Oracle Database Differences on Windows and UNIX

朴灿烈づ我的快乐病毒、 2023-10-18 23:46 150阅读 0赞

## Oracle Database Differences on Windows and UNIX ##

This chapter lists major differences between Oracle Database on Windows and UNIX. For Oracle Database developers and database administrators moving from a UNIX platform to Windows, this information can be helpful in understanding Windows features that are relevant to Oracle Database.

This chapter contains these topics:

*  [Automatic Startup and Shutdown][]
 *  [Background Processing and Batch Jobs][]
 *  [Diagnostic and Tuning Utilities][]
 *  [Direct Writes to Disk][]
 *  [Dynamic Link Libraries (DLLs)][Dynamic Link Libraries _DLLs]
 *  [Hot Backups][]
 *  [Initialization Parameters: Multiple Database Writers][Initialization Parameters_ Multiple Database Writers]
 *  [Installation Accounts and Groups][]
 *  [Installation][]
 *  [Memory Resources][]
 *  [Microsoft Transaction Server][]
 *  [Multiple Oracle Homes and OFA][]
 *  [Oracle Home User and Oracle User][]
 *  [Processes and Threads][]
 *  [Raw Partitions][]
 *  [Services][]

### Automatic Startup and Shutdown ###

On UNIX, several files and scripts in different directories are used to start an [instance][] automatically. Other scripts are run on computer shutdown, allowing applications such as Oracle Database to shut down cleanly.

For automatic startup on Windows, set [registry][] parameter `ORA_``SID``_AUTOSTART` to `true` using an Oracle Database tool such as ORADIM. Enter the following with parameters at the command prompt:

C:\> oradim options

To start the [listener][] automatically, set [services][] startup type to automatic.

For automatic shutdown on Windows, set registry parameters `ORA_SHUTDOWN` and `ORA_``SID``_SHUTDOWN` to stop the relevant `OracleService``SID` and shut down. Set registry parameter `ORA_``SID``_SHUTDOWNTYPE` to control shutdown mode (default is `i`, or `immediate`).

See Also:

*  [Chapter 6, "Administering a Database on Windows"][Chapter 6_ _Administering a Database on Windows]
 *  [Oracle Database 2 Day DBA][]

### Background Processing and Batch Jobs ###

UNIX provides sophisticated control mechanisms for background processing and batch jobs.

For similar functionality on Windows, use the AT command or a GUI version in the Microsoft Resource Kit.

### Diagnostic and Tuning Utilities ###

On UNIX, utilities such as `sar` and `vmstat` are used to monitor Oracle Database background and shadow processes. These utilities are not integrated with Oracle Database.

Performance utilities available on Windows include Task Manager, Control Panel, Event Viewer, and [Microsoft Management Console][].

Oracle Database is integrated with several of these tools. For example:

*  Event Viewer displays system alert messages, including Oracle Database startup/shutdown messages and audit trail.
 *  Task Manager on Windows displays currently running processes and their resource usage, similar to the UNIX `ps -ef` command or HP OpenVMS `SHOW SYSTEM`. But Task Manager is easier to interpret and the columns can be customized.
    
    See Also:
    
     *  [Chapter 2, "Database Tools on Windows"][Chapter 2_ _Database Tools on Windows]
     *  [Chapter 7, "Monitoring a Database on Windows"][Chapter 7_ _Monitoring a Database on Windows]

### Direct Writes to Disk ###

On both UNIX and Windows platforms, bypassing the file system buffer cache ensures data is written to disk.

On UNIX, Oracle Database uses the `O_SYNC` flag to bypass the file system buffer cache. The flag name depends on the UNIX port.

On Windows, Oracle Database bypasses the file system buffer cache completely.

### Dynamic Link Libraries (DLLs) ###

Shared libraries on UNIX are similar to shared DLLs on Windows. Object files and archive libraries are linked to generate Oracle Database executables. Relinking is necessary after certain operations, such as installation of a patch.

On Windows, Oracle Database DLLs form part of the executable at run time and are therefore smaller. DLLs can be shared between multiple executables. Relinking by the user is not supported, but executable images can be modified using ORASTACK.

Modifying executable images on Windows reduces the chances of running out of virtual memory when using a large SGA or when supporting thousands of connections. However, Oracle recommends doing this only under the guidance of Oracle Support Services.

### Hot Backups ###

A (manual) hot [backup][] is equivalent to backing up a [tablespace][] that is in offline backup mode.

Backup strategy on UNIX is as follows: put the tablespace into backup mode, copy the files to the backup location, and bring the tablespace out of backup mode.

