小悟：node版本管理工具nvm、n、nvmw和nodist

小灰灰 2022-07-16 11:55 358阅读 0赞

Node最近几年可谓风光无限，让前端工程师们逆袭成为「全栈工程师」，也使JavaScript这门动态语言一雪前耻，当年对其的重视相当不够，很多人甚至觉得它是个美丽的错误。大量开发者的贡献使Node版本的迭代速度很快，版本很多，所以升级Node版本就成为了一个问题。目前有n、nvm和nvmw这两个工具可以对Node进行无痛升级

--------------------

**n**

*mac和Linux可用的node版本管理工具*  
n是Node的一个模块，作者是TJ Holowaychuk（鼎鼎大名的Express框架作者），就像它的名字一样，它的理念就是简单：

“no subshells, no profile setup, no convoluted api, just simple”  
安装很简单：

$ sudo npm install -g n  
安装完成之后，直接输入n后输出当前已经安装的node版本以及正在使用的版本（前面有一个o），你可以通过移动上下方向键来选择要使用的版本，最后按回车生效。

$ n  
0.10.1  
0.10.15  
o 0.10.21  
0.11.8  
如果你要安装其他的版本（比如0.11.12），那么如下：

$ n 0.11.12  
install : 0.11.12  
mkdir : /usr/local/n/versions/0.11.12  
fetch : [http://nodejs.org/dist/v0.11.12/node-v0.11.12-darwin-x64.tar.gz][http_nodejs.org_dist_v0.11.12_node-v0.11.12-darwin-x64.tar.gz]

#### 5.9% ####

安装最新的版本

$ n latest  
安装稳定版本

$ n stable  
删除某个版本

$ n rm 0.10.1  
以指定的版本来执行脚本

$ n use 0.10.21 some.js

--------------------

**nvm**

*针对mac的node版本管理工具*  
nvm全称Node Version Manager，它与n的实现方式不同，其是通过shell脚本实现的。

安装方式有两种：

$ curl [https://raw.github.com/creationix/nvm/v0.4.0/install.sh][https_raw.github.com_creationix_nvm_v0.4.0_install.sh] | sh  
或者

$ wget -qO- [https://raw.github.com/creationix/nvm/v0.4.0/install.sh][https_raw.github.com_creationix_nvm_v0.4.0_install.sh] | sh  
以上脚本会把nvm库clone到~/.nvm，然后会在~/.bash\_profile, ~/.zshrc或\`~/.profile末尾添加source，安装完成之后，你可以用以下命令来安装node

$ nvm install 0.10  
使用指定的版本

$ nvm use 0.10  
查看当前已经安装的版本

$ nvm ls  
.nvm  
\-> v0.10.24  
查看正在使用的版本

$ nvm current  
v0.10.24  
以指定版本执行脚本

$ nvm run 0.10.24 myApp.js  
卸载nvm

$ rm -rf ~/.nvm

--------------------

**nvmw**

*针对windows的node版本管理工具*  
以下是其对应的readme.md文件  
‘  
This is a simple Node Version Manager for Windows

Installation

npm install -g nvmw

Usage

nvmw -h
    
      Usage: nvmw [options] [command]
    
      Commands:
    
        install <version>      install the given version of Node
        uninstall <version>    uninstall the given version of Node
        use <version>          use the given version of Node in current shell
        deactivate             undo effects of nvmw in current shell
        switch <version>       permanently use the given version of Node as default
        switch-deactivate      permanently undo effects of nvmw
        ls                     list the installed all Nodes
        ls-remote              list remote versions available for install
        cleanup                remove stale local caches
    
      Options:
    
        -h, --help output usage information
        -V, --version output the version number
    
      Examples:
    
        nvmw install v0.10.20
        nvmw uninstall v0.10.20
        nvmw use v0.10.20

Notes  
\* It doesn’t work in Windows Powershell  
\* The latest version for npm is 1.4.12  
\* You should install a system version Node with Windows installer  
\* Node versions will be installed on the path X:\\Users\\\\AppData\\Roaming\\nvm\\

License  
[MIT][]

’

--------------------

**nodist**

A node.js and npm version manager for the windows folks out there.  
以下是nodist的readme.md文件

[![Join the chat at https://gitter.im/marcelklehr/nodist][Join the chat at https_gitter.im_marcelklehr_nodist]][Join the chat at https_gitter.im_marcelklehr_nodist_Join the chat at https_gitter.im_marcelklehr_nodist]

A node.js and npm version manager for the windows folks out there. Inspired by [n][]. And [nodenv][].

