Django RESTFul（接口应用）

待我称王封你为后i 2023-10-08 12:00 31阅读 0赞

#### Django 接口应用 ####

*  写在前面
 *   *  1、尝试写一个接口
     *   *  1.1、新建django项目
         *   *  1.1.1、首先在pycharm里新建一个django项目
             *  1.1.2、写驱动（用来连接mysql的）
             *  1.1.3、新建数据库
             *  1.1.4、迁移
             *  1.1.5、登录数据库
         *  1.2、先测试一下django能否正常启动
         *  1.3、创建接口应用
         *   *  1.3.1、创建应用Api
         *  1.4、运行、访问
     *  2、使用接口
     *   *  2.1、使用postman工具发一个POST请求
         *   *  2.1.1、下载postman（接口测试工具）
             *  2.1.2、写一个可以接收post请求的接口
             *  2.1.3、打开postman发一个POST请求
             *  2.1.4、在linux命令窗口下也有接口测试工具
         *  2.2、GET请求
         *  2.3、带参数的GET请求
         *  2.4、带参数的DELETE请求
     *  3、接口与网页对接
     *   *  3.1、新建BookList.html
         *  3.2、浏览器访问

## 写在前面 ##

*  RESTFul是一种统一接口原则，具体解释可以参考下面连接  
    `https://www.runoob.com/w3cnote/restful-architecture.html`
 *  接口视图函数只返回Json类型给前端，然后把json数据交给js，让前端的js去处理html页面变化

### 1、尝试写一个接口 ###

#### 1.1、新建django项目 ####

> 要是你已经新建好项目（包含mysql数据库），并且能成功运行  
> 你可以直接跳过1.1的所有内容，去1.2开始

##### 1.1.1、首先在pycharm里新建一个django项目 #####

（这里我使用的python3，django2）

> django 0基础可以先看看这篇文章，再进行下面的阅读：https://www.cnblogs.com/liqu/p/9308966.html

创建完成记得修改setting配置文件（DEBUG = True，ALLOWED\_HOSTS = \["\*"\]，数据库改为mysql，注释掉csrf）

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2FfX2ludF9f_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70]

##### 1.1.2、写驱动（用来连接mysql的） #####

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2FfX2ludF9f_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 1]

##### 1.1.3、新建数据库 #####

输入指令，登录数据库  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2FfX2ludF9f_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 2]

登录数据库指令：mysql -u用户名 -p密码

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2FfX2ludF9f_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 3]

建库  
![在这里插入图片描述][20200111194022281.png]

> create database 库名 charset=utf8;

##### 1.1.4、迁移 #####

执行迁移命令  
![在这里插入图片描述][20200111194419779.png]

> python manage.py migrate

这里我用的是django2，所以报了错误，这个问题是django2才会出现的  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2FfX2ludF9f_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 4]  
具体解决办法：找到下图这个base文件对应的if version下面这一行，注释掉，写个pass  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2FfX2ludF9f_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 5]  
再次执行迁移命令，成功  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2FfX2ludF9f_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 6]

##### 1.1.5、登录数据库 #####

这里我们在pycharm里面登录，（你也可以在navicat等其他数据库软件里面登录）  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2FfX2ludF9f_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 7]  
注意库名这里要和 **1.1.3、新建数据库** 里面建的库名一致  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2FfX2ludF9f_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 8]  
然后填上用户名密码  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2FfX2ludF9f_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 9]  
填完信息点测试连接，如上图，绿色部分打勾了，就可以点“ok”了，

> 如果测试失败
> 
> 数据库版本问题参考：https://www.cnblogs.com/wt7018/p/11209854.html  
> 数据库时区问题参考：https://www.cnblogs.com/wt7018/p/11209854.html

创建成功  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2FfX2ludF9f_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 10]

#### 1.2、先测试一下django能否正常启动 ####

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2FfX2ludF9f_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 11]

