linux命令详解之ls命令

àì夳堔傛蜴生んèń 2022-06-17 02:30 330阅读 0赞

ls命令概述

ls命令用于显示文件目录列表，和Windows系统下DOS命令dir类似。当执行ls命令时，默认显示的只有非隐藏文件的文件名、以文件名进行排序及文件名代表的颜色显示。当不加参数时，默认列出当前目录的列表信息。ls命令使用频率非常高，参数也非常多，多达四五十个，本文只介绍一部分常用的参数，其他参数可以通过man命令查看帮助手册。

说明：在linux下，文件名以点.开头表示该文件为隐藏文件，如.bashrc。

ls命令语法

ls [选项] [目录或文件名]
参数：
-a：--all的缩写，显示所有的文件，包括隐藏文件(以.开头的文件)，参考示例1。(常用)
-A：--almost-all的缩写，显示所有的文件，包括隐藏文件，但不包括表示当前目录.和上级目录..这两个文件，参考示例2。
-c：和-lt一起使用：显示列表并且以ctime(文件状态最后改变时间)排序。和-l一起使用：显示ctime并且以文件名排序。其他情况，以ctime排序。参考示例3。
-d：--directory的缩写，仅列出目录本身，而不是列出目录里的内容列表，参考示例4。(常用)
-f：直接列出结果，而不进行排序(ls默认会以文件名排序)
--color[=WHEN]：是否根据文件类型显示颜色，WHEN可以为never、always或者auto
--full-time：以完整的实际模式显示(包含年月日时分)，类似与ls -l --time-style=full-iso，参考示例5。
-g：列表显示结果，和-l类似，但是不显示文件所属者。
-h：将文件内容大小以GB、KB等易读的方式显示，参考示例6。
-i：结合-l参数，列出每个文件的inode，参考示例7。
-l：列出长数据串，显示出文件的属性与权限等数据信息(常用)
-n：和-l类似，只是显示的所属用户和组不是名称而是对应的id，参考示例8。
-r：--reverse，将排序结果以倒序方式显示，参考示例9。
-S：以文件大小排序，参考示例9。
-t：以修改时间排序
--help：显示帮助信息

ls命令示例

示例1：列出所有文件(注意和-A参数的区别，结果里面包括表示当前目录.和上级目录..这两个文件)。

  1. [root@localhost ~]# ls -a #列出所有文件
  2. .  ..  .bash_history  .bash_logout  .bash_profile  .bashrc   install.log  install.log.syslog
  3. [root@localhost ~]# ls --all
  4. .  ..  .bash_history  .bash_logout  .bash_profile  .bashrc   install.log  install.log.syslog

示例2：列出所有的文件，但不包括表示当前目录.和上级目录..这两个文件。

  1. [root@localhost ~]# ls -A
  2. .bash_history  .bash_logout  .bash_profile  .bashrc  install.log  install.log.syslog  
  3. [root@localhost ~]# ls --almost-all
  4. .bash_history  .bash_logout  .bash_profile  .bashrc  install.log  install.log.syslog