*Heads up! Nodist v0.8 is here! Nodist supports cmd, Powershell, Git bash and Cygwin!*

C:\> nodist + 5
    5.11.0
    
    C:\> nodist global 5
    5
    
    C:\> node -v
    v5.11.0
    
    C:\> nodist
      0.10.26
      4.4.3
    > 5.11.0 (global: 5)

(see Usage)

## Installation ##

Nodist was designed to replace any existing node.js installation, so *if node is already installed on your machine, uninstall it first*.

### with the installer ###

1.  Download the installer [here][]
2.  Run the installer and follow the install wizard

### via chocolatey ###

For this you’ll need [chocolatey][], of course.

1.  `choco install nodist`

### Activating nodist in git bash ###

Git bash integration is setup automatically.

### Activating nodist in cygwin ###

Before you are able to use nodist in cygwin you need to run the following in your cygwin terminal after installing nodist:

cat "$NODIST_PREFIX/bin/nodist_bash_profile_content.sh" >> ~/.bash_profile
    source ~/.bash_profile

### Activating nodist in PowerShell ###

You might need to ‘Unblock’ the file `bin\nodist.ps1` by right clicking on it in the Explorer and selecting that menu entry.

### Make it work in your IDE ###

If your IDE cannot access node or npm right away, don’t fret! Find the relevant configuration settings and either set `path\to\Nodist\bin` as the Node installation dir or set `path\to\Nodist\bin\node.exe` as the path to the node binary directly.

Similar for npm: either set `...\Nodist\bin` as the installation path or `...\Nodist\bin\npm.cmd` directly. Some IDEs (eg. WebStorm) require you to set the path to an npm package containing `bin\npm-cli.js`. Nodist comes with a proxy npm folder: Simply set `...\Nodist\npm` as the npm package (this feature is experimental and feedback is appreciated!).

### Migrating from 0.7 or lower ###

If you’re looking to upgrade your Nodist installation, the easiest way is to uninstall (see below) the old installation and install the new version with the installer above.  
You may need to reset your per-directory node version settings in order for them to work in v0.8 (ones set using nodist v0.6 should work fine, ones set using v0.7 will not).

#### Important usage changes in v0.8 ####

Starting in v0.8 Nodist employs lazy version pattern evaluation. This means that setting versions per env/locally/globally doesn’t set an explicit version, if you didn’t give one. Instead the node.exe shim chooses a suitable version *at runtime*. Commands for installing a version and setting a requirement have been separated, thus, to update your node version (if your global version is set to `6`, e.g.), you now need to run `nodist + 6` (i.e. `nodist 6` doesn’t do that for you anymore), which is probably how it should have worked all along.

#### Uninstall (v0.7) ####

1.  Run the uninstaller either from the directory where you installed nodist, or from the Software Control Panel
2.  Make sure to completely remove the nodist directory. (This will remove all your globally installed npm modules. If you don’t want that, remove everything else, other than `nodist\bin\`.)

#### Uninstall (before v0.7) ####

1.  Remove `<..path..>\nodist\bin` from your path. ([how?][how]).
2.  Remove the `NODIST_PREFIX` env var.
3.  Delete the nodist directory
4.  Run `npm config delete prefix` on the command prompt to restore NPM functionality if you are going back to the official node install.