Windows supports the same backup strategy, but you cannot copy files in use with usual Windows utilities. Use OCOPY to copy open database files to another disk location. Then use a utility to copy the files to tape.

### Initialization Parameters: Multiple Database Writers ###

On UNIX, you can specify many database writer [process][] with initialization parameter `DB_WRITERS`. Multiple database writers can help, for example, when a UNIX port does not support asynchronous I/O.

`DB_WRITERS` is supported but typically unnecessary on Windows, which has its own asynchronous I/O capabilities.

See Also:

[Chapter 15, "Oracle Database Specifications for Windows"][Chapter 15_ _Oracle Database Specifications for Windows]

### Installation Accounts and Groups ###

UNIX uses the concept of a DBA group. The `root` account cannot be used to install Oracle Database. A separate Oracle Database account must be created manually.

See Also:

[Oracle Database Installation Guide][]

On Windows, Oracle Database must be installed by a Windows [username][] in the Administrators group. The user name is automatically added to the Windows local group `ORA_DBA`, which receives the [SYSDBA][] [privilege][]. This allows the user to log in to the database using `CONNECT` `/` `AS SYSDBA` and not be prompted for a password.

You can also create an `ORA_OPER` group to grant `SYSOPER` privileges to the other Windows users.

Password files are located in the `ORACLE_HOME``\database` directory and are named `pwd``SID``.ora`, where `SID` identifies the Oracle Database instance.

See Also:

[Chapter 6, "Administering a Database on Windows"][Chapter 6_ _Administering a Database on Windows]

### Installation ###

The following manual setup tasks, all required on UNIX, are not required on Windows:

*  Set environment variables
 *  Create a DBA group for database administrators
 *  Create a group for users running Oracle Universal Installer
 *  Create an account dedicated to installing and upgrading Oracle Database components

See Also:

[Oracle Database Installation Guide for Microsoft Windows][]

### Memory Resources ###

The resources provided by the UNIX default kernels are often inadequate for a medium or large instance of Oracle Database. The maximum size of a shared memory segment (`SHMMAX`) and maximum number of semaphores available (`SEMMNS`) may be too low for Oracle Database recommendations.

On Windows, fewer resources are needed for interprocess communication (IPC), because the Oracle Database relational database management system is [thread][]\-based and not process-based. These resources, including shared memory and semaphores, are not adjustable by the user.

### Microsoft Transaction Server ###

Windows coordinates distributed transactions through the Microsoft Distributed Transaction Coordinator (DTC), one of the components of Microsoft Transaction Server. With Oracle Services for Microsoft Transaction Server, you can develop and deploy distributed transaction applications using .NET, [COM][], or COM+ and Oracle Database can be a resource manager in DTC transactions.

[Microsoft Transaction Server][Microsoft Transaction Server 1] is a Windows component that does not run on UNIX. However, Oracle Databases on UNIX can participate in Microsoft DTC transactions on Windows.

See Also:

[Oracle Services for Microsoft Transaction Server Developer's Guide for Microsoft Windows][Oracle Services for Microsoft Transaction Server Developer_s Guide for Microsoft Windows]

### Multiple Oracle Homes and OFA ###

The goal of OFA is to place all Oracle Database software under one [ORACLE\_HOME][ORACLE_HOME] directory and to spread database files across different physical drives as databases increase in size. OFA is implemented on Windows and UNIX in the same way, and main subdirectory and file names are the same on both operating systems. Windows and UNIX differ, however, in their OFA directory tree top-level names and in the way variables are set.

On UNIX, `ORACLE_BASE` is associated with a user's environment. `ORACLE_HOME` and `ORACLE_SID` must be set in system or user login scripts. Symbolic links are supported. Although everything seems to be in one directory on the same hard drive, files may be on different hard drives if they are symbolically linked or have that directory as a [mount][] point.

On Windows, `ORACLE_BASE` is defined in the registry (for example, in `HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\ORACLE\HOME0`). `ORACLE_HOME` and `ORACLE_SID`are variables defined in the registry. Symbolic links like those on UNIX are not supported.

See Also:

Appendix B, "Optimal Flexible Architecture" in [Oracle Database Installation Guide for Microsoft Windows][Oracle Database Installation Guide for Microsoft Windows 1]

### Oracle Home User and Oracle User ###

On Linux and UNIX systems, you must create and use a software owner user account (`oracle`), and this user must belong to the Oracle Inventory group (`oinstall`) and also must be a member of the appropriate OSDBA, OSOPER, OSBACKUPDBA, OSDGDBA, and OSKMDBA groups.

