使用Spring构建REST服务

灰太狼 2023-10-02 17:12 10阅读 0赞

#### 使用Spring构建REST服务 ####

*   *   *  一、REST简介
         *   *   *  1、为什么要使用RESTful架构？
                 *  2、API请求方式与传统请求方式的区别
                 *  3、RESTful请求设计
                 *  4、RESTful响应设计
         *  二、示例代码
         *   *   *  1、员工实体类 Employee.java
                 *  2、访问数据 EmployeeRepository.java
                 *  3、初始化数据 LoadDatabase.java
                 *  4、异常处理 EmployeeNotFoundException.java
                 *  5、配置呈现HTTP 404 EmployeeNotFoundAdvice.java
                 *  6、 员工控制器 EmployeeController.java
                 *  
         *  三、测试结果
         *   *   *  1、查询所有员工
                 *  2、根据id查询员工
                 *  3、新增员工
                 *  4、修改员工信息
                 *  5、删除一名员工
         *  四、给RESTful服务添加链接到相关操作，使得接口更加 RESTful
         *   *   *  1、在pom.xml添加如下依赖
                 *  2、调整根据员工id查询
                 *  2、调整查询员工集合
         *  五、简化链接创建
         *   *   *  1、对象转换函数 EmployeeModelAssembler.java
                 *  2、将员工模型组注入控制器
                 *  3、再次调整根据id查询员工，简化代码
                 *  4、修改employees实体，经name字段改为 firstName 和 lastName
                 *  5、修改initDatabase
                 *  6、调整新增员工接口
                 *  7、通过这样的调整，可以使用相同的接口创建新员工，并使用原来的旧字段
                 *  8、修改员工信息进行如下调整
         *  六、在 REST API 中构建链接
         *   *   *  1、订单实体类 Order.java
                 *  2、状态枚举类 Status.java
                 *  3、异常处理类 OrderNotFoundException.java
                 *  4、对象转换函数RepresentationModelAssembler.java
                 *  5、数据处理 OrderRepository.java
                 *  6、调整LoadDatabase
                 *  7、订单列表如下
                 *  8、尝试取消订单
                 *  9、尝试完成订单

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_d3F5LXplbmhlaQ_shadow_50_text_Q1NETiBA54ix5omT576955CD55qE56CB54y_size_7_color_FFFFFF_t_70_g_se_x_16_pic_center]

#### 一、REST简介 ####

###### 1、为什么要使用RESTful架构？ ######

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_d3F5LXplbmhlaQ_shadow_50_text_Q1NETiBA54ix5omT576955CD55qE56CB54y_size_15_color_FFFFFF_t_70_g_se_x_16]

###### 2、API请求方式与传统请求方式的区别 ######

<table> 
 <thead> 
  <tr> 
   <th>传统API请求</th> 
   <th>请求类型</th> 
   <th>RESTful请求方式</th> 
  </tr> 
 </thead> 
 <tbody> 
  <tr> 
   <td>xxx/api/getDogs</td> 
   <td>GET</td> 
   <td>xxx/api/dogs</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>xxx/api/addDogs</td> 
   <td>POST</td> 
   <td>xxx/api/dogs</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>xxx/api/updateDogs/:dogId</td> 
   <td>PUT</td> 
   <td>xxx/api/dogs/:dogId</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>xxx/api/deleteDogs/:dogId</td> 
   <td>DELETE</td> 
   <td>xxx/api/dogs/dogId</td> 
  </tr> 
 </tbody> 
</table>

###### 3、RESTful请求设计 ######

*  GET :查询
 *  POST:新增
 *  PUT:全量更新
 *  PATCH:增量更新
 *  DELETE:删除  
    ![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_d3F5LXplbmhlaQ_shadow_50_text_Q1NETiBA54ix5omT576955CD55qE56CB54y_size_20_color_FFFFFF_t_70_g_se_x_16]