> python manage.py runserver

在浏览器里面输入http://127.0.0.1:8000/，显示下面页面成功运行  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2FfX2ludF9f_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 12]

#### 1.3、创建接口应用 ####

##### 1.3.1、创建应用Api #####

根据RESTFul原则，接口应用我们应该取名为“Api"

> python manage.py startapp Api

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2FfX2ludF9f_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 13]  
创建完成记得在setting里面注册Api（不注册使用models.py时可能会报错）  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2FfX2ludF9f_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 14]  
在Api里面新建一个urls.py  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2FfX2ludF9f_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 15]  
在根路由untitled/urls.py上添加上新建的这个urls.py

> 注意：这里是django2的写法，django1稍有不同

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2FfX2ludF9f_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 16]  
在Api/urls.py加一个路由

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2FfX2ludF9f_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 17]  
在视图里创建对应视图函数  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2FfX2ludF9f_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 18]

#### 1.4、运行、访问 ####

运行  
![在这里插入图片描述][20200111232059195.png]  
然后在 浏览器 尝试访问这个接口  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2FfX2ludF9f_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 19]  
到这里一个简单的django接口就创建成功了

### 2、使用接口 ###

#### 2.1、使用postman工具发一个POST请求 ####

##### 2.1.1、下载postman（接口测试工具） #####

> https://dl.pstmn.io/download/latest/win32

打开postman它会跳出一个注册登录页面可以直接跳过

> 关于postman使用教程，你可以参考这篇文章（我觉得没有太大必要，里面操作很简单）  
> https://www.jianshu.com/p/97ba64888894

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2FfX2ludF9f_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 20]

##### 2.1.2、写一个可以接收post请求的接口 #####

Api路由  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2FfX2ludF9f_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 21]  
模型（models.py)  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2FfX2ludF9f_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 22]

from django.db import models
    
    
    # Create your models here.
    class Book(models.Model):
        b_name = models.CharField(max_length=32)
        b_price = models.FloatField(default=1.0)
    
        def to_dict(self):
            return {
        'id': self.id, 'b_name': self.b_name, 'b_price': self.b_price}

迁移

python manage.py makemigrations
    python manage.py migrate

视图  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2FfX2ludF9f_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 23]

from Api.models import Book
    from django.http import JsonResponse
    from django.views.decorators.csrf import csrf_exempt
    
    
    @csrf_exempt
    def books(request):
        if request.method == "GET":
            pass
        if request.method == "POST":
            b_name = request.POST.get('b_name')
            b_price = request.POST.get('b_price')
    
            book = Book()
            book.b_name = b_name
            book.b_price = b_price
            book.save()
            data = {
        
                "status": 201,
                "data": book.to_dict(),
            }
            return JsonResponse(data=data)

##### 2.1.3、打开postman发一个POST请求 #####

先启动django

python manage.py runserver

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2FfX2ludF9f_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 24]  
打开postman，输入对应内容  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2FfX2ludF9f_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 25]  
点击 send 发送后出现以下截图内容表示成功  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2FfX2ludF9f_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 26]  
也可以再数据库里查看数据插入了没有  
![在这里插入图片描述][20200112005643969.png]

##### 2.1.4、在linux命令窗口下也有接口测试工具 #####

> 使用linux命令窗口的同学可以查看这篇文章  
> HTTPie的安装及使用：https://blog.csdn.net/bobey/article/details/84863380