On Windows, you use an existing Windows User Account or create a new standard Windows User Account (not an administrator account) as the Oracle Home User. The various Oracle services on Windows run with the privileges of the Oracle Home User. This user is automatically added to various groups as required.

See [Chapter 3, "Supporting Oracle Home User on Windows"][Chapter 3_ _Supporting Oracle Home User on Windows] for more information.

### Processes and Threads ###

On UNIX, starting with Oracle Database 12c Release 1 (12.1), Oracle Database can use an operating system process or an operating system thread to implement each background task such as database writer (`DBW0`), log writer (`LGWR`), shared server process dispatchers, and shared servers. The use of operating system threads instead of processes will allow resource sharing and reduce resource consumption.

On Windows, each background process is implemented as a thread inside a single, large process. For each Oracle Database instance or [system identifier][], there is one corresponding process for Oracle Database. For example, 100 Oracle Database processes for a database instance on UNIX are handled by 100 threads inside one process on Windows.

All Oracle Database background, dedicated server, and client processes are threads of the master Oracle Database Windows process, and all threads of the Oracle Database process share resources. This multithreaded architecture is highly efficient, allowing fast context switches with low overhead.

To view processes or end individual threads, use Oracle Administration Assistant for Windows. From the Start menu, select All Programs, then select Oracle - HOMENAME, then select Configuration and Migration Tools, and then select Administration Assistant for Windows. Right-click the `SID`and choose Process Information.

Note:

Microsoft Management Console (MMC) is started when Oracle Administration Assistant for Windows is started. Oracle Database has integrated several database administration [snap-ins][] into Microsoft Management Console.

See Also:

*  Oracle Administration Assistant for Windows online help
 *  [Chapter 1, "Oracle Database Architecture on Windows"][Chapter 1_ _Oracle Database Architecture on Windows]
 *  [Oracle Database Concepts][]

### Raw Partitions ###

Data files for tablespaces may be stored on a file system or on [raw partitions][]. A raw partition is a portion of a physical disk that is accessed at the lowest possible level.

UNIX supports raw partitions (logical drives). There is no limitation on the number of disk drives.

Windows is limited to using drive letters A-Z, but creating raw partitions lets you bypass the disk drive limitation and divide disks into smaller sections.

Use Windows disk management tools to create an extended partition on a physical drive. An extended partition points to raw space on the disk that can be assigned multiple logical partitions for database files.

An extended partition avoids the four-partition limit on Windows by allowing you to define large numbers of logical partitions to accommodate applications using Oracle Database. Logical partitions can then be given symbolic link names to free up drive letters.

On supported Windows operating systems, create primary partitions and logical drives in extended partitions by selecting the New Simple Volumeoption. To create a raw device, select Do not assign a drive letter or drive path. To mount the raw device, assign and remove a drive letter. Do not use spanned volumes or striped volumes. These options will convert the volume to a dynamic disk. Oracle Automatic Storage Management does not support dynamic disks.

Note:

Oracle RAC is only supported on 64-bit Windows server operating systems.

### Services ###

Windows services are similar to UNIX daemons.

Oracle Database registers a database instance as a service (`OracleService``SID`). Services start background processes.

To connect to and use an Oracle Database instance, an Oracle Database service is created during database creation and associated with Oracle Database. Once a service is created with Oracle Database, the service can run even while no user is logged on.

From the Start menu, select Control Panel, then select Administrative Tools, and then select Services to access the Services dialog.

See Also:

[Chapter 6, "Administering a Database on Windows"][Chapter 6_ _Administering a Database on Windows]