###### 4、RESTful响应设计 ######

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_d3F5LXplbmhlaQ_shadow_50_text_Q1NETiBA54ix5omT576955CD55qE56CB54y_size_20_color_FFFFFF_t_70_g_se_x_16 1]

#### 二、示例代码 ####

###### 1、员工实体类 Employee.java ######

###### 2、访问数据 EmployeeRepository.java ######

继承JpaRepository即可自动的实现

*  创建新员工
 *  更新员工
 *  删除员工
 *  查询员工（一个、全部）

package rest;
    
    import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
    import org.springframework.data.jpa.repository.JpaRepository;
    
    @Configuration
    interface EmployeeRepository  extends JpaRepository<Employee, Long> {
        
    
    }
    
    }

###### 3、初始化数据 LoadDatabase.java ######

###### 4、异常处理 EmployeeNotFoundException.java ######

package rest;
    class EmployeeNotFoundException extends RuntimeException {
        
    
      EmployeeNotFoundException(Long id) {
        
        super("Could not find employee " + id);
      }
    }

###### 5、配置呈现HTTP 404 EmployeeNotFoundAdvice.java ######

package rest;
    import org.springframework.http.HttpStatus;
    import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.ControllerAdvice;
    import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.ExceptionHandler;
    import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.ResponseBody;
    import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.ResponseStatus;
    
    @ControllerAdvice
    class EmployeeNotFoundAdvice {
        
    
      @ResponseBody
      @ExceptionHandler(EmployeeNotFoundException.class)
      @ResponseStatus(HttpStatus.NOT_FOUND)
      String employeeNotFoundHandler(EmployeeNotFoundException ex) {
        
        return ex.getMessage();
      }
    }

###### 6、 员工控制器 EmployeeController.java ######

package rest;
    import java.util.List;
    
    import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.DeleteMapping;
    import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.GetMapping;
    import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.PathVariable;
    import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.PostMapping;
    import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.PutMapping;
    import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestBody;
    import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
    
    @RestController
    class EmployeeController {
        
    
      private final EmployeeRepository repository;
    
      EmployeeController(EmployeeRepository repository) {
        
        this.repository = repository;
      }
    
    
      // Aggregate root
      // tag::get-aggregate-root[]
      @GetMapping("/employees")
      List<Employee> all() {
        
        return repository.findAll();
      }
      // end::get-aggregate-root[]
    
      @PostMapping("/employees")
      Employee newEmployee(@RequestBody Employee newEmployee) {
        
        return repository.save(newEmployee);
      }
    
      // Single item
      
      @GetMapping("/employees/{id}")
      Employee one(@PathVariable Long id) {
        
        
        return repository.findById(id)
          .orElseThrow(() -> new EmployeeNotFoundException(id));
      }
    
      @PutMapping("/employees/{id}")
      Employee replaceEmployee(@RequestBody Employee newEmployee, @PathVariable Long id) {
        
        
        return repository.findById(id)
          .map(employee -> {
        
            employee.setName(newEmployee.getName());
            employee.setRole(newEmployee.getRole());
            return repository.save(employee);
          })
          .orElseGet(() -> {
        
            newEmployee.setId(id);
            return repository.save(newEmployee);
          });
      }
    
      @DeleteMapping("/employees/{id}")
      void deleteEmployee(@PathVariable Long id) {
        
        repository.deleteById(id);
      }
    }

######  ######

#### 三、测试结果 ####

*  如图所示的请求方式就是按照RESTful的风格设计的  
    ![在这里插入图片描述][0a6fa34718614c04b565d8799184b2c4.png]

###### 1、查询所有员工 ######

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_d3F5LXplbmhlaQ_shadow_50_text_Q1NETiBA54ix5omT576955CD55qE56CB54y_size_13_color_FFFFFF_t_70_g_se_x_16]

###### 2、根据id查询员工 ######

*  ①查询存在的员工  
    ![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_d3F5LXplbmhlaQ_shadow_50_text_Q1NETiBA54ix5omT576955CD55qE56CB54y_size_13_color_FFFFFF_t_70_g_se_x_16 1]
 *  ②查询不存在的员工