示例3：显示列表并且以ctime排序

  1. [root@localhost /]# ls -clt   #和 -lt参数一起使用，以时间排序
  2. total 146
  3. drwxrwxrwt   7 root root  4096 Apr 13 06:23 tmp
  4. drwxr-xr-x  12 root root  4440 Apr 13 05:18 dev
  5. drwxr-xr-x  93 root root 12288 Apr 13 05:18 etc
  6. drwxr-xr-x   2 root root     0 Apr 13 05:18 net
  7. drwxr-xr-x   2 root root     0 Apr 13 05:18 misc
  8. drwxr-xr-x   4 root root     0 Apr 13 05:16 selinux
  9. drwxr-xr-x  11 root root     0 Apr 13 05:16 sys
  10. dr-xr-xr-x 150 root root     0 Apr 13 05:16 proc
  11. drwxr-xr-x   2 root root 12288 Mar 28 06:34 sbin
  12. drwxr-xr-x   2 root root  4096 Mar 28 06:33 bin
  13. drwxr-xr-x   8 root root  4096 Mar 28 06:33 lib64
  14. drwxr-x---   4 root root  4096 Nov 19 06:52 root
  15. drwxr-xr-x   4 root root  4096 Nov 18 22:05 home
  16. drwxr-xr-x  11 root root  4096 Nov 14 06:13 lib
  17. drwxr-xr-x   3 root root  4096 Oct 17  2015 mnt
  18. drwxr-xr-x  22 root root  4096 Oct 17  2015 var
  19. drwxr-xr-x   4 root root  1024 Oct 17  2015 boot
  20. drwxr-xr-x  15 root root  4096 Oct 17  2015 usr
  21. drwxr-xr-x   2 root root  4096 Oct 17  2015 media
  22. drwxr-xr-x   2 root root  4096 Oct 17  2015 srv
  23. drwx------   2 root root 16384 Oct 17  2015 lost+found
  24. drwxr-xr-x   3 root root  4096 Oct 17  2015 opt
  25. [root@localhost /]# ls -cl   #和-l参数一起使用，以文件名排序并显示时间
  26. total 146
  27. drwxr-xr-x   2 root root  4096 Mar 28 06:33 bin
  28. drwxr-xr-x   4 root root  1024 Oct 17  2015 boot
  29. drwxr-xr-x  12 root root  4440 Apr 13 05:18 dev
  30. drwxr-xr-x  93 root root 12288 Apr 13 05:18 etc
  31. drwxr-xr-x   4 root root  4096 Nov 18 22:05 home
  32. drwxr-xr-x  11 root root  4096 Nov 14 06:13 lib
  33. drwxr-xr-x   8 root root  4096 Mar 28 06:33 lib64
  34. drwx------   2 root root 16384 Oct 17  2015 lost+found
  35. drwxr-xr-x   2 root root  4096 Oct 17  2015 media
  36. drwxr-xr-x   2 root root     0 Apr 13 05:18 misc
  37. drwxr-xr-x   3 root root  4096 Oct 17  2015 mnt
  38. drwxr-xr-x   2 root root     0 Apr 13 05:18 net
  39. drwxr-xr-x   3 root root  4096 Oct 17  2015 opt
  40. dr-xr-xr-x 150 root root     0 Apr 13 05:16 proc
  41. drwxr-x---   4 root root  4096 Nov 19 06:52 root
  42. drwxr-xr-x   2 root root 12288 Mar 28 06:34 sbin
  43. drwxr-xr-x   4 root root     0 Apr 13 05:16 selinux
  44. drwxr-xr-x   2 root root  4096 Oct 17  2015 srv
  45. drwxr-xr-x  11 root root     0 Apr 13 05:16 sys
  46. drwxrwxrwt   7 root root  4096 Apr 13 06:23 tmp
  47. drwxr-xr-x  15 root root  4096 Oct 17  2015 usr
  48. drwxr-xr-x  22 root root  4096 Oct 17  2015 var
  49. [root@localhost /]# ls -c   #单独使用，以时间排序，但不显示时间
  50. tmp  dev  etc  net  misc  selinux  sys  proc  sbin  bin  lib64  root  home  lib  mnt  var  boot  usr  media  srv  lost+found  opt

示例4：仅仅列出目录本身，不需要列出目录里的内容

  1. [root@localhost /]# ls -d /home #仅列出/home目录本身
  2. /home
  3. [root@localhost /]# ls /home #列出/home目录里的内容
  4. sgl  software
  6. # 加上-l参数，比较的更清楚一些：
  7. [root@localhost /]# ls -ld /home
  8. drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 Nov 18 22:05 /home
  9. [root@localhost /]# ls -l /home
  10. total 16
  11. drwx------ 16 sgl  sgl  4096 Oct 17  2015 sgl
  12. drwxr-xr-x  3 root root 4096 Nov 14 05:13 software