## Usage ##

Nodist allows you to set version requirements for different scopes.  
Version requirements can be fully specified versions, like `4.0.0` or patterns like `0.12`, `4.x`, `~5` or `latest`.  
io.js is supported natively: Since node and io.js versions form a continuum you can simply use io.js versions as if they were node versions.  
Setting a requirement installs a matching version only if there is no other matching version already installed; otherwise existing installed versions will get referenced when executing `node.exe`.

### Scope precedence ###

The following is a list of all scopes ordered by precedence (the first scope is the one with the highest priority; only if it’s not set, the second scope is examined).

1.  Environment (`NODIST_NODE_VERSION`and `NODIST_NPM_VERSION` env vars)
2.  (optional:) Package (`package.json` with an `engines` field in the *directory of interest* or one of its parent directories)
3.  Directory (`.node-version` or `.npm-version` in the *directory of interest* or one of its parent directories)
4.  Global (globally set node or npm version)

When you’re just running node, the *directory of interest* is the directory of the javascript file to be executed. When running npm, it is the current working directory.

Any instances of node invoked by npm will be locked to the same version npm runs on.

Package.json inspection is turned off by default as of nodist v0.8.5. You can turn it on by setting `NODIST_INSPECT_PACKAGEJSON=1`.

### Commands ###

*All commands automatically install the latest matching version before setting the version pattern.*

> nodist
    # Lists installed versions highlighting the active ones.

> nodist global 4.x
    # Sets the global node version requirement

> nodist local 4.x
    # Sets the node version requirement per directory (including all subdirectories).

> nodist env 4.x
    # Sets the node version requirement per terminal.

> nodist global npm 3.x
    # Set global npm version requirement.
    
    > nodist npm global match
    # Tell nodist to always choose the npm version that matches the current node version.
    # (the current node version may be determined by env, local or global requirements)

> nodist npm local 2.x
    # Set the npm version requirement for the current directory.

> nodist npm env 2.x
    # Set the npm version requirement for the current terminal environment.

call nodist env 4.x # In a batch script use `call`.

> nodist dist
    # Lists all available node versions.

> nodist + 4.x
    # Just checks, if the version is installed and installs it if not.
    
    > nodist + all
    # will install *everything*.

> nodist - 4.1.1
    # Removes a version.

> nodist --help
    # Displays a complete list of commands with examples.

### Settings ###

> set HTTP_PROXY=http://myproxy.com:8213
    # Set a proxy to use for fetching the executables
    # (you may also use `HTTP_PROXY`/`http_proxy`/`HTTPS_PROXY`/`https_proxy`).

> set NODIST_NODE_MIRROR=https://mymirror.com/dist
    # Set a mirror that has the same directory structure as https://nodejs.org/dist
    # (you may also use `NODIST_IOJS_MIRROR` in the same fashion).

> set NODIST_X64=0
    # (Set to `1` to enforce 64bit, `0` to enforce 32bit.)

> set NODIST_INSPECT_PACKAGEJSON=1
    # Enable package.json inspection: Nodist will check the engines field of the package.json file of scripts to be executed and use the node version specified there. Turned off by default as of v0.8.5.

## Details ##

Node executables are stored in `NODIST_PREFIX\v` and `NODIST_PREFIX\v-x64`, npm versions in `NODIST_PREFIX\npmv. The global`node.exe\` is a shim and chooses the right node version to run based on the various version settings. The same applies for npm.

As the global node version will be subject to change, `nodist` comes with its own dedicated node binary.

## Got ideas? Doesn’t work for you? Want to give feedback? ##

[File an issue][] and tell me what you’d change or add or what doesn’t work for you. Every issue is welcome!

## Debugging ##

To see all debug messages, set the DEBUG env var before running nodist or node as follows:

> set DEBUG=nodist:*

## Testing ##

The default test suite can be ran using npm

$ npm test

Testing also accepts env variables for using a mirror to download from, as well as setting a proxy.