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_d3F5LXplbmhlaQ_shadow_50_text_Q1NETiBA54ix5omT576955CD55qE56CB54y_size_13_color_FFFFFF_t_70_g_se_x_16 2]

###### 3、新增员工 ######

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_d3F5LXplbmhlaQ_shadow_50_text_Q1NETiBA54ix5omT576955CD55qE56CB54y_size_13_color_FFFFFF_t_70_g_se_x_16 3]  
新增员工成功  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_d3F5LXplbmhlaQ_shadow_50_text_Q1NETiBA54ix5omT576955CD55qE56CB54y_size_13_color_FFFFFF_t_70_g_se_x_16 4]

###### 4、修改员工信息 ######

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_d3F5LXplbmhlaQ_shadow_50_text_Q1NETiBA54ix5omT576955CD55qE56CB54y_size_15_color_FFFFFF_t_70_g_se_x_16 1]

*  如图所示id为3的员工信息已经修改  
    ![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_d3F5LXplbmhlaQ_shadow_50_text_Q1NETiBA54ix5omT576955CD55qE56CB54y_size_9_color_FFFFFF_t_70_g_se_x_16]

###### 5、删除一名员工 ######

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_d3F5LXplbmhlaQ_shadow_50_text_Q1NETiBA54ix5omT576955CD55qE56CB54y_size_13_color_FFFFFF_t_70_g_se_x_16 5]

*  如图所示id为3的员工已经删除  
    ![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_d3F5LXplbmhlaQ_shadow_50_text_Q1NETiBA54ix5omT576955CD55qE56CB54y_size_13_color_FFFFFF_t_70_g_se_x_16 6]

#### 四、给RESTful服务添加链接到相关操作，使得接口更加 RESTful ####

###### 1、在pom.xml添加如下依赖 ######

![在这里插入图片描述][02fa463d2d86456fbc814a03a4204ba2.png]

###### 2、调整根据员工id查询 ######

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_d3F5LXplbmhlaQ_shadow_50_text_Q1NETiBA54ix5omT576955CD55qE56CB54y_size_13_color_FFFFFF_t_70_g_se_x_16 7]

@GetMapping("/employees/{id}")
        EntityModel<Employee> one(@PathVariable Long id) {
        
    
            Employee employee = repository.findById(id)
                    .orElseThrow(() -> new EmployeeNotFoundException(id));
    
            return EntityModel.of(employee,
                    linkTo(methodOn(EmployeeController.class).one(id)).withSelfRel(),
                    linkTo(methodOn(EmployeeController.class).all()).withRel("employees"));
        }

输出结果如下：  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_d3F5LXplbmhlaQ_shadow_50_text_Q1NETiBA54ix5omT576955CD55qE56CB54y_size_11_color_FFFFFF_t_70_g_se_x_16]

###### 2、调整查询员工集合 ######

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_d3F5LXplbmhlaQ_shadow_50_text_Q1NETiBA54ix5omT576955CD55qE56CB54y_size_13_color_FFFFFF_t_70_g_se_x_16 8]

@GetMapping("/employees")
        CollectionModel<EntityModel<Employee>> all() {
        
    
            List<EntityModel<Employee>> employees = repository.findAll().stream()
                    .map(employee -> EntityModel.of(employee,
                            linkTo(methodOn(EmployeeController.class).one(employee.getId())).withSelfRel(),
                            linkTo(methodOn(EmployeeController.class).all()).withRel("employees")))
                    .collect(Collectors.toList());
    
            return CollectionModel.of(employees, linkTo(methodOn(EmployeeController.class).all()).withSelfRel());
        }

员工集合的 restful 表示如下

{
        
        "_embedded": {
        
            "employeeList": [
                {
        
                    "id": 1,
                    "name": "Andy",
                    "role": "经理",
                    "_links": {
        
                        "self": {
        
                            "href": "http://localhost:8080/employees/1"
                        },
                        "employees": {
        