示例5：显示完整时间

  1. [root@localhost ~]# ls --full-time /
  2. total 146
  3. drwxr-xr-x   2 root root  4096 2017-03-28 06:33:59.000000000 -0700 bin
  4. drwxr-xr-x   4 root root  1024 2015-10-17 08:08:24.000000000 -0700 boot
  5. drwxr-xr-x  12 root root  4440 2017-04-14 21:22:27.241239736 -0700 dev
  6. drwxr-xr-x  93 root root 12288 2017-04-14 21:22:24.000000000 -0700 etc
  7. drwxr-xr-x   4 root root  4096 2016-11-18 22:05:32.000000000 -0800 home
  8. drwxr-xr-x  11 root root  4096 2016-11-14 06:13:35.000000000 -0800 lib
  9. drwxr-xr-x   8 root root  4096 2017-03-28 06:33:33.000000000 -0700 lib64
  10. drwx------ 2 root root 16384 2015-10-17 08:01:52.000000000 -0700 lost+found
  11. drwxr-xr-x   2 root root  4096 2011-05-11 04:58:23.000000000 -0700 media
  12. drwxr-xr-x   2 root root     0 2017-04-14 21:22:23.789239736 -0700 misc
  13. drwxr-xr-x   3 root root  4096 2015-10-17 08:16:39.000000000 -0700 mnt
  14. drwxr-xr-x   2 root root     0 2017-04-14 21:22:23.839239736 -0700 net
  15. drwxr-xr-x   3 root root  4096 2015-10-17 00:17:25.000000000 -0700 opt
  16. dr-xr-xr-x 147 root root     0 2017-04-14 21:21:02.005999666 -0700 proc
  17. drwxr-x--- 4 root root 4096 2016-11-19 06:52:09.000000000 -0800 root
  18. drwxr-xr-x   2 root root 12288 2017-03-28 06:34:07.000000000 -0700 sbin
  19. drwxr-xr-x   4 root root     0 2017-04-14 21:21:02.671999847 -0700 selinux
  20. drwxr-xr-x   2 root root  4096 2011-05-11 04:58:23.000000000 -0700 srv
  21. drwxr-xr-x  11 root root     0 2017-04-14 21:21:02.657999847 -0700 sys
  22. drwxrwxrwt   7 root root  4096 2017-04-14 21:24:24.000000000 -0700 tmp
  23. drwxr-xr-x  15 root root  4096 2015-10-17 08:04:13.000000000 -0700 usr
  24. drwxr-xr-x  22 root root  4096 2015-10-17 08:11:05.000000000 -0700 var

示例6：以易读方式显示列表

  1. [root@localhost ~]# ls -lh /   #注意列表容量大小列的单位
  2. total 146K
  3. drwxr-xr-x   2 root root 4.0K Mar 28 06:33 bin
  4. drwxr-xr-x   4 root root 1.0K Oct 17  2015 boot
  5. drwxr-xr-x  12 root root 4.4K Apr 14 21:22 dev
  6. drwxr-xr-x  93 root root  12K Apr 14 21:22 etc
  7. drwxr-xr-x   4 root root 4.0K Nov 18 22:05 home
  8. drwxr-xr-x  11 root root 4.0K Nov 14 06:13 lib
  9. drwxr-xr-x   8 root root 4.0K Mar 28 06:33 lib64
  10. drwx------   2 root root  16K Oct 17  2015 lost+found
  11. drwxr-xr-x   2 root root 4.0K May 11  2011 media
  12. drwxr-xr-x   2 root root    0 Apr 14 21:22 misc
  13. drwxr-xr-x   3 root root 4.0K Oct 17  2015 mnt
  14. drwxr-xr-x   2 root root    0 Apr 14 21:22 net
  15. drwxr-xr-x   3 root root 4.0K Oct 17  2015 opt
  16. dr-xr-xr-x 147 root root    0 Apr 14 21:21 proc
  17. drwxr-x---   4 root root 4.0K Nov 19 06:52 root
  18. drwxr-xr-x   2 root root  12K Mar 28 06:34 sbin
  19. drwxr-xr-x   4 root root    0 Apr 14 21:21 selinux
  20. drwxr-xr-x   2 root root 4.0K May 11  2011 srv
  21. drwxr-xr-x  11 root root    0 Apr 14 21:21 sys
  22. drwxrwxrwt   7 root root 4.0K Apr 14 21:24 tmp
  23. drwxr-xr-x  15 root root 4.0K Oct 17  2015 usr
  24. drwxr-xr-x  22 root root 4.0K Oct 17  2015 var
  26. [root@localhost ~]# ls -l /   #默认方式，以字节为单位显示
  27. total 146
  28. drwxr-xr-x   2 root root  4096 Mar 28 06:33 bin
  29. drwxr-xr-x   4 root root  1024 Oct 17  2015 boot
  30. drwxr-xr-x  12 root root  4440 Apr 14 21:22 dev
  31. drwxr-xr-x  93 root root 12288 Apr 14 21:22 etc
  32. drwxr-xr-x   4 root root  4096 Nov 18 22:05 home
  33. drwxr-xr-x  11 root root  4096 Nov 14 06:13 lib
  34. drwxr-xr-x   8 root root  4096 Mar 28 06:33 lib64
  35. drwx------   2 root root 16384 Oct 17  2015 lost+found
  36. drwxr-xr-x   2 root root  4096 May 11  2011 media
  37. drwxr-xr-x   2 root root     0 Apr 14 21:22 misc
  38. drwxr-xr-x   3 root root  4096 Oct 17  2015 mnt
  39. drwxr-xr-x   2 root root     0 Apr 14 21:22 net
  40. drwxr-xr-x   3 root root  4096 Oct 17  2015 opt
  41. dr-xr-xr-x 147 root root     0 Apr 14 21:21 proc
  42. drwxr-x---   4 root root  4096 Nov 19 06:52 root
  43. drwxr-xr-x   2 root root 12288 Mar 28 06:34 sbin
  44. drwxr-xr-x   4 root root     0 Apr 14 21:21 selinux
  45. drwxr-xr-x   2 root root  4096 May 11  2011 srv
  46. drwxr-xr-x  11 root root     0 Apr 14 21:21 sys
  47. drwxrwxrwt   7 root root  4096 Apr 14 21:24 tmp
  48. drwxr-xr-x  15 root root  4096 Oct 17  2015 usr
  49. drwxr-xr-x  22 root root  4096 Oct 17  2015 var

