Scrapy爬虫框架，ImagesPipeline的基本用法，图片爬取思路详解

ゝ一世哀愁。 2023-07-24 13:28 142阅读 0赞

本文章需要对Scrapy有一定基础才可阅读，讲解过程不会面向新手。[Scrapy爬虫框架，入门案例][Scrapy]

[github][]源码

**目录**

1.ImagesPipeline模块说明

2.案例:百度图片爬取

1）URL分析

2）程序设计

3）执行程序与效果预览

--------------------

## 1.ImagesPipeline模块说明 ##

ImagesPipeline是Scrapy中的一个pipe管道组件的一个插件模块，封装了对图片爬取的一些处理，是Scrapy给出的图片处理方案，可以避免我们重复造轮子，我们只要拿到图片链接丢给这个管道，其他的不用我们管，包括图片的命名和后缀名处理，图片存储地址（需要修改默认值），图片长宽处理等。

下面是ImagesPipeline的源码，这里仅讲两个函数

第一个函数是get\_media\_requests，该函数的作用是下载图片，调用item中图片的链接（我们一般将图片链接存在item中），调用Request函数进行下载，默认的函数写死了，我们还需要进行一些处理才可以拿到图片链接。

>     def get_media_requests(self, item, info):
>         return [Request(x) for x in item.get(self.images_urls_field, [])]

第二个函数是file_path,定义下载图片存储的路径，我们需要处理一下，以此把图片存储到我们想存储的地方

>     def file_path(self, request, response=None, info=None):
>         image_guid = hashlib.sha1(to_bytes(request.url)).hexdigest()
>         return 'full/%s.jpg' % (image_guid)

"""
    Images Pipeline
    
    See documentation in topics/media-pipeline.rst
    """
    import functools
    import hashlib
    import six
    
    try:
        from cStringIO import StringIO as BytesIO
    except ImportError:
        from io import BytesIO
    
    from PIL import Image
    
    from scrapy.utils.misc import md5sum
    from scrapy.utils.python import to_bytes
    from scrapy.http import Request
    from scrapy.settings import Settings
    from scrapy.exceptions import DropItem
    #TODO: from scrapy.pipelines.media import MediaPipeline
    from scrapy.pipelines.files import FileException, FilesPipeline
    
    
    class NoimagesDrop(DropItem):
        """Product with no images exception"""
    
    
    class ImageException(FileException):
        """General image error exception"""
    
    
    class ImagesPipeline(FilesPipeline):
        """Abstract pipeline that implement the image thumbnail generation logic
    
        """
    
        MEDIA_NAME = 'image'
    
        # Uppercase attributes kept for backward compatibility with code that subclasses
        # ImagesPipeline. They may be overridden by settings.
        MIN_WIDTH = 0
        MIN_HEIGHT = 0
        EXPIRES = 90
        THUMBS = {}
        DEFAULT_IMAGES_URLS_FIELD = 'image_urls'
        DEFAULT_IMAGES_RESULT_FIELD = 'images'
    
        def __init__(self, store_uri, download_func=None, settings=None):
            super(ImagesPipeline, self).__init__(store_uri, settings=settings,
                                                 download_func=download_func)
    
            if isinstance(settings, dict) or settings is None:
                settings = Settings(settings)
    
            resolve = functools.partial(self._key_for_pipe,
                                        base_class_name="ImagesPipeline",
                                        settings=settings)
            self.expires = settings.getint(
                resolve("IMAGES_EXPIRES"), self.EXPIRES
            )
    
            if not hasattr(self, "IMAGES_RESULT_FIELD"):
                self.IMAGES_RESULT_FIELD = self.DEFAULT_IMAGES_RESULT_FIELD
            if not hasattr(self, "IMAGES_URLS_FIELD"):
                self.IMAGES_URLS_FIELD = self.DEFAULT_IMAGES_URLS_FIELD
    
            self.images_urls_field = settings.get(
                resolve('IMAGES_URLS_FIELD'),
                self.IMAGES_URLS_FIELD
            )
            self.images_result_field = settings.get(
                resolve('IMAGES_RESULT_FIELD'),
                self.IMAGES_RESULT_FIELD
            )
            self.min_width = settings.getint(
                resolve('IMAGES_MIN_WIDTH'), self.MIN_WIDTH
            )
            self.min_height = settings.getint(
                resolve('IMAGES_MIN_HEIGHT'), self.MIN_HEIGHT
            )
            self.thumbs = settings.get(
                resolve('IMAGES_THUMBS'), self.THUMBS
            )
    
