64位树莓派新装python

野性酷女 2023-02-27 05:58 53阅读 0赞

## 一.下载python ##

进入网站:[https://www.python.org/downloads/source/][https_www.python.org_downloads_source]

下载链接:(python.org网站上的下载链接,用迅雷下载速度会快很多)

windows:

1.[https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.8.5/python-3.8.5-amd64.exe][https_www.python.org_ftp_python_3.8.5_python-3.8.5-amd64.exe](64位)  \#20200724

2.[https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.8.5/python-3.8.5.exe][https_www.python.org_ftp_python_3.8.5_python-3.8.5.exe](32位)

linux:

Download [Gzipped source tarball:https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.8.5/Python-3.8.5.tgz][Gzipped source tarball_https_www.python.org_ftp_python_3.8.5_Python-3.8.5.tgz]

**zipped source tarball** 是Linux系统下载的版本

**XZ compressed source tarball** 是CentOS系统下载的版本

![watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2FobWN3dA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70][]

树莓派里下载太慢,在windows下好,用vnc Transfer file到树莓派比较快.

[https://www.cnblogs.com/wyqzh/p/11791388.html][https_www.cnblogs.com_wyqzh_p_11791388.html]

[https://www.cnblogs.com/--wwwww/p/10024448.html][https_www.cnblogs.com_--wwwww_p_10024448.html]

2.解压:

tar -zxvf [Python-3.8.4.tgz][]

参考[https://blog.csdn.net/Crazy\_zh/article/details/103378516][https_blog.csdn.net_Crazy_zh_article_details_103378516]

### 3. 进入目录： ###

`cd`[Python-3.8.4.tgz][]

### 4. 更改Setup文件 ###

这一步可能需要，这里是因为安装好后pip3提示没有ssl模块，找了很多解决办法，这是其中一个

cd Modules  
vim Setup  
1  
2  
将下图中圈出部分的注释去掉

5. 编译安装  
cd ../  
./configure     \# 这里可能可以指定目录，最好再查一下  
1  
2  
需要注意这里的输出信息，如果提示gcc no等信息可能要安装gcc

make  
sudo make install  
1  
2  
可能出现的错误：

5.1 no module named ‘\_ctypes’  
错误提示：

module not found error：no module named ‘\_ctypes’   
make \*\*\* install error 1  
1  
2  
解决：

sudo apt install libffi-dev  
1  
5.2 zlib not available  
错误提示

zipimport.ZipImportError: can't decompress data; zlib not available  
1  
解决：

sudo apt install -y zlib\*  
1  
5.3 fatal error: openssl/名字.h: No such file or directory。  
这是因为没有安装libssl-dev

libssl-dev包含libraries, header files and manpages，他是openssl的一部分，而openssl对ssl进行了实现～

解决方案：

sudo apt install libssl-dev  
1  
（https://blog.csdn.net/xxxxxx91116/article/details/7927520）

6. 测试pip  
我装的是python3.8，查看/usr/local/bin/目录下有pip3.8,执行：

pip3 install pipenv  
1  
如果出现：  
“return Command ‘lsb\_release -a’ returned non-zero exit status 1”  
可以执行：

sudo rm /usr/bin/lsb\_release  
1  
7. 创建软连接  
如果pip可以使用，就可以进行最后的操作啦。  
首先把之前的软连接删除：

sudo rm -rf /usr/bin/python3  
sudo rm -rf /usr/bin/pip3  
1  
2  
然后创建新的软连接：

\#添加python3的软链接  
ln -s /usr/local/bin/python3.8 /usr/bin/python3  
\#添加 pip3 的软链接  
ln -s /usr/local/bin/pip3.8 /usr/bin/pip3  
1  
2  
3  
4  
参考：  
链接：https://blog.csdn.net/Crazy\_zh/article/details/103378516

# 如何找到 \`\`site-packages\`\` 目录? #

\`\`site-packages\`\` 目录的位置取决于使用何种操作系统以及 Python 的安装位置.

可以通过如下的命令来显示出 \`\`site-packages\`\` ::

### 在shell环境中: ###

**1.**python3 -c "from distutils.sysconfig import get\_python\_lib; print(get\_python\_lib())"

pi@raspberrypi:~ $ python3 -c "from distutils.sysconfig import get_python_lib; print(get_python_lib())"
    /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages

2.python3 -m site --user-site

pi@raspberrypi:~ $ python3 -m site --user-site
    /home/pi/.local/lib/python3.7/site-packages

pi@raspberrypi:~ $ python3 -m site
    sys.path = [
        '/home/pi',
        '/usr/lib/python37.zip',
        '/usr/lib/python3.7',
        '/usr/lib/python3.7/lib-dynload',
        '/home/pi/.local/lib/python3.7/site-packages',
        '/usr/local/lib/python3.7/dist-packages',
        '/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages',
    ]
    USER_BASE: '/home/pi/.local' (exists)
    USER_SITE: '/home/pi/.local/lib/python3.7/site-packages' (exists)
    ENABLE_USER_SITE: True

### 在python中: ###

**1.**from distutils.sysconfig import get\_python\_lib**;**print(get\_python\_lib())

>>> from distutils.sysconfig import get_python_lib;print(get_python_lib())
    /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages
    >>>

**2.**import os**;**os.path.dirname(os.\_\_file\_\_)

>>> import os;os.path.dirname(os.__file__)
    '/usr/lib/python3.7'

上面方式显示包的位置与下面代码显示包的位置不同,并且上面方式显示的包内容多于下面方式显示的位置包里内容.