示例7：显示inode

  1. [root@localhost ~]# ls -li /
  2. total 146
  3. 3717313 drwxr-xr-x   2 root root  4096 Mar 28 06:33 bin
  4.       2 drwxr-xr-x   4 root root  1024 Oct 17  2015 boot
  5.    1071 drwxr-xr-x  12 root root  4440 Apr 14 21:22 dev
  6. 1369537 drwxr-xr-x  93 root root 12288 Apr 14 21:22 etc
  7. 1402145 drwxr-xr-x   4 root root  4096 Nov 18 22:05 home
  8. 2380385 drwxr-xr-x  11 root root  4096 Nov 14 06:13 lib
  9. 2184737 drwxr-xr-x   8 root root  4096 Mar 28 06:33 lib64
  10.      11 drwx------   2 root root 16384 Oct 17  2015 lost+found
  11.  195649 drwxr-xr-x   2 root root  4096 May 11  2011 media
  12.   14244 drwxr-xr-x   2 root root     0 Apr 14 21:22 misc
  13. 1434753 drwxr-xr-x   3 root root  4096 Oct 17  2015 mnt
  14.   14249 drwxr-xr-x   2 root root     0 Apr 14 21:22 net
  15.  391297 drwxr-xr-x   3 root root  4096 Oct 17  2015 opt
  16.       1 dr-xr-xr-x 147 root root     0 Apr 14 21:21 proc
  17.   65217 drwxr-x---   4 root root  4096 Nov 19 06:52 root
  18. 3554273 drwxr-xr-x   2 root root 12288 Mar 28 06:34 sbin
  19.     591 drwxr-xr-x   4 root root     0 Apr 14 21:21 selinux
  20. 1956481 drwxr-xr-x   2 root root  4096 May 11  2011 srv
  21.       1 drwxr-xr-x  11 root root     0 Apr 14 21:21 sys
  22. 3815137 drwxrwxrwt   7 root root  4096 Apr 14 21:24 tmp
  23. 3456449 drwxr-xr-x  15 root root  4096 Oct 17  2015 usr
  24. 2576033 drwxr-xr-x  22 root root  4096 Oct 17  2015 var

示例8：列出文件夹内容，并显示出文件所属用户和组的id

  1. [root@localhost ~]# ls -ln /
  2. total 146
  3. drwxr-xr-x   2 0 0  4096 Mar 28 06:33 bin
  4. drwxr-xr-x   4 0 0  1024 Oct 17  2015 boot
  5. drwxr-xr-x  12 0 0  4440 Apr 14 21:22 dev
  6. drwxr-xr-x  93 0 0 12288 Apr 14 21:22 etc
  7. drwxr-xr-x   4 0 0  4096 Nov 18 22:05 home
  8. drwxr-xr-x  11 0 0  4096 Nov 14 06:13 lib
  9. drwxr-xr-x   8 0 0  4096 Mar 28 06:33 lib64
  10. drwx------   2 0 0 16384 Oct 17  2015 lost+found
  11. drwxr-xr-x   2 0 0  4096 May 11  2011 media
  12. drwxr-xr-x   2 0 0     0 Apr 14 21:22 misc
  13. drwxr-xr-x   3 0 0  4096 Oct 17  2015 mnt
  14. drwxr-xr-x   2 0 0     0 Apr 14 21:22 net
  15. drwxr-xr-x   3 0 0  4096 Oct 17  2015 opt
  16. dr-xr-xr-x 147 0 0     0 Apr 14 21:21 proc
  17. drwxr-x---   4 0 0  4096 Nov 19 06:52 root
  18. drwxr-xr-x   2 0 0 12288 Mar 28 06:34 sbin
  19. drwxr-xr-x   4 0 0     0 Apr 14 21:21 selinux
  20. drwxr-xr-x   2 0 0  4096 May 11  2011 srv
  21. drwxr-xr-x  11 0 0     0 Apr 14 21:21 sys
  22. drwxrwxrwt   7 0 0  4096 Apr 14 21:24 tmp
  23. drwxr-xr-x  15 0 0  4096 Oct 17  2015 usr
  24. drwxr-xr-x  22 0 0  4096 Oct 17  2015 var