        @classmethod
        def from_settings(cls, settings):
            s3store = cls.STORE_SCHEMES['s3']
            s3store.AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID = settings['AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID']
            s3store.AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY = settings['AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY']
            s3store.AWS_ENDPOINT_URL = settings['AWS_ENDPOINT_URL']
            s3store.AWS_REGION_NAME = settings['AWS_REGION_NAME']
            s3store.AWS_USE_SSL = settings['AWS_USE_SSL']
            s3store.AWS_VERIFY = settings['AWS_VERIFY']
            s3store.POLICY = settings['IMAGES_STORE_S3_ACL']
    
            gcs_store = cls.STORE_SCHEMES['gs']
            gcs_store.GCS_PROJECT_ID = settings['GCS_PROJECT_ID']
            gcs_store.POLICY = settings['IMAGES_STORE_GCS_ACL'] or None
    
            store_uri = settings['IMAGES_STORE']
            return cls(store_uri, settings=settings)
    
        def file_downloaded(self, response, request, info):
            return self.image_downloaded(response, request, info)
    
        def image_downloaded(self, response, request, info):
            checksum = None
            for path, image, buf in self.get_images(response, request, info):
                if checksum is None:
                    buf.seek(0)
                    checksum = md5sum(buf)
                width, height = image.size
                self.store.persist_file(
                    path, buf, info,
                    meta={'width': width, 'height': height},
                    headers={'Content-Type': 'image/jpeg'})
            return checksum
    
        def get_images(self, response, request, info):
            path = self.file_path(request, response=response, info=info)
            orig_image = Image.open(BytesIO(response.body))
    
            width, height = orig_image.size
            if width < self.min_width or height < self.min_height:
                raise ImageException("Image too small (%dx%d < %dx%d)" %
                                     (width, height, self.min_width, self.min_height))
    
            image, buf = self.convert_image(orig_image)
            yield path, image, buf
    
            for thumb_id, size in six.iteritems(self.thumbs):
                thumb_path = self.thumb_path(request, thumb_id, response=response, info=info)
                thumb_image, thumb_buf = self.convert_image(image, size)
                yield thumb_path, thumb_image, thumb_buf
    
        def convert_image(self, image, size=None):
            if image.format == 'PNG' and image.mode == 'RGBA':
                background = Image.new('RGBA', image.size, (255, 255, 255))
                background.paste(image, image)
                image = background.convert('RGB')
            elif image.mode == 'P':
                image = image.convert("RGBA")
                background = Image.new('RGBA', image.size, (255, 255, 255))
                background.paste(image, image)
                image = background.convert('RGB')
            elif image.mode != 'RGB':
                image = image.convert('RGB')
    
            if size:
                image = image.copy()
                image.thumbnail(size, Image.ANTIALIAS)
    
            buf = BytesIO()
            image.save(buf, 'JPEG')
            return image, buf
    
        def get_media_requests(self, item, info):
            return [Request(x) for x in item.get(self.images_urls_field, [])]
    
        def item_completed(self, results, item, info):
            if isinstance(item, dict) or self.images_result_field in item.fields:
                item[self.images_result_field] = [x for ok, x in results if ok]
            return item
    
        def file_path(self, request, response=None, info=None):
            image_guid = hashlib.sha1(to_bytes(request.url)).hexdigest()
            return 'full/%s.jpg' % (image_guid)
    
        def thumb_path(self, request, thumb_id, response=None, info=None):
            thumb_guid = hashlib.sha1(to_bytes(request.url)).hexdigest()
            return 'thumbs/%s/%s.jpg' % (thumb_id, thumb_guid)

## 2.案例:百度图片爬取 ##

### 1）URL分析 ###

打开百度图片：[https://image.baidu.com/][https_image.baidu.com]

随便搜一点东西

![watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2NrNzg0MTAxNzc3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70][]

打开检查，Network，ctrl+R刷新，向下翻几页，可以看到百度是通过ajax的xhr来传递异步数据的

![watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2NrNzg0MTAxNzc3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 1][]