模拟form的POST请求

> http -f POST www.baidu.com b\_name=‘java书籍’ b\_price=20

常用操作指令：

http -f POST www.baidu.com name=name  #模拟表单提交
    
    http -v www.baidu.com     #显示详细的请求信息
    http -h www.baidu,com     #仅显示Header
    http -b www.baidu.com     #仅显示Body
    http -d www.baidu.com     #下载文件
    
    http PUT www.baidu.com name=name password=pwd  #传递json类型参数（字符串）
    http PUT www.baidu.com age:=28 #非字符串类型使用：=分割
    
    http --form POST www.baidu.com name='name'    #模拟form的POST请求
    http -f POST www.baidu.com/files  name='name' file@~/test.txt  #模拟form文件上传
    
    http www.baidu.com User-Agent:Txl/1.0 'Cookie:a=b;b=c' Referer:http://www.baidu.com/
    # 修改请求头，使用：分割
    
    http -a username:password www.baidu.com   #认证
    http --auth--type=digest -a user:pwd www.baidu.com  #认证
    
    http --proxy=http:http://192.168.1.1:8080 www.baidu.com
    # 使用HTTP代理

#### 2.2、GET请求 ####

视图  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2FfX2ludF9f_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 27]

if request.method == "GET":
            book_list = Book.objects.all()
            book_list_json = []
            for book in book_list:
                book_list_json.append(book.to_dict())
            data = {
        
                "status": 200,
                "data": book_list_json,
            }
            return JsonResponse(data=data)

启动django  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2FfX2ludF9f_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 28]  
在postman里面发起请求  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2FfX2ludF9f_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 29]

#### 2.3、带参数的GET请求 ####

获取某本书籍  
路由：  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2FfX2ludF9f_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 30]  
视图：  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2FfX2ludF9f_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 31]

@csrf_exempt
    def book(request, bookid):
        if request.method == "GET":
            book_obj = Book.objects.get(pk=bookid)
            data = {
        
                "status": 200,
                "data": book_obj.to_dict(),
            }
            return JsonResponse(data=data)

访问  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2FfX2ludF9f_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 32]

#### 2.4、带参数的DELETE请求 ####

视图  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2FfX2ludF9f_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 33]  
访问  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2FfX2ludF9f_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 34]

### 3、接口与网页对接 ###

创建static文件夹  
![在这里插入图片描述][20200112180233885.png]  
注册static  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2FfX2ludF9f_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 35]

#### 3.1、新建BookList.html ####

先导入jQuery（.js和.min.js都复制进去就行）

jq下载地址：http://www.jq22.com/jquery/jquery-1.11.3.zip

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2FfX2ludF9f_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 36]  
新建BookList.html![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2FfX2ludF9f_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 37]

<!DOCTYPE html>
    <html lang="en">
    <head>
        <meta charset="UTF-8">
        <title>书籍列表</title>
        
        // 如果你直接复制的，注意你的jquery位置和名称，可能和我这个不一致
        
        <script type="text/javascript" src="/static/js/jquery-1.9.1.js"></script>
        <script type="text/javascript">
            $(function () {
         
                $.getJSON("/api/books/", function (data) {
         
                    console.log(data);
                    if (data['status'] === 200) {
         
                        var $ul = $("ul");
                        var books = data['data'];
                        for (var i = 0; i < books.length; i++) {
         
                            var $li = $("<li></li>");
                            $li.html(books[i]["b_name"]);
                            $li.appendTo($ul)
                        }
                    }
    
                });
            });
    
        </script>
    
    </head>
    <body>
    <div id="container">
        <ul>
    
        </ul>
    </div>
    </body>
    </html>

这里 $.getJSON("/api/books/",…就直接从视图books里获取json数据了

#### 3.2、浏览器访问 ####

运行后访问：注意这是是直接访问的html文件，没有经过路由分配（html通过jq异步提交获取json数据）  
![在这里插入图片描述][2020011218361331.png]

[watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2FfX2ludF9f_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70]: https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20200111192808765.png?x-oss-process=image/watermark,type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk,shadow_10,text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2FfX2ludF9f,size_16,color_FFFFFF,t_70
[watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2FfX2ludF9f_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 1]: https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20200111193107161.png?x-oss-process=image/watermark,type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk,shadow_10,text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2FfX2ludF9f,size_16,color_FFFFFF,t_70
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