示例9：以文件大小排序(升序和降序)

  1. [root@localhost ~]# ls -lS /    #默认降序排序
  2. total 146
  3. drwx------   2 root root 16384 Oct 17  2015 lost+found
  4. drwxr-xr-x  93 root root 12288 Apr 14 21:22 etc
  5. drwxr-xr-x   2 root root 12288 Mar 28 06:34 sbin
  6. drwxr-xr-x  12 root root  4440 Apr 14 21:22 dev
  7. drwxr-xr-x   2 root root  4096 Mar 28 06:33 bin
  8. drwxr-xr-x   4 root root  4096 Nov 18 22:05 home
  9. drwxr-xr-x  11 root root  4096 Nov 14 06:13 lib
  10. drwxr-xr-x   8 root root  4096 Mar 28 06:33 lib64
  11. drwxr-xr-x   2 root root  4096 May 11  2011 media
  12. drwxr-xr-x   3 root root  4096 Oct 17  2015 mnt
  13. drwxr-xr-x   3 root root  4096 Oct 17  2015 opt
  14. drwxr-x---   4 root root  4096 Nov 19 06:52 root
  15. drwxr-xr-x   2 root root  4096 May 11  2011 srv
  16. drwxrwxrwt   7 root root  4096 Apr 14 21:24 tmp
  17. drwxr-xr-x  15 root root  4096 Oct 17  2015 usr
  18. drwxr-xr-x  22 root root  4096 Oct 17  2015 var
  19. drwxr-xr-x   4 root root  1024 Oct 17  2015 boot
  20. drwxr-xr-x   2 root root     0 Apr 14 21:22 misc
  21. drwxr-xr-x   2 root root     0 Apr 14 21:22 net
  22. dr-xr-xr-x 147 root root     0 Apr 14 21:21 proc
  23. drwxr-xr-x   4 root root     0 Apr 14 21:21 selinux
  24. drwxr-xr-x  11 root root     0 Apr 14 21:21 sys
  25. [root@localhost ~]# ls -lSr /  #通过-r参数实现升序排列
  26. total 146
  27. drwxr-xr-x  11 root root     0 Apr 14 21:21 sys
  28. drwxr-xr-x   4 root root     0 Apr 14 21:21 selinux
  29. dr-xr-xr-x 147 root root     0 Apr 14 21:21 proc
  30. drwxr-xr-x   2 root root     0 Apr 14 21:22 net
  31. drwxr-xr-x   2 root root     0 Apr 14 21:22 misc
  32. drwxr-xr-x   4 root root  1024 Oct 17  2015 boot
  33. drwxr-xr-x  22 root root  4096 Oct 17  2015 var
  34. drwxr-xr-x  15 root root  4096 Oct 17  2015 usr
  35. drwxrwxrwt   7 root root  4096 Apr 14 21:24 tmp
  36. drwxr-xr-x   2 root root  4096 May 11  2011 srv
  37. drwxr-x---   4 root root  4096 Nov 19 06:52 root
  38. drwxr-xr-x   3 root root  4096 Oct 17  2015 opt
  39. drwxr-xr-x   3 root root  4096 Oct 17  2015 mnt
  40. drwxr-xr-x   2 root root  4096 May 11  2011 media
  41. drwxr-xr-x   8 root root  4096 Mar 28 06:33 lib64
  42. drwxr-xr-x  11 root root  4096 Nov 14 06:13 lib
  43. drwxr-xr-x   4 root root  4096 Nov 18 22:05 home
  44. drwxr-xr-x   2 root root  4096 Mar 28 06:33 bin
  45. drwxr-xr-x  12 root root  4440 Apr 14 21:22 dev
  46. drwxr-xr-x   2 root root 12288 Mar 28 06:34 sbin
  47. drwxr-xr-x  93 root root 12288 Apr 14 21:22 etc
  48. drwx------   2 root root 16384 Oct 17  2015 lost+found

注：本系列内容主要参考《鸟哥的linux私房菜》和CentOS系统自带的帮助文档以及网上相关资料，示例都是基于CentOS。

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