打开一个xhr，复制Request URL

![watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2NrNzg0MTAxNzc3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 2][]

可以看到请求参数还是蛮多的

>  [https://image.baidu.com/search/acjson?tn=resultjson\_com&ipn=rj&ct=201326592&is=&fp=result&queryWord=%E6%98%9F%E9%99%85&cl=2&lm=-1&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8&adpicid=&st=-1&z=&ic=0&hd=&latest=&copyright=&word=%E6%98%9F%E9%99%85&s=&se=&tab=&width=&height=&face=0&istype=2&qc=&nc=1&fr=&expermode=&force=&pn=30&rn=30&gsm=1e&1586664482091=][https_image.baidu.com_search_acjson_tn_resultjson_com_ipn_rj_ct_201326592_is_fp_result_queryWord_E6_98_9F_E9_99_85_cl_2_lm_-1_ie_utf-8_oe_utf-8_adpicid_st_-1_z_ic_0_hd_latest_copyright_word_E6_98_9F_E9_99_85_s_se_tab_width_height_face_0_istype_2_qc_nc_1_fr_expermode_force_pn_30_rn_30_gsm_1e_1586664482091]

在浏览器输入这一段url，分析后可以得出图片的url为"thumbURL":"https://ss1.bdstatic.com/70cFuXSh\_Q1YnxGkpoWK1HF6hhy/it/u=48630087,4029563252&fm=26&gp=0.jpg"

![watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2NrNzg0MTAxNzc3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 3][]

ctrl+F搜索thumbURL，可以得出一个xhr一共提供30个图片的链接

![20200412121239566.png][]

下面分析URL的请求参数，可以很明显的看出queryWord：星际就是我们搜索的内容

![watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2NrNzg0MTAxNzc3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 4][]

接着分析，word也有一个搜索内容，然后是pn：30，这个pn就是页码数，经过观察可以发现第一页为30，第二页为60，依次+30。

![watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2NrNzg0MTAxNzc3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 5][]

在看到这一段URL

> [https://image.baidu.com/search/acjson?tn=resultjson\_com&ipn=rj&ct=201326592&is=&fp=result&queryWord=%E6%98%9F%E9%99%85&cl=2&lm=-1&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8&adpicid=&st=-1&z=&ic=0&hd=&latest=&copyright=&word=%E6%98%9F%E9%99%85&s=&se=&tab=&width=&height=&face=0&istype=2&qc=&nc=1&fr=&expermode=&force=&pn=30&rn=30&gsm=1e&1586664482091=][https_image.baidu.com_search_acjson_tn_resultjson_com_ipn_rj_ct_201326592_is_fp_result_queryWord_E6_98_9F_E9_99_85_cl_2_lm_-1_ie_utf-8_oe_utf-8_adpicid_st_-1_z_ic_0_hd_latest_copyright_word_E6_98_9F_E9_99_85_s_se_tab_width_height_face_0_istype_2_qc_nc_1_fr_expermode_force_pn_30_rn_30_gsm_1e_1586664482091]

我们把[word=%E6%98%9F%E9%99%][https_image.baidu.com_search_acjson_tn_resultjson_com_ipn_rj_ct_201326592_is_fp_result_queryWord_E6_98_9F_E9_99_85_cl_2_lm_-1_ie_utf-8_oe_utf-8_adpicid_st_-1_z_ic_0_hd_latest_copyright_word_E6_98_9F_E9_99_85_s_se_tab_width_height_face_0_istype_2_qc_nc_1_fr_expermode_force_pn_30_rn_30_gsm_1e_1586664482091]和[queryWord=%E6%98%9F%E9%99%85][https_image.baidu.com_search_acjson_tn_resultjson_com_ipn_rj_ct_201326592_is_fp_result_queryWord_E6_98_9F_E9_99_85_cl_2_lm_-1_ie_utf-8_oe_utf-8_adpicid_st_-1_z_ic_0_hd_latest_copyright_word_E6_98_9F_E9_99_85_s_se_tab_width_height_face_0_istype_2_qc_nc_1_fr_expermode_force_pn_30_rn_30_gsm_1e_1586664482091]改为