                            "href": "http://localhost:8080/employees"
                        }
                    }
                },
                {
        
                    "id": 2,
                    "name": "Tom",
                    "role": "项目总监",
                    "_links": {
        
                        "self": {
        
                            "href": "http://localhost:8080/employees/2"
                        },
                        "employees": {
        
                            "href": "http://localhost:8080/employees"
                        }
                    }
                }
            ]
        },
        "_links": {
        
            "self": {
        
                "href": "http://localhost:8080/employees"
            }
        }
    }

#### 五、简化链接创建 ####

###### 1、对象转换函数 EmployeeModelAssembler.java ######

###### 2、将员工模型组注入控制器 ######

![在这里插入图片描述][3f6e2c8c5faa4a1e97703dfd67753fb3.png]

###### 3、再次调整根据id查询员工，简化代码 ######

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_d3F5LXplbmhlaQ_shadow_50_text_Q1NETiBA54ix5omT576955CD55qE56CB54y_size_13_color_FFFFFF_t_70_g_se_x_16 9]

###### 4、修改employees实体，经name字段改为 firstName 和 lastName ######

package rest;
    
    
    import javax.persistence.Entity;
    import javax.persistence.GeneratedValue;
    import javax.persistence.Id;
    import java.util.Objects;
    
    @Entity //是一个 JPA 注释，用于使此对象准备好存储在基于 JPA 的数据存储中
    class Employee {
        
    
        private @Id @GeneratedValue Long id;
        private String firstName;
        private String lastName;
        private String role;
    
    
        Employee(String firstName, String lastName, String role) {
        
    
            this.firstName = firstName;
            this.lastName = lastName;
            this.role = role;
        }
    
        public Employee() {
        
    
        }
    
        public String getName() {
        
            return this.firstName + " " + this.lastName;
        }
    
        public void setName(String name) {
        
            String[] parts = name.split(" ");
            this.firstName = parts[0];
            this.lastName = parts[1];
        }
    
        public Long getId() {
        
            return this.id;
        }
    
        public String getFirstName() {
        
            return this.firstName;
        }
    
        public String getLastName() {
        
            return this.lastName;
        }
    
        public String getRole() {
        
            return this.role;
        }
    
        public void setId(Long id) {
        
            this.id = id;
        }
    
        public void setFirstName(String firstName) {
        
            this.firstName = firstName;
        }
    
        public void setLastName(String lastName) {
        
            this.lastName = lastName;
        }
    
        public void setRole(String role) {
        
            this.role = role;
        }
    
        @Override
        public boolean equals(Object o) {
        
    
            if (this == o)
                return true;
            if (!(o instanceof Employee))
                return false;
            Employee employee = (Employee) o;
            return Objects.equals(this.id, employee.id) && Objects.equals(this.firstName, employee.firstName)
                    && Objects.equals(this.lastName, employee.lastName) && Objects.equals(this.role, employee.role);
        }
    
        @Override
        public int hashCode() {
        
            return Objects.hash(this.id, this.firstName, this.lastName, this.role);
        }
    
        @Override
        public String toString() {
        
            return "Employee{" + "id=" + this.id + ", firstName='" + this.firstName + '\'' + ", lastName='" + this.lastName
                    + '\'' + ", role='" + this.role + '\'' + '}';
        }
    }

###### 5、修改initDatabase ######

![在这里插入图片描述][21f547a42cda4db197dcce87fdb26fd3.png]

###### 6、调整新增员工接口 ######

![在这里插入图片描述][d751665e013543b4bb703058a608babd.png]

###### 7、通过这样的调整，可以使用相同的接口创建新员工，并使用原来的旧字段 ######

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_d3F5LXplbmhlaQ_shadow_50_text_Q1NETiBA54ix5omT576955CD55qE56CB54y_size_13_color_FFFFFF_t_70_g_se_x_16 10]