> set NODIST_NODE_MIRROR=http://nodejs.serverpals.com/dist
    > vows --spec test\cli-test.js

## Building ##

Building nodist requires  
\* [go][] for compiling the shim  
\* [NSIS][] v3 for compiling the installer (use the large strings build to avoid errors when manipulating PATH)  
\* NSIS Plugin: [AccessControl][]  
\* node.js for running the build script  
\* and npm for installing nodist’s dependencies  
\* Finally you need to `go get github.com/marcelklehr/semver github.com/tj/go-debug`

If you have met all requirements, run the build command:

> npm run build

Afterwards you’ll find the installer in `build/out/NodistSetup.exe` and fully prepared installation folder in `build/out/staging` (you could zip this, for example).  
The chocolatey package will be in `build/out/package`, you can run `cpack` and `cpush --source https://chocolatey.org/` inside that directory (if you are a registered maintainer).

## Legal ##

## Changelog ##

v0.8.6  
\* Fix installer: Increase MAX\_LEN for manipulating PATH to 8000  
\* Add support for WebStorm and VisualStudio

v0.8.5  
\* Disable package.json inspection by default

v0.8.4  
\* Fix version spec parsing in shims

v0.8.3  
\* Fix npm builds: Lock node version for npm’s child processes

v0.8.2  
\* Fix Git bash support and add support for Cygwin  
\* Fix `nodist dist` output being unsorted

v0.8.1  
\* Fix usage/help output: `stable` has been removed  
\* Fix installer: Use the correct path to npm when setting npm prefix

v0.8.0  
\* Add NPM version management (thanks to @nullivex)  
\* Treat io.js versions as node versions  
\* Allow setting ranges in global/local/env (don’t resolve before setting versions)  
\* Drop support for setting node command line args  
\* Respect engines field declaration in package.json  
\* Fix local switching: Use the target script’s dir as the base dir  
\* Allow setting env vars for mirror support  
\* Support bash  
\* Remove selfupdate command  
\* Fix help flag  
\* \[installer\] Fix: Set system not user PATH  
\* \[installer\] Fix: auto-detect x64 arch  
\* Improve build script  
\* Revive chocolatey package

v0.7.2  
\* correct version of NPM  
\* Fixed offline support (\#104)

v0.7.1  
\* Fix x64 support

v0.7.0 (thanks to @nullivex)  
\* Add support for hashing downloading binaries and comparing to upstream  
\* Code refactor to implement standards similar to npmjs style  
\* Implement download progress bar  
\* Add debugging output to aid in development and issue handling  
\* Bump NPM version to 3.3.8  
\* Improve testing and offer ability to see test output  
\* Testing now accepts mirror env variables  
\* Env variables can now be used to point nodist at a mirror  
\* Only downloads binaries from HTTPS now as node is phasing out HTTP support

v0.6.1  
\* Fix for node v4 dist directory structure (thanks to @jakub-g)

v0.6.0  
\* Write out version spec that’s being used, to make version errors more intuitive. (thanks to @blzaugg)  
\* Fix replace for nodistPrefix and envVersion (thanks to @sdovenor)  
\* Fix chocolatey package (thanks to @u9520107)  
\* Add support for io.js

v0.5.2  
\* Fix nodist version

v0.5.1  
\* Fix npm prefix in `nodist selfupdate`

v0.5.0  
\* Use a binary shim  
\* Support for localized version switching

v0.4.8  
\* Check in dependencies to avoid relying on npm on install

v0.4.7  
\* Update bundled npm to v1.4.6 and check-in all files

v0.4.6  
\* Update pre-packaged npm to v1.4.3

v0.4.5  
\* Fix `nodist -v` in powershell (thanks to @devert for reporting)

v0.4.4  
\* Fix GOTO in batch file (thanks to @BergWerkGIS)

v0.4.3  
\* Fix a type coercion catch in x64 detection (NODIST\_X64=0 had the same effect as NODIST\_X64=1; thanks to @springmeyer for reporting)

v0.4.2  
\* Use the right URI for fetching the x64 executables

v0.4.1  
\* x64 auto-detection

v0.4.0  
\* Refactor 64bit support (All commands now work with x64 versions)  
\* Make npm use the user-chosen node version (thanks to @k-j-kleist for reporting)  
\* Fix some minor bugs in error handling  
\* Don’t try installing ‘vUpdate’ after running nodist update  
\* Install latest stable version after running nodist update