[word=迪丽热巴，queryWord=][https_image.baidu.com_search_acjson_tn_resultjson_com_ipn_rj_ct_201326592_is_fp_result_queryWord_E6_98_9F_E9_99_85_cl_2_lm_-1_ie_utf-8_oe_utf-8_adpicid_st_-1_z_ic_0_hd_latest_copyright_word_E6_98_9F_E9_99_85_s_se_tab_width_height_face_0_istype_2_qc_nc_1_fr_expermode_force_pn_30_rn_30_gsm_1e_1586664482091]迪丽热巴，这里为什么是[%E6%98%9F%E9%99%][https_image.baidu.com_search_acjson_tn_resultjson_com_ipn_rj_ct_201326592_is_fp_result_queryWord_E6_98_9F_E9_99_85_cl_2_lm_-1_ie_utf-8_oe_utf-8_adpicid_st_-1_z_ic_0_hd_latest_copyright_word_E6_98_9F_E9_99_85_s_se_tab_width_height_face_0_istype_2_qc_nc_1_fr_expermode_force_pn_30_rn_30_gsm_1e_1586664482091]和不是中文，这是因为游览器给你做了一次quote转义，http协议不允许传递中文，等下在程序里我们也要做一次转义

于是可以得出一段新的URL

>  [https://image.baidu.com/search/acjson?tn=resultjson\_com&ipn=rj&ct=201326592&is=&fp=result&queryWord=迪丽热巴&cl=2&lm=-1&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8&adpicid=&st=-1&z=&ic=0&hd=&latest=&copyright=&word=迪丽热巴&s=&se=&tab=&width=&height=&face=0&istype=2&qc=&nc=1&fr=&expermode=&force=&pn=30&rn=30&gsm=1e&1586660816262=][https_image.baidu.com_search_acjson_tn_resultjson_com_ipn_rj_ct_201326592_is_fp_result_queryWord_cl_2_lm_-1_ie_utf-8_oe_utf-8_adpicid_st_-1_z_ic_0_hd_latest_copyright_word_s_se_tab_width_height_face_0_istype_2_qc_nc_1_fr_expermode_force_pn_30_rn_30_gsm_1e_1586660816262]

粘贴到浏览器上看看效果，成功

![watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2NrNzg0MTAxNzc3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 6][]

### 2）程序设计 ###

打开一个终端，创建scrapy项目(Linux打开Terminor,window打开cmd)

输入

> scrapy startproject baiduimage
> 
> cd baiduimage
> 
> scrapy genspider image image.baidu.com

使用编辑器打开项目，我用的是PyChram，项目结构就出来了

![watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2NrNzg0MTAxNzc3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 7][]

由于这个程序比较简单，我仅讲解其中几个坑点，源码在开篇给出的github里有，下载后用编辑器打开就可以运行

**images.py**

第一个要注意的地方就是转义（http协议不支持中文），调用urllib提供的parse.quote即可转义

>  word\_origin = input("请输入搜索关键字：")  
>  word = parse.quote(word\_origin)

在一个就是正则匹配，拿到thumbURL图片链接，关于正则匹配规则我这里不多说，我博客的网络爬虫栏里有适合新手的教程

>  regex = '"thumbURL":"(.\*?)"'  
>  pattern = re.compile(regex, re.S)  
>  links = pattern.findall(response.text)

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
    import scrapy
    import json
    import re
    from urllib import parse
    from ..items import BaiduimageItem
    
    
    class ImagesSpider(scrapy.Spider):
        name = 'images'
        allowed_domains = ['image.baidu.com']
        word_origin = input("请输入搜索关键字：")
        word = parse.quote(word_origin)
        url = "https://image.baidu.com/search/acjson?tn=resultjson_com&ipn=rj&is=&fp=result&queryWord=" + word + "&cl=2&lm=-1&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8&adpicid=&st=-1&z=&ic=0&hd=&latest=&copyright=&word=" + word + "&s=&se=&tab=&width=&height=&face=0&istype=2&qc=&nc=1&fr=&expermode=&force=&pn={}&rn=30&gsm=1e&1586660816262="
    
        def start_requests(self):
            #页数可调整，开始页30,每次递增30
            for pn in range(30,151,30):
                url=self.url.format(pn)
                yield scrapy.Request(url=url,callback=self.parse)
    
        def parse(self, response):
            #正则匹配符合条件的thumbURL
            regex = '"thumbURL":"(.*?)"'
            pattern = re.compile(regex, re.S)
            links = pattern.findall(response.text)
            item=BaiduimageItem()
            #将搜索内容赋值给item,创建文件夹会用到
            item["word"]=self.word_origin
            for i in links:
                item["link"]=i
    
                yield item

**pipelines.py**

此处class BaiduimagePipeline继承了scrapy给我们提供的ImagesPipeline图片处理管道，为了让这个模块适应我们的程序，需要重写两个函数。