###### 8、修改员工信息进行如下调整 ######

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_d3F5LXplbmhlaQ_shadow_50_text_Q1NETiBA54ix5omT576955CD55qE56CB54y_size_13_color_FFFFFF_t_70_g_se_x_16 11]

> 这里我们得到了一个比200 OK更详细的HTTP响应，即HTTP 201 Created

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_d3F5LXplbmhlaQ_shadow_50_text_Q1NETiBA54ix5omT576955CD55qE56CB54y_size_13_color_FFFFFF_t_70_g_se_x_16 12]

#### 六、在 REST API 中构建链接 ####

###### 1、订单实体类 Order.java ######

package rest;
    
    
    import java.util.Objects;
    
    import javax.persistence.Entity;
    import javax.persistence.GeneratedValue;
    import javax.persistence.Id;
    import javax.persistence.Table;
    
    @Entity
    @Table(name = "CUSTOMER_ORDER")
    class Order {
        
    
        private @Id @GeneratedValue Long id;
    
        private String description;
        private Status status;
    
    
        Order(String description, Status status) {
        
    
            this.description = description;
            this.status = status;
        }
    
        public Order() {
        
    
        }
    
        public Long getId() {
        
            return this.id;
        }
    
        public String getDescription() {
        
            return this.description;
        }
    
        public Status getStatus() {
        
            return this.status;
        }
    
        public void setId(Long id) {
        
            this.id = id;
        }
    
        public void setDescription(String description) {
        
            this.description = description;
        }
    
        public void setStatus(Status status) {
        
            this.status = status;
        }
    
        @Override
        public boolean equals(Object o) {
        
    
            if (this == o)
                return true;
            if (!(o instanceof Order))
                return false;
            Order order = (Order) o;
            return Objects.equals(this.id, order.id) && Objects.equals(this.description, order.description)
                    && this.status == order.status;
        }
    
        @Override
        public int hashCode() {
        
            return Objects.hash(this.id, this.description, this.status);
        }
    
        @Override
        public String toString() {
        
            return "Order{" + "id=" + this.id + ", description='" + this.description + '\'' + ", status=" + this.status + '}';
        }
    }

###### 2、状态枚举类 Status.java ######

package rest;
    
    enum Status {
        
    
        IN_PROGRESS,
        COMPLETED,
        CANCELLED
    }

###### 3、异常处理类 OrderNotFoundException.java ######

package rest;
    
    public class OrderNotFoundException extends RuntimeException{
        
        OrderNotFoundException(Long id) {
        
            super("Could not find order"+ id);
        }
    }

###### 4、对象转换函数RepresentationModelAssembler.java ######

package rest;
    
    import static org.springframework.hateoas.server.mvc.WebMvcLinkBuilder.*;
    
    import org.springframework.hateoas.EntityModel;
    import org.springframework.hateoas.server.RepresentationModelAssembler;
    import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;
    
    @Component
    class OrderModelAssembler implements RepresentationModelAssembler<Order, EntityModel<Order>> {
        
    
        @Override
        public EntityModel<Order> toModel(Order order) {
        
    
    
            EntityModel<Order> orderModel = EntityModel.of(order,
                    linkTo(methodOn(OrderController.class).one(order.getId())).withSelfRel(),
                    linkTo(methodOn(OrderController.class).all()).withRel("orders"));
    
            if (order.getStatus() == Status.IN_PROGRESS) {
        
                orderModel.add(linkTo(methodOn(OrderController.class).cancel(order.getId())).withRel("cancel"));
                orderModel.add(linkTo(methodOn(OrderController.class).complete(order.getId())).withRel("complete"));
            }
    
            return orderModel;
        }
    }

###### 5、数据处理 OrderRepository.java ######

package rest;
    
    import org.springframework.data.jpa.repository.JpaRepository;
    
    interface OrderRepository extends JpaRepository<Order, Long> {
        
    }

###### 6、调整LoadDatabase ######

package rest;
    
    import org.slf4j.Logger;
    import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
    import org.springframework.boot.CommandLineRunner;
    import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
    import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
    