v0.3.11

*  Fix ‘use’ command in powershell (thanks to @paulbatum for reporting)

v0.3.10

*  Fix ‘use’ by fixing ‘path’ and ‘bin’ commands

v0.3.9

*  Fix renaming mistake (thanks to @paulbatum for reporting)
 *  Tighten `nodist update`

v0.3.8

*  Add support for x64 versions (thanks to @CycoPH)
 *  Improve performance by caching version lists

v0.3.7

*  Fix `nodist run` and `list` commands
 *  Allow people to use an http proxy (thanks to @gratex)

v0.3.5

*  Fix install script. How did that go astray?

v0.3.4

*  Fix error message if n.checkout fails

v0.3.3

*  Fix installer (thanks to @Ciantic for reporting)
 *  Fix a bug introduced by npm update

v0.3.2

*  Update npm on install/update

v0.3.1

*  Optimized `nodist + all`
 *  Use a clean npm
 *  Don’t bundle dependencies, anymore – `nodist update` must be run at install

v0.3.0

*  Dropped `optimist` (caused more problems than it solved)
 *  Using `node-semver`, now, for better usability… (fixes \#10)
 *  Allow use of version patterns for every command (fixes \#9)
 *  Fix issue \#8: Version patterns should *require* internet access

v0.2.8

*  Fix use command

v0.2.7

*  Deploy by copying node.exe, again, this should allow people to use nodist together with nodemon

v0.2.6

*  Fix a bug, that used to break everything on Win7 x64

v0.2.5

*  Updated npm to v1.1.48

v0.2.4

*  Fix `nodist update` command to work from all drives
 *  Add basic support for MinGW shell (thanks to jdiamond) (update and use commands are still missing)
 *  Fix tests
 *  Allow npm updates with `npm u npm -g`
 *  updated npm

v0.2.3

*  Install latest stable as default version
 *  Add update command
 *  Updated npm

总结  
以上就是两种Node版本管理工具的安装和基本使用方法，选择适合你的那一种口味。

参考  
[https://github.com/creationix/nvm][https_github.com_creationix_nvm]  
[https://github.com/visionmedia/n][n]  
[https://github.com/NanJingBoy/nvmw][https_github.com_NanJingBoy_nvmw]  
[https://github.com/marcelklehr/nodist][https_github.com_marcelklehr_nodist]

[http_nodejs.org_dist_v0.11.12_node-v0.11.12-darwin-x64.tar.gz]: http://nodejs.org/dist/v0.11.12/node-v0.11.12-darwin-x64.tar.gz
[https_raw.github.com_creationix_nvm_v0.4.0_install.sh]: https://raw.github.com/creationix/nvm/v0.4.0/install.sh
[MIT]: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/MIT
[Join the chat at https_gitter.im_marcelklehr_nodist]: https://badges.gitter.im/Join%20Chat.svg
[Join the chat at https_gitter.im_marcelklehr_nodist_Join the chat at https_gitter.im_marcelklehr_nodist]: /images/20220716/a9b8e3f931fb4182ae992cd08d730d3b.png
[n]: https://github.com/visionmedia/n
[nodenv]: https://github.com/OiNutter/nodenv
[here]: https://github.com/marcelklehr/nodist/releases/download/v0.8.6/NodistSetup-v0.8.6.exe
[chocolatey]: https://chocolatey.org
[how]: http://www.computerhope.com/issues/ch000549.htm
[File an issue]: https://github.com/marcelklehr/nodist/issues
[go]: https://golang.org
[NSIS]: http://nsis.sourceforge.net/Main_Page
[AccessControl]: http://nsis.sourceforge.net/AccessControl_plug-in
[https_github.com_creationix_nvm]: https://github.com/creationix/nvm
[https_github.com_NanJingBoy_nvmw]: https://github.com/NanJingBoy/nvmw
[https_github.com_marcelklehr_nodist]: https://github.com/marcelklehr/nodist