这里我将item中的word参数复制给了一个全局变量，目的是传递给file\_path。也可以使用scrapy.Request(meta=\{\})去传递

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
    
    # Define your item pipelines here
    #
    # Don't forget to add your pipeline to the ITEM_PIPELINES setting
    # See: https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/item-pipeline.html
    
    from scrapy.pipelines.images import ImagesPipeline
    import scrapy
    import hashlib
    from scrapy.utils.python import to_bytes
    
    class BaiduimagePipeline(ImagesPipeline):
    
        word=""
        
        # 重写ImagesPipeline里的get_media_requests函数
        # 原函数的请求不适应与本程序
        def get_media_requests(self, item, info):
            self.word=item['word']
            yield scrapy.Request(url=item['link'])
        
        # 重写ImagesPipeline里的file_path函数
        # 原函数return 'full/%s.jpg' % (image_guid) 
        # 我们将其改为自己想存放的路径地址
        def file_path(self, request, response=None, info=None):
            image_guid = hashlib.sha1(to_bytes(request.url)).hexdigest()
            return self.word + '/%s.jpg' % (image_guid)

**settings.py**

在settings.py里IMAGES\_STORE是图片存储的路径

BOT_NAME = 'baiduimage'
    
    SPIDER_MODULES = ['baiduimage.spiders']
    NEWSPIDER_MODULE = 'baiduimage.spiders'
    
    ROBOTSTXT_OBEY = False
    DOWNLOAD_DELAY = 0.5
    
    DEFAULT_REQUEST_HEADERS = {
      'Accept': 'text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8',
      'Accept-Language': 'en',
      'User-Agent':'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/80.0.3987.116 Safari/537.36'
    }
    
    ITEM_PIPELINES = {
       'baiduimage.pipelines.BaiduimagePipeline': 300,
    }
    
    
    IMAGES_STORE= 'D:\\图片\\'

ImagesPipeline中的from\_setting会调用 IMAGES\_STORE，store\_uri=settings\['IMAGES\_STORE'\]

@classmethod
        def from_settings(cls, settings):
            s3store = cls.STORE_SCHEMES['s3']
            s3store.AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID = settings['AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID']
            s3store.AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY = settings['AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY']
            s3store.AWS_ENDPOINT_URL = settings['AWS_ENDPOINT_URL']
            s3store.AWS_REGION_NAME = settings['AWS_REGION_NAME']
            s3store.AWS_USE_SSL = settings['AWS_USE_SSL']
            s3store.AWS_VERIFY = settings['AWS_VERIFY']
            s3store.POLICY = settings['IMAGES_STORE_S3_ACL']
    
            gcs_store = cls.STORE_SCHEMES['gs']
            gcs_store.GCS_PROJECT_ID = settings['GCS_PROJECT_ID']
            gcs_store.POLICY = settings['IMAGES_STORE_GCS_ACL'] or None
    
            store_uri = settings['IMAGES_STORE']
            return cls(store_uri, settings=settings)

**items.py**

两个参数，一个图片链接，一个搜索内容

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
    
    # Define here the models for your scraped items
    #
    # See documentation in:
    # https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/items.html
    
    import scrapy
    
    
    class BaiduimageItem(scrapy.Item):
        # define the fields for your item here like:
        # name = scrapy.Field()
        link=scrapy.Field()
        word=scrapy.Field()
        pass

### 3）执行程序与效果预览 ###

创建一个执行程序

from scrapy import cmdline
    
    cmdline.execute('scrapy crawl images'.split())

![watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2NrNzg0MTAxNzc3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 8][]

![20200412124907581.png][]

![watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2NrNzg0MTAxNzc3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 9][]

[Scrapy]: https://mp.csdn.net/console/editor/html/104468780
[github]: https://github.com/ck784101777/python-web-crawler
[https_image.baidu.com]: https://image.baidu.com/
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