The functions of **dh\_\*** commands are largely self-evident from their names. [\[45\]][45] There are a few notable ones that are worth giving (over)simplified explanations here assuming a typical build environment based on a `Makefile`: [\[46\]][46]

*  **dh\_auto\_clean** usually executes the following if a `Makefile` exists with the `distclean` target. [\[47\]][47]
    
        make distclean
 *  **dh\_auto\_configure** usually executes the following if `./configure` exists (arguments abbreviated for readability).
    
        ./configure --prefix=/usr --sysconfdir=/etc --localstatedir=/var ...
 *  **dh\_auto\_build** usually executes the following to execute the first target of `Makefile` if it exists.
    
        make
 *  **dh\_auto\_test** usually executes the following if a `Makefile` exists with the `test` target. [\[48\]][48]
    
        make test
 *  **dh\_auto\_install** usually executes the following if a `Makefile` exists with the `install` target (line folded for readability).
    
        make install \
          DESTDIR=/path/to/package_version-revision/debian/package

All targets which require the **fakeroot** command will contain **dh\_testroot**, which exits with an error if you are not using this command to pretend to be root.

The important part to know about the `rules` file created by **dh\_make** is that it is just a suggestion. It will work for most packages but for more complicated ones, don't be afraid to customize it to fit your needs.

Although `install` is not a required target, it is supported. `fakeroot dh install` behaves like `fakeroot dh binary` but stops after **dh\_fixperms**.

[https://www.debian.org/doc/packaging-manuals/python-policy/python.html\#interpreter\_name][https_www.debian.org_doc_packaging-manuals_python-policy_python.html_interpreter_name]

Directories with private Python modules must be absent from the `sys.path`.

apt-get软件安装后相关文件位置

1.下载的软件存放位置  
/var/cache/apt/archives  
ubuntu 默认的PATH为  
PATH=/home/brightman/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin:/usr/games  
路径配置 /etc/profile  
   
2.安装后软件默认位置  
/usr/share  
   
3.可执行文件位置   
/usr/bin  
   
4.配置文件位置  
/etc  
   
5.lib文件位置  
/usr/lib

###    linux 下源码安装软件方式： ###

源码安装（.tar、tar.gz、tar.bz2、tar.Z）  
源码的安装一般由3个步骤组成：配置(configure)、编译(make)、安装(make install)  
  
首先解压缩源码压缩包然后通过tar命令来完成

a．解xx.tar.gz：tar zxf xx.tar.gz   
b．解xx.tar.Z：tar zxf xx.tar.Z   
c．解xx.tgz：tar zxf xx.tgz   
d．解xx.bz2：bunzip2 xx.bz2   
e．解xx.tar：tar xf xx.tar  
   
然后进入到解压出的目录中，建议先读一下README之类的说明文件，因为此时不同源代码包或者预编译包可能存在差异，然后建议使用ls -F –color或者ls -F命令（实际上我的只需要 l 命令即可）查看一下可执行文件，可执行文件会以\*号的尾部标志。  
   
   
依次执行  
1) ./configure  
备注;   
linux下configure配置参数：  
https://mp.csdn.net/postedit/90769740  
https://blog.csdn.net/hy1020659371/article/details/38320661  
   
Configure是一个可执行脚本，它有很多选项，在待安装的源码路径下使用命令./configure –help输出详细的选项列表。  
   
其中--prefix选项是配置安装的路径。  
如果不配置 --prefix 选项，安装后：  
可执行文件默认放在/usr /local/bin，  
库文件默认放在/usr/local/lib，  
配置文件默认放在/usr/local/etc，  
其它的资源文件放在/usr /local/share，  
./configure --prefix=xxx --host=yyy..  
   
   
2) make  
   
3) sudo make install

blic Python 3 modules must be installed in the system Python 3 modules directory, `/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages`.

[https://blog.csdn.net/u014472548/article/details/90768415][https_blog.csdn.net_u014472548_article_details_90768415]

# Debian 安装 yum #

sudo apt-get update  
sudo apt-get install build-essential  
sudo apt-get install yum

[https_www.python.org_downloads_source]: https://www.python.org/downloads/source/
[https_www.python.org_ftp_python_3.8.5_python-3.8.5-amd64.exe]: https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.8.5/python-3.8.5-amd64.exe
[https_www.python.org_ftp_python_3.8.5_python-3.8.5.exe]: https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.8.5/python-3.8.5.exe
[Gzipped source tarball_https_www.python.org_ftp_python_3.8.5_Python-3.8.5.tgz]: https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.8.5/Python-3.8.5.tgz
[watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2FobWN3dA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70]: /images/20230209/d1b033bb32d847b2912b9c5dd2907a4c.png
[https_www.cnblogs.com_wyqzh_p_11791388.html]: https://www.cnblogs.com/wyqzh/p/11791388.html
[https_www.cnblogs.com_--wwwww_p_10024448.html]: https://www.cnblogs.com/--wwwww/p/10024448.html
[Python-3.8.4.tgz]: https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.8.4/Python-3.8.4.tgz
[https_blog.csdn.net_Crazy_zh_article_details_103378516]: https://blog.csdn.net/Crazy_zh/article/details/103378516
[45]: https://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/maint-guide/dreq.en.html#ftn.idm1663
[46]: https://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/maint-guide/dreq.en.html#ftn.idm1668
[47]: https://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/maint-guide/dreq.en.html#ftn.idm1678
[48]: https://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/maint-guide/dreq.en.html#ftn.idm1700
[https_www.debian.org_doc_packaging-manuals_python-policy_python.html_interpreter_name]: https://www.debian.org/doc/packaging-manuals/python-policy/python.html#interpreter_name
[https_blog.csdn.net_u014472548_article_details_90768415]: https://blog.csdn.net/u014472548/article/details/90768415