[Automatic Startup and Shutdown]: https://docs.oracle.com/database/121/NTQRF/ap_unix.htm#i634279
[Background Processing and Batch Jobs]: https://docs.oracle.com/database/121/NTQRF/ap_unix.htm#i634316
[Diagnostic and Tuning Utilities]: https://docs.oracle.com/database/121/NTQRF/ap_unix.htm#i634320
[Direct Writes to Disk]: https://docs.oracle.com/database/121/NTQRF/ap_unix.htm#CEGEFGCF
[Dynamic Link Libraries _DLLs]: https://docs.oracle.com/database/121/NTQRF/ap_unix.htm#i634365
[Hot Backups]: https://docs.oracle.com/database/121/NTQRF/ap_unix.htm#i634381
[Initialization Parameters_ Multiple Database Writers]: https://docs.oracle.com/database/121/NTQRF/ap_unix.htm#i634410
[Installation Accounts and Groups]: https://docs.oracle.com/database/121/NTQRF/ap_unix.htm#i634430
[Installation]: https://docs.oracle.com/database/121/NTQRF/ap_unix.htm#i634457
[Memory Resources]: https://docs.oracle.com/database/121/NTQRF/ap_unix.htm#i634474
[Microsoft Transaction Server]: https://docs.oracle.com/database/121/NTQRF/ap_unix.htm#i634491
[Multiple Oracle Homes and OFA]: https://docs.oracle.com/database/121/NTQRF/ap_unix.htm#i634514
[Oracle Home User and Oracle User]: https://docs.oracle.com/database/121/NTQRF/ap_unix.htm#CCJDDBEH
[Processes and Threads]: https://docs.oracle.com/database/121/NTQRF/ap_unix.htm#i634536
[Raw Partitions]: https://docs.oracle.com/database/121/NTQRF/ap_unix.htm#i634567
[Services]: https://docs.oracle.com/database/121/NTQRF/ap_unix.htm#i634593
[instance]: https://docs.oracle.com/database/121/NTQRF/glossary.htm#CHDFBCHH
[registry]: https://docs.oracle.com/database/121/NTQRF/glossary.htm#i432474
[listener]: https://docs.oracle.com/database/121/NTQRF/glossary.htm#i432300
[services]: https://docs.oracle.com/database/121/NTQRF/glossary.htm#i432487
[Chapter 6_ _Administering a Database on Windows]: https://docs.oracle.com/database/121/NTQRF/admin.htm#g1021616
[Oracle Database 2 Day DBA]: https://docs.oracle.com/database/121/ADMQS/GUID-579B4CD1-8A8D-4F6B-BBDF-EEC4DFEC98CD.htm#ADMQS005
[Microsoft Management Console]: https://docs.oracle.com/database/121/NTQRF/glossary.htm#i432309
[Chapter 2_ _Database Tools on Windows]: https://docs.oracle.com/database/121/NTQRF/tools.htm#g1019547
[Chapter 7_ _Monitoring a Database on Windows]: https://docs.oracle.com/database/121/NTQRF/monitor.htm#g1012722
[backup]: https://docs.oracle.com/database/121/NTQRF/glossary.htm#i432192
[tablespace]: https://docs.oracle.com/database/121/NTQRF/glossary.htm#i432555
[process]: https://docs.oracle.com/database/121/NTQRF/glossary.htm#i432454
[Chapter 15_ _Oracle Database Specifications for Windows]: https://docs.oracle.com/database/121/NTQRF/specs.htm#g1011800
[Oracle Database Installation Guide]: http://www.oracle.com/pls/topic/lookup?ctx=E50529-01&id=GINST
[username]: https://docs.oracle.com/database/121/NTQRF/glossary.htm#i432581
[SYSDBA]: https://docs.oracle.com/database/121/NTQRF/glossary.htm#i432528
[privilege]: https://docs.oracle.com/database/121/NTQRF/glossary.htm#i432451
[Oracle Database Installation Guide for Microsoft Windows]: https://docs.oracle.com/database/121/NTDBI/toc.htm
[thread]: https://docs.oracle.com/database/121/NTQRF/glossary.htm#i432558
[COM]: https://docs.oracle.com/database/121/NTQRF/glossary.htm#i432205
[Microsoft Transaction Server 1]: https://docs.oracle.com/database/121/NTQRF/glossary.htm#i432315
[Oracle Services for Microsoft Transaction Server Developer_s Guide for Microsoft Windows]: https://docs.oracle.com/database/121/NTMTS/toc.htm
[ORACLE_HOME]: https://docs.oracle.com/database/121/NTQRF/glossary.htm#CHDHBEDE
[mount]: https://docs.oracle.com/database/121/NTQRF/glossary.htm#i432330
[Oracle Database Installation Guide for Microsoft Windows 1]: https://docs.oracle.com/database/121/NTDBI/ofa.htm#NTDBI0015
[Chapter 3_ _Supporting Oracle Home User on Windows]: https://docs.oracle.com/database/121/NTQRF/oh_usr.htm#CJGBIHGB
[system identifier]: https://docs.oracle.com/database/121/NTQRF/glossary.htm#i432543
[snap-ins]: https://docs.oracle.com/database/121/NTQRF/glossary.htm#i432512
[Chapter 1_ _Oracle Database Architecture on Windows]: https://docs.oracle.com/database/121/NTQRF/architec.htm#g1010749
[Oracle Database Concepts]: https://docs.oracle.com/database/121/CNCPT/process.htm#CNCPT1245
[raw partitions]: https://docs.oracle.com/database/121/NTQRF/glossary.htm#i432460