    
    @Configuration
    class LoadDatabase {
        
    
        private static final Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(LoadDatabase.class);
    
        @Bean
        CommandLineRunner initDatabase(EmployeeRepository employeeRepository, OrderRepository orderRepository) {
        
    
            return args -> {
        
                employeeRepository.save(new Employee("Bilbo", "Baggins", "burglar"));
                employeeRepository.save(new Employee("Frodo", "Baggins", "thief"));
    
                employeeRepository.findAll().forEach(employee -> log.info("Preloaded " + employee));
    
    
                orderRepository.save(new Order("MacBook Pro", Status.COMPLETED));
                orderRepository.save(new Order("iPhone", Status.IN_PROGRESS));
    
                orderRepository.findAll().forEach(order -> {
        
                    log.info("Preloaded " + order);
                });
    
            };
        }
    }

###### 7、订单列表如下 ######

> 客户端无需解析，而是通过链接即可收到有效操作。将基于状态的操作与数据的操作有效负载分离。  
> 这样调整使得客户端不必知道操作何时有效，从而降低了服务器及客户端在状态转换逻辑上不同步的风险。  
> 如下所示，仅当“取消”和“完成”是有效操作时，才动态的显示在对应的列表中。

*  第一个订单，已完成，只有导航链接。不显示状态转换链接。
 *  第二个订单，正在进行，另外具有取消链接以及完整链接。

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_d3F5LXplbmhlaQ_shadow_50_text_Q1NETiBA54ix5omT576955CD55qE56CB54y_size_13_color_FFFFFF_t_70_g_se_x_16 13]

###### 8、尝试取消订单 ######

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_d3F5LXplbmhlaQ_shadow_50_text_Q1NETiBA54ix5omT576955CD55qE56CB54y_size_13_color_FFFFFF_t_70_g_se_x_16 14]

*  这里可以看到订单列表的链接随着状态也改变了  
    ![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_d3F5LXplbmhlaQ_shadow_50_text_Q1NETiBA54ix5omT576955CD55qE56CB54y_size_13_color_FFFFFF_t_70_g_se_x_16 15]
 *  已经取消的订单再次取消  
    ![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_d3F5LXplbmhlaQ_shadow_50_text_Q1NETiBA54ix5omT576955CD55qE56CB54y_size_13_color_FFFFFF_t_70_g_se_x_16 16]
 *  将取消的订单改为完成状态  
    ![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_d3F5LXplbmhlaQ_shadow_50_text_Q1NETiBA54ix5omT576955CD55qE56CB54y_size_13_color_FFFFFF_t_70_g_se_x_16 17]

###### 9、尝试完成订单 ######

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_d3F5LXplbmhlaQ_shadow_50_text_Q1NETiBA54ix5omT576955CD55qE56CB54y_size_13_color_FFFFFF_t_70_g_se_x_16 18]

*  此时id为4的订单已经改为完成状态  
    ![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_d3F5LXplbmhlaQ_shadow_50_text_Q1NETiBA54ix5omT576955CD55qE56CB54y_size_13_color_FFFFFF_t_70_g_se_x_16 19]
 *  将完成状态的订单再次改成完成状态

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_d3F5LXplbmhlaQ_shadow_50_text_Q1NETiBA54ix5omT576955CD55qE56CB54y_size_13_color_FFFFFF_t_70_g_se_x_16 20]

*  将完成状态的订单改成取消状态  
    ![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_d3F5LXplbmhlaQ_shadow_50_text_Q1NETiBA54ix5omT576955CD55qE56CB54y_size_13_color_FFFFFF_t_70_g_se_x_16 21]  
    **可见订单履行服务能够有条件地显示可用的操作，它还可以防止无效操作。**  
    ![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_d3F5LXplbmhlaQ_shadow_50_text_Q1NETiBA54ix5omT576955CD55qE56CB54y_size_7_color_FFFFFF_t_70_g_se_x_16_pic_center 1]

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