注意所有字体必须嵌入  
    In order to preserve the figures’ integrity across multiple computer platforms, we accept files in the following formats: .EPS/.PDF/.PS. All fonts must be embedded or text converted to outlines in order to achieve the best-quality results
 *  图片上的文字的字体：Times New Roman, Helvetica, Arial, Cambria, and Symbol  
    Some  
    fonts may only be native to your operating system; without the fonts embedded, parts of the graphic may be distorted or missing

# 交叉引用 cross references #

## 公式，图，表 ##

*  不管是用latex还是word，都要软引用（LaTeX用\\ref或者\\eqref，word菜单有个交叉引用功能），而不是硬引用（自己手打公式和图表编号），大家都知道为啥，不说了。
 *  用Fig. ，不要用Table.  
    When referencing your figures and tables within your paper, use the abbreviation “Fig.” **even at the beginning of a sentence**.  
    Do not abbreviate “Table.” Tables should be numbered with Roman Numerals.

## 参考文献 ##

*  如果用bibtex工具生成参考文献，记得把.bib文件发给期刊，不然他们没办法生成参考文献。  
    BIBTEX does not work by magic. It doesn’t get the bibliographic data from thin air but from .bib files. If you use  
    BIBTEX to produce a bibliography you must send the .bib  
    files.
 *  不要给两个东西打相同的标签。  
    LATEX can’t read your mind. If you assign the same label to a subsubsection and a table, you might find that Table I has been cross referenced as Table IV-B3.
 *  不要把\\label写在\\caption前面。因为\\caption会更新公式或图表的计数器，\\label需要使用这个计数器的信息。  
    其实没太懂后面半句，但是确实不可以把\\label写在\\caption前面，应该很多人都有犯过这个错，我就这么错过，当时找了很久原因。  
    In particular, a \\label command should not go before the caption of a figure or a table.
 *  直接用\[1\],不用Ref. ，除非是句首  
    In text, refer simply to the reference number. Do not use “Ref.” or “reference” except at the beginning of a sentence: “Reference \[3\] shows : : : .”

# 结论 conclusion #

结论这个section并不是必需的。

结论是一篇论文的主要的点的综述，但是一定不要去复制摘要作为结论。而是应该详细描述文章工作的重要性，或者建议一些应用和扩展方向。

# 其他 #

*  **文本中第一次使用**简称或缩略语时给出定义（不能在摘要中定义和使用）
 *  在句号和冒号后用一个空格，Use one space after periods and colons.
 *  把复杂的修饰词用连字符连起来， Hyphenate complex  
    modifiers: “zero-field-cooled magnetization.”
 *  使用ing分词时，一定要注意能让人明白到底什么是主语。这是很容易犯的错误，给个例子  
    Avoid dangling participles, such as, “Using (1), the potential was calculated.” \[It is not clear who or what used (1).\] Write instead, “The potential was calculated by using (1),” or “Using (1),  
    we calculated the potential.”
 *  在小数点前面加个0. Use a zero before decimal points: “0.25,” not “.25.”
 *  Use “cm3,” not “cc.”  
    ![在这里插入图片描述][20200331143612393.png]
 *  秒的缩略词是s,不是sec  
    The abbreviation for “seconds” is “s,” not “sec.”
 *  注意单位使用的一致性，要么都用文字，要么都用符号，不要混用  
    Use “Wb/m2” or “webers per square meter,” not “webers/m2.”
 *  表示数字范围不用波浪线，而是直线  
    When expressing a range of values, write “7 to 9” or “7–9,” not “7∼9.”
 *  插入语，即圆括号括起来的说明语，如果是完整句子，在括号内也要加句点，否则只需要在括号外加句点。  
    A parenthetical statement at the end of a sentence is punctuated outside of the closing parenthesis (like this). (A  
    parenthetical sentence is punctuated within the parentheses.)
 *  美式英语中，句号和逗号都要放在双引号内部。  
    这一点很容易出错！！！因为中国语言习惯于双引号内部是不加任何标点的，标点符号在双引号外面。如果你用Grammarly等语法工具检查论文，他就会给你找出这种错误并改正。  
    In American English, periods and commas are within quotation marks, like “this period.” Other punctuation is “outside”!
 *  不要缩写  
    Avoid contractions; for example, write “do not” instead of “don’t.”
 *  在写一个序列时，and前面要写逗号！！  
    这一点也是中国作者很容易错的！Grammarly还是可以检测并提示你改正  
    The serial comma is preferred: “A, B, and C” instead of “A, B and C.”
 *  表述尽可能使用主动语态！！！  
    这一点可能和大多数人接受的教导相反，比如我。以前很多老师都强调要多用被动语态，比如It is believed that…  
    然而事实是，期刊更希望我们使用主动语态，grammaly曾多次提醒我把多处改为主动语态（我听了老师的话，故意写的满篇被动语态），我却置之不理，现在看到期刊明确的白纸黑字的要求，才终于相信了，摈弃了多用被动语态的建议。当然也可能是分场景吧，还不是很了解  
    If you wish, you may write in the first person singular or plural and use the active voice (“I observed that : : :” or  
    “We observed that : : :” instead of “It was observed that : : :”).
 *  一篇文章中不要使用太多种不同字体。公式里更要避免太奇怪的字体，以免没法处理

Try not to use too many typefaces in the same article. You’re writing scholarly papers, not ransom notes. Also  
please remember that MathJax can’t handle really weird typefaces

# 常见错误 common mistakes #

*  data一词是复数，不是单数，所以不要用datas  
    The word “data” is plural, not singular.
 *  用whereas而不是while，除非比指的是同步事件（同时发生）  
    Use the word “whereas” instead of “while” (unless you are referring to simultaneous events).
 *  不要用essentially去表示approximately 和 effectively
 *  不要把issue作为problem的委婉说法  
    Do not use the word “issue” as a euphemism for “problem.”
 *  注意不要错用同音异形异义词homophones  
    “affect” (usually a verb) and “effect” (usually a noun), “complement” and “compliment,” “discreet” and “discrete,”“principal” (e.g., “principal investigator”) and “principle”。

Do not confuse “imply”and “infer.”

*  前缀不是独立的词，应该用在他们修饰的词前面，并不需要用连字符  
    Prefixes such as “non,” “sub,” “micro,” “multi,” and “ultra” are not independent words; they should be joined to the words they modify, usually without a hyphen
 *  et al. 而非et. al. ， 没有第一个句点，常用斜体  
    There is no period after the “et” in the Latin abbreviation “et al.” (it is also italicized).
 *  i.e. , e.g. 通常并不写为斜体  
    The abbreviation “i.e.,” means “that is,” and the abbreviation “e.g.,” means “for example” (these abbreviations are not italicized)

[20200331145250678.png]: /images/20230528/97e52d4d36b54e038fe735b37dd08416.png
[Link 1]: https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D%E5%88%B6/1189599?fr=aladdin
[watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxXzM2NjA3ODk0_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70]: /images/20230528/a15f25c975544cc9b5dedbdb9a45c201.png
[20200331143612393.png]: /images/20230528/37300abaaadd43779e368ce85ab